After advisement the following opinions were delivered :
By th,e Chancellor.In my opinion there should be a reversal of the judgment of the supreme court, for the reasons assigned by the circuit judge, on his refusal to *493grant a new trial. If the commissioners had the right to enter upon the premises of the plaintiff and take the stone, it does not follow that their agents had the same right. Mere executive or ministerial powers may be sub-delegated, but not judicial or discretionary powers. Here the engineer acted even without the knowledge of the commissioner, for the reasonable inference from the testimony of the latter is, that he did not know that the plaintiff’s property had been taken. On this ground, therefore, I shall vote for a reversal of the judgment of the supreme court.
I have serious doubts also as to the constitutionality of the acts of the legislature under which the property of the plaintiff was taken, no provision having been made whereby the owner of the property might compel the payment of his damages or ensure the compensation to which he was entitled. By the act of 1817, the officers of the state were authorized to enter upon the lands of individuals in the prosecution of their duties for purposes other than that of taking property. By the act of 1820, they may enter upon private property to obtain materials for the purposes of repair; but they are not authorized temporarily to occupy the lands of individuals, in the construction of the public works, and then leave the owners of the property to obtain compensation in the best way they can; and yet such was the law until a subsequent provision was made in the Revised Statutes on the subject. I held in Bloodgood v. The Mohawk and Hudson R. R. Company, 18 Wendell 17, and am still of the same opinion, that before the legislature can authorize the agents of the state, and others, to enter upon and occupy, or destroy, or materially injure the private property of an individual, except in cases of actual necessity, which will not admit of delay, an adequate and certain remedy must be provided, whereby the owner of such property may compel the payment of his damages or compensation. No such provision having been made in the act of 1817, nor in the actfor the construction of the Oswego canal, I should be *494inclined on this ground also to reverse the judgment in this case.
By Senator "Verplanck.This case, as argued before us and in the court below, turns exclusively upon the single and very interesting question of the authority of an infe.rior officer on our public works, to exercise by virtue of an express or implied delegation a power vested by statute in the canal commissioners.
By the act of 1817, relating to the Erie and Champlain canals, and the subsequent laws, extending its provisions to the construction of the Oswego canal, it was made £< lawful for the canal commissioners and each of them, by themselves, and by any agent or engineer employed by them, to enter upon, take possession of and use all and singular •any lands, waters and streams necessary for the prosecution of the improvement, and to make all such canals, feeders, locks, &c. as they may think proper for making such improvements,” See. Thus a large discretionary power is given to enter upon the lands of any citizen and to take and use such of his property as may be thought proper. The authority is given to the canal commissioners jointly or severally, to be exercised in their discretion, through any proper agent.
In all cases of delegated authority, where the delegation indicates any personal trust or confidence reposed in the agent, and especially where such personal trust is implied by making the exercise and application of the power subject to the judgment or discretion of the agent or attorney, the general rule is, that these are purely personal authorities, incapable of being again delegated to another, unless a special power of substitution be added. From an early period of our law, this rule has been laid down as to powers given by will or deed to executors, trustees and attorneys, to sell land, make leases, &c.j and modern decisions have extended the principle to the less formal appointments of factors,brokers, and other commercial agents. How much *495more strongly then must the reason and policy of the rule apply to the delegation of authority by the state, to its high public officers, made with the solemnity of a legislative act 1 The language of the statute, as well as the nature of the trust itself, shows that this is an authority confided to the judgment and discretion of the commissioners themselves, for the impartial discharge of which they are responsible to the state.
In this instance, as in similar cases of authority to represent private individuals, the person thus intrusted may have occasion to depend upon scientific or professional advice for the guidance of his own judgment. He may even in matters out of the scope of his own information, rely entirely upon the authority of his adviser or assistant. Yet he is still bound to form a judgment for himself, and to assume its responsibility. In this case there was no exercise of any judgment or discretion whatever by the commissioners; there was merely such a general reliance on the supervision and judgment of the engineer, as might amount to an implied delegation of authority, had the commissioner been authorized by law to make such a substitution. But, as the circuit judge before whom the case was tried, well stated it, u it is the judgment of the commissioners, or one of them, which is to determine the propriety of the entry, and not that of the agents,” &c. Such is the obvious construction of the statute. A contrary construction would be unreasonable and extravagant. The power conferred is one of the most important character; nothing less then the taking of the property of a citizen without his consent. Yet, by the construction contended for, this is conferred upon any and every engineer, superintendent and agent, whom the commissioners may employ, down to the chain-bearers.” Judge Denio has, in his opinion on the motion for a new trial, fully examined the statutes bearing on this subject: and to these views, as well as to those expressed upon the general merits of the case, I can add nothing. I fully concur with his opinion *496here, as I have repeatedly done on other occasions when it has been my lot to support the decisions of that able judge at circuit, or as vice-chancellor, against those of higher tribunals.
I have only to add, that it is of the greatest public importance to establish the general rule of agency, that “ delegated authority cannot be delegated again, without special power so to do,” as governing the official powers, acts and contracts'of our state officers. If there beany inconvenience in the strict construction of the statutes as to the canal commissioners, who must so frequently act upon the advice and authority of engineers, that inconvenience can be easily remedied by legislation, (as indeed it appears to have been partially done as to repairs,) which can vest the authority to exercise the power of the state in some designated subordinate officer, or prescribe the mode in which any special power may be delegated. But when we consider what large discretionary powers are frequently vested in our state officers, and especially in the comptroller, in respect to the great pecuniary concerns of the state, its loans, deposits, contracts, &c. we cannot but perceive the immense hazards to which they will be exposed, if these powers can be exercised so as to bind the state by any sub-delegation, express or implied, not authorized by the letter of the statute. If we once depart from the safe and just rule, established by old authorities and frequent decisions in cases of private right, we may hereafter expose great public interests to be sacrificed by the acts of clerks, brokers or agents, exercising the authority of our state officers, under some loose discretionary delegation, perhaps extended by usage and implication. If, unhappily, such a case should hereafter arise, the assertion and application of the old common law principle, either legislatively or judicially, after having once set it aside, might be then hard and inequitable, and would certainly subject the state to censure and odium. For this reason, especially as it is quite evident that this court agrees with this *497view of the law of the case, I am anxious that our present decision should stand as a strong and clear precedent upon this ground alone, unconnected with any other question which may hereafter leave a doubt as to the precise principle settled.
The Chancellor, whilst agreeing that the discretionary power is given by statute to the canal commissioners, and cannot be delegated to another, has suggested another ground for reversal. I understand it to be this: that as the acts which regulated the construction of the work, for which the stone was taken and the illegal entry made, do not provide for the compensation of the owner in such cases, the taking will fall within the prohibition of the constitution declaring that<c private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.” This involves not only the right interpretation of a great constitutional provision, but also that of two or more legislative acts. It may perhaps be doubted, whether the constitutional provision intends any thing more than to prescribe to the legislature the duty of providing for such compensation in someway or other: either before granting authority to take private property, or after it is granted. It may, on the other hand, be held to require that the private right should not be divested, until just compensation had been actually made or tendered, so that a mere provision by law for obtaining compensation, would not be sufficient. My own strong conviction of the great republican duty of supporting private rights against public power, would incline me to concur in the opinion expressed by the Chancellor. But we are not now advised, as a court—scarcely any of us as individuals—of the decisions or reasoning of our own state courts, bearing on this point; nor of those of the courts of the United States, if there be any upon the similar provision in the constitution of the United States. Neither is it by any means clear, that some of the acts in force at the period of the construction of the Oswego canal, did not provide sufficient means of compensation in *498such cases. The chief justice intimates that a just and reasonable construction of those acts would justify the canal appraisers in allowing a claim for damages. Neither the constitutional point, nor that of the interpretation of these statutes, were raised at the trial, or in the supreme court. They have not been examined in the able and lucid argument of the case before us, by eminent counsel, nor have they been presented to us on their points, nor have we been furnished with such references to the authorities as might enlighten our conclusions. I must, therefore, decidedly protest against any judicial expression of opinion, which will place our reversal of the judgment of the supreme court, upon reasons which have not been examined nor discussed in the argument before us.
The most learned and venerable of all judicial authorities, has given an impressive testimony to the necessity of legal argument in cases of doubt and difference, for the guidance of the most experienced judges, and has ascribed to it a weight and efficacy beyond the reach of unassisted human reason.* That aid is peculiarly required in our court. When a question has been “ eviscerated,” (to use the strong expression of a lay member of the appellate court of Great Britain,) by the previous examination of the courts below; by the selection of the special points of appeal; by the collection of authorities, and by the arguments of counsel, this court may arrive at the soundest conclusions more slowly indeed, but more surely than the learned tribunals whose decisions, made under the overwhelming press of business, we are called upon deliberately to review. Without that aid, in some form or degree, we are probably more liable to err than other courts. Un*499der this conviction, many of us concur in placing our decisión of reversal exclusively upon the reasons and grounds so fully and ably argued before us.
By the President of the Senate.This was an action of trespass for breaking the plaintiff’s close, and taking and carrying away stone from his quarry for the construction of three locks on the Oswego canal. The defence was, that Jerome was the principal engineer on that work, and as such, was authorized to perform the acts complained of as a trespass. This case, therefore, involves the important subject of the powers and liabilities of public officers, in the discharge of their official duties. These, in the present instance are: 1st. Either derived from the general or special law, applicable to the case; 2d. Or result from the nature of the office itself.
The statute of 1834, ch. 279, § 1, directing the construction of the Oswego canal, refers to the third section of that of 1817, in relation to the Erie and Champlain canals, for the powers and duties of the canal commissioner, and all subordinate officers and agents to be employed on the work in question. That section gives to the canal commissioner, and, I think, to him exclusively, the important judicial power of determining, in all cases, the necessity and expediency of appropriating the lands or property of individual citizens to the public use, in the construction of the work in question. This is an exceedingly delicate and important power, and only exists in the state by virtue of her right of eminent domain as sovereign. In expressly granting this power, a confidence in the grantee of the power as to its exercise is implied. It cannot, therefore, be delegated. It must be exercised by the grantee in person, and not by proxy or substitute. The commissioner can act by others. He mustywdge himself. He only can decide upon the necessity or expediency in any case of appropriating private property to public use; but he may employ his subordinate officers or agents to carry such de*500cisión into effect. Such, I think, is the fair interpretation as well of the special as of the general law applicable to this case; so also are the authorities. See Statutes of 1817, ch. 262, § 3. Statutes of 1820, ch. 202, § 3. 1 R. S. 220, § 15, 16. Vanderheyden v. Young, 11 Johns. R. 150. Rogers & Magee v. Bradshaw, 20 Id. 735. Gilbert v. Columbia Turnpike Co. 3 Johns. Cas. 107. Jerome v. Ross, 7 Johns. Ch. R. 315. Wheelock v. Young & Pratt, 4 Wendell, 647.
From the record it does not appear that Mr. Seymour, the canal commissioner having charge of this public work, had directed the appropriation of the materials in question to the public use; or determined the necessity or propriety of such appropriation. Nor does it appear that the defendant had any authority to make the appropriation in question, derived either from any general or special directions of the canal commissioner to that effect; on the contrary, it does appear that the commissioner expressly directed the stone for the work in question to be taken from the quarry belonging to the state. It is undoubtedly true, that the engineer supposed that he was complying with such directions, and that the quarry from which the stone in question was taken, did belong to the state. It was doubtless a mistake; and, therefore, not a wilful trespass. But it was still a trespass, for which, when discovered, due amends should have been immediately made.
It only remains to inquire whether any authority to make the appropriation of the materials in question, resulted from the nature of the office of principal engineer exercised by the defendant 1 This inquiry has been virtually answered already in what has been said upon the first point. If that be correct, it is conclusive of this point also. The power in question, as well as every other to be exercised by the public officers and agents, in the construction of the Oswego canal, is derived either from the general law, or the special statute authorizing that work, or from that to which the special statute expressly refers. We *501have already seen that this power, thus derived, is given exclusively to the canal commissioner, and could only he exercised by that officer himself in person. This, if correct, is conclusive of the whole case. The engineer possessed no power not derived either from the general law or special statute. -Neither the one nor the other gave him the power in question. Nor is that power independent of the general law and the statute either an incident of the office of principal engineer, or necessary to the exercise of the other unquestionable powers, or the due discharge of the acknowledged duties of that office. It follows, then, that the defendant did not possess the power in question, neither: 1. By the general or special law; or by any directions general or special given him by the canal commissioner having charge of the work; nor, 2. As an incident of the office of principal engineer. It thence follows that the defendant was, in this case, a trespasser; and, as such, is liable in damages to the plaintiff in this action.
Upon these grounds, I am of opinion, that the judgment of the supreme court is erroneous, and should be reversed with costs.
On the question being put, Shall this judgment be reversed 1 all the members of the court present, who had heard the argument of the cause, answered in the affirmative. Whereupon the judgment of the supreme court was Reversed.
The authority alluded to, is that of Lord Coke, 9 Rep.Pref. where, in respect to the decision of “those cases that be tortmsi, and of difficulty,” he says, “no one man alone, with all his true and uttermost labors,nor all the actors in them, themselves by themselves, out of a court of justice norm court, without solemn argument, where, (I am persuaded,) Almighty God openeth and enlargeth the understanding of those desirous of just and right, could have ever attained unto.”