I think the assistant vice chancellor arrived at the correct conclusion that the whole amount due upon each of the mortgages had been paid previous to the death of the mortgagee. The statement made by Outhout, the agent, in April, 1823, shows that the interest was paid to that time, and that $227,26 of the principal only, was then due. And if the testimony of Beecher is to be credited, as to the date of the $125 receipt, of which there is no doubt, the whole amount was subsequently paid to Outhout, either as the agent of the mortgagee, or as the admitted equitable owner of the bonds and mortgages in right of his own wife, whose property, by mistake, had been conveyed to the mortgagor as the land of Eliza Evertson.
The testimony of Outhout was objected to, on his examination, as an interested witness, but was properly received \ as his interest was balanced in establishing the fact of his agency. And his interest, if any, was against the defendants in proving the actual receipt of the money upon the bonds and mortgages \ as he thereby discharged the mortgaged premises and charged ' himself with the amount, if he should not afterwards be able to show his right to retain the money as between him and the representatives of the mortgagee.
The objection that Beecher was interested is wholly untenable. The complainant did not think proper to call for the production of the deed from Beecher, to show whether he had or had not conveyed with warranty. Where the defendant in his answer, as in this case, states the effect of a deed in his possession, without annexing a copy thereof, but for greater certainty craves leave.to refer to the same when produced, he makes it a part of the answer so far as to entitle the complainant to an order for the production of the deed. But if no such order is obtained, and the deed itself is not produced upon the hearing by *418either party, only the substance of the deed, as stated in the answer, is to be considered before the court as a part of the pleadings in the suit. It does not therefore appear that Beecher ever had any interest in favor of the parties calling him as a witness. Again, if he had an interest, it was one which might have been released, if any objection to his competency had been made before the proofs were closed. It was therefore too late to object to his competency for the first time at the bearing, even if it had appeared that he had conveyed to Mrs. Ellithorp with warranty. (Town v. Needham, 3 Paige’s Rep. 546.)
The only remaining question is whether the decree was right in charging the complainant personally with the costs of the defence, in case the estate of Stephens, in the hands of the administrator, should be found insufficient for that purpose. As a general rule an executor or administrator who commences a suit, in this court, to recover a debt that accrued in the lifetime of the testator, or intestate, which debt is apparently due to him in his character of personal representative, and can only be recovered by a suit in such representative capacity, is not personally liable to the defendant for costs, although the bill is dismissed upon the merits. But the costs in this court are discretionary, even where the suit must be brought by the executor or administrator as such. And if he brings a groundless or vexatious suit, he may be charged with costs personally. (Executors of Getman v. Beardsley, 2 John. Ch. Rep. 274.) So if he brings a suit which from papers in his own possession he had reason to believe was unfounded, or where by ordinary prudence in ascertaining the facts he -would have knowm to be so, the court in its discretion may charge him personally with the costs, if the estate in his hands is insufficient. Even in a court of law, under the provisions of the revised statutes, the court may award costs against an executor or administrator who wantonly brings a suit, or who brings or conducts it in bad faith. (2 R. S. 616, § 17.) By wantonly bringing a suit, as contradistinguished in this section from bringing it in bad faith, I *419presume the legislature must have intended the institution of a suit, by an executor .or administrator, without probable cause, or where he had not exercised ordinary care and diligence in ascertaining whether there was any just cause of action.
Here it appears, from the proofs in the cause, that the bonds and mortgages came from the possession of Nitchie; and from the endorsements on the bonds it appeared that Outhout had been the agent of the mortgagee, to collect the monies due on the mortgages. With ordinary diligence, therefore, the complainant might have ascertained, by enquiring of Nitchie and Outhout, the true state of the case, and that there was nothing due to him, as the personal representative of Stephens, on these bonds and mortgages.
Again; the complainant averred in the bill in each suit that the whole amount of the principal secured by the mortgage, and the interest thereon from May, 1821, was still due and unpaid; when, from the endorsements upon the bonds in his own possession, he knew that the whole amount due upon both was less than $250, in May, 1821. In addition to this, he not only unnecessarily, but contrary to the settled practice of this court, which is for the complainant to state all of his junior incumbrancers upon the mortgaged premises in his bill to foreclose his prior mortgage, commenced two separate and distinct foreclosure suits, upon these two mortgages, on one piece of land, given by the same mortgagors to the same mortgagee, and which mortgages at the time of filing these bills belonged to the same person, if there was any thing due upon them.
For these reasons I think the two foreclosure suits were wantonly instituted, within the true intent and meaning of the provision of the revised statutes before referred to, and that the awarding of costs to the defendants was a proper exercise of the discretion of the assistant vice chancellor, under the circumstances proved.
Although the defendants might have demurred to both bills, on the ground that they showed no right in the administrator of the husband of the mortgagee to foreclose *420these mortgages, it not being stated when Mrs. Stevens died, or that her husband survived her, the evidence shows that the complainant was the proper person to institute the suits, under the provisions of the revised statutes ; the husband having, in fact, survived his wife. For by the last clause of the 29th section of the revised statutes relative to the granting letters testamentary, and of administration, (2 R. S. 75,) it is provided that if the husband shall die, leaving any assets of his wife unadministered, they shall pass to his executors or administrators, as a part of his personal estate ; but shall be liable for her debts to her creditors, in preference to the creditors of the husband. Where the wife dies intestate, therefore, either as to her separate estate or as to her choses in action which she has no right as a feme covert to dispose of .by will, and the husband afterwards dies, leaving her assets which belong to him as her survivor unadministered, it is not necessary for his personal representatives to take out letters of administration on her estate, to enable them to institute suits for the recovery of such assets. But they may institute suits in their character of personal representatives of the husband • stating in their declaration, or bill, that he survived his wife.
The decree appealed from must be affirmed, with costs.