By the Court,
Bronson, J.It has always been the policy of the law to watch over the deliberations of the jury with great care, and scrupulously to guard them against any extraneous influences. Many of the cases on this subject are collected in Trials per pais, 247, ch. 12, Co. Litt. 227, (b) and Cowen’s Treatise, 541, 543.
In general, the jurors cannot take with them, when they retire to deliberate, any thing but records and sealed instruments, without the consent of parties. But if they take an unsealed paper without reading it, that will not avoid the verdict. Hacklie v. Hastie, 3 Johns. R. 252. The fact that the paper taken by the jury in that case was not read, was proved by the oaths of three of the jurors. Had *it not been proved, [ *187 ] the verdict would, I think, have been set aside.
The justice gave the jury his minutes or notes of the trial, and the case is much like those in which the jurors have re-examined a witness, or conferred with the justice in relation to the evidence, or some other matter, after they *187had retired to consider of their verdict. In Metcalfe v. Deane, Cro. Eliz. 189, after the jurors had gone from the bar they called one of the witnesses sworn on the trial, who “ recited again his evidence' to them,” and it was held that the verdict was not good. Buller says, if they examine witnesses by themselves, though the same evidence that was given in court, it will avoid the verdict; but they may come back into court to hear the evidence of a thing whereof they are in doubt. Bull. N. P. 308, ed. of 1806. In Bunn v. Croul, 10 Johns. R. 239, the jury, while. deliberating, requested the justice to inform them whether a particular point of evidence had been given; the justice answered that it had been given, and mentioned the witness who had testified to the fact. This was held a sufficient ground for reversing the judgment. The court said, the allowance. of such a practice would be dangerous to the rights of parties. The recollection of the justice might not be accurate as to what the witness had said—the testimony might be misstated, when, if the parties were present, or the witnesses again called to repeat their testimony, any mistake might be corrected. These remarks apply with equal force to the minutes of testimony kept by the justice, which' are usually very imperfect. In Taylor v. Botsford, 13 Johns. R. 487, the judgment was reversed, because the justice went into the jury room to answer certain questions proposed to him by the jury, without being accompanied by the parties ; and it was held not enough that the plaintiff in error knew the justice was going in, and made no objection.
There is no room in this case for referring the consent of the parties to the delivery of the minutes to the jury. And besides, in Taylor v. Botsford, it was said by the court, that the consent ought not to be mat- [ *188 ] ter of inference ; it *ought to appear affirmatively, that it was done with the consent of parties.
The common pleas were right in holding this to be a fatal error.
Judgment affirmed.