To substantiate her claim of a loan to defendant, plaintiff gave in evidence the following instrument:
“American Loan & Trust Co.,
“Registrar of Certificates.
“New York Stock Trust.
“6 Wall Street
“Trustees: Roderick H. Smith, Manager. Geo. Condit Smith, Secretary.
George F. Shaver.
“New York, Dec. 10, 1890.
“Received from Mrs. M. Barker Fareira, as a loan, one thousand dollars, to-be returned Jan. 1 st, 1891.
“Roderick H. Smith.”
—And the trial court excluded oral evidence offered by defendant which tended to show that the sum mentioned was never received by him, and was in fact loaned to the Hew York Stock Trust, on the ground that the evidence excluded varied the legal effect of a written instrument, to which defendant’s counsel duly excepted.
The exception was well taken, and the judgment and order appealed from should therefore be reversed. In De Lavallette v. Wendt, 75 N. Y. 579, the instrument was as follows: “Hew York, *940November 3, 66. $500. Received from D. M. Peyser five hundred dollars. Due on demand.” It was held that the instrument did not sufficiently name a payee, bearer or otherwise; that the effect of the omission was to render the instrument a mere receipt of the payment of money, and as such open to explanation by paroi evidence. Edw. Bills, *131; Trust Co. v. Whiton, 97 N. Y. 172. As the instrument in the case at bar is essentially identical, except as to the time of payment, with the one in De Lavallette v. Wendt, there is no escape from the conclusion that the court below erred in excluding the evidence referred to.
Waiving the defect, however, and viewing the instrument sufficient for the purposes of a promissory note, it was nevertheless competent, as between the parties and their privies with notice, to show a failure of consideration, and this by paroi evidence. 1 Rice, Ev. p. 274 ; 2 Rice, Ev. p. 1137; Rand. Com. Paper, § 565; Bookstaver v. Jayne, 60 N. Y. 146; Isaacs v. Jacobs, (Com. Pl. N. Y.) 8 N. Y. Supp. 344; Bank v. Wood, (Com. Pl. N. Y.) 20 N. Y. Supp. 640; Juilliard v. Chaffee, 92 N. Y. 529, 535. That an instrument recites the receipt of a consideration, at most, clothes it with the dual character of contract and receipt. As the latter, it is but prima facie evidence of the fact, and open to rebuttal by oral proof. Meyer v. Peck, 28 N. Y. 590; Abbe v. Eaton, 51 N. Y. 410; Van Etten v. Newton, (Com. Pl. N. Y.) 6 N. Y. Supp. 531, 7 N. Y. Supp. 663, and 8 N. Y. Supp. 478.
Other exceptions of gravity appear in the record, but, as the one discussed requires reversal, we refrain from specially noticing those remaining, as the alleged error thereby presented may not again occur. Judgment and order reversed, and new trial ordered, with the costs of this appeal to the appellant', to abide the event.