By the Court.
Nisbet, J.delivering the opinion.
The facts in this' case are numerous, and so are the points presented for our consideration. I state such facts as appear to be necessary to an understanding of the case generally, leaving minuter specification for each question as it arises. Abner H. Flewellen, administrator upon the estate of N. H. Harris, de*281ceased, filed a bill alleging the partial insolvency of the estate, and asking the directions of a Court of Chancery, in the payment of the debts. It exhibits the character of the debts, and the amount of assets, and asks process to bring the creditors into Court. . Among the debts are a judgment against the intestate during his life — judgments obtained against the administrator, and debts by note and open account. Also a claim in behalf of the heirs and distributees of Noah Laney, deceased, founded on the breach of a warranty of title in a deed made by said Harris to said Noah Laney, when both were in life. The heirs and distributees of Noah Laney had previously filed their bill against the administrator, setting forth the sale of the land, the deed, the piice paid, and that one of them, who was in possession, had been evicted by judgment of law in the State of Alabama, where the land lay, by H. F. Smith, who held title to it, paramount to theirs derived from Harris ; and praying that their claim might be paid to the exclusion of other creditors. This bill was enjoined by that brought by the administrator Flewellen. The creditors answered, respectively setting up the grounds of their claims upon the estate, and stating grounds of objection to the allowance of other claims to the exclusion of theirs. The cause was submitted to the Court and jury, and various exceptions were taken to the instructions of the presiding Judge to the jury, and to his refusal to charge them according to tbe requests of counsel for the different parties defendants. The points made in the bill of exceptions, some of which we sustain, will be noticed as I proceed. The contest was as to the dignity, and prior claim of the debts due, or charged as being due. We will send the cause back, with instructions, which will cover all the matters in dispute between the parties.
The order in which debts of a testator or intestate shall be paid, is prescribed by the Act of 1792. The section of that Act which specifies this order, is in the following words: “ The debts due by any testator or intestate, shall be paid by the executors and administrators, in the order following, viz. funeral and other expenses of the last sickness; charges of probate and will, or of the letters of administration; next debts due to the public; next judgments, mortgages and executions, the eldest first; _ next rent, then bonds or other obligations, and lastly, debts due on open counts.” Prince, 228; 229. ac-
*282[1.] Judgments against the testator or intestate, are next after debts due the public ; and as there appears to be no debts of the character specified ip the Act as of higher dignity, due by this intestate, they are first of all to be paid. About them there is no controversy.
[2.] It is singular that the Act of 1792 makes no provision whatever for promissory notes, eo nomine. They are not mentioned at all, and have no place assigned them, unless they are embraced in the words, other obligations., One of two suppositions is to be adopted in relation to the absence of all mention of promissory notes and bills, in this act. Either the omission was an oversight, or the Legislature considered them as embraced under the head of other obligations. The former is no't reasonable. We cannot reasonably believe that they, in legislating upon this subject, should have overlooked altogether the most common and numerous class of debts. And if it had been considered an omission, the Legislature would long ere this have supplied it. Creditors by note would not have been permitted to continue at the mercy of administrators, executors, or even Courts. The Legislature have been silent on the subject since 1792, and that fact is conclusive as to the legislative construction of the Act. It is very plainly indicative, too, of the opinion of the profession and of the country. I» our opinion, promissory notes were intended to be embraced in the class of debts designated in the Act as other obligations. We think this the most reasonable, the most equitable aiid the most convenient construction. It is argued' that at Common Law bonds and obligations have priority over notes, and that the classification in the Statute does not alter the Common Law. The classification at Common Law is, debts of record, specialties, and then simple contracts, which latter, it is conceded, embrace notes of hand. It is not to be contended for a moment that, according to any definition, or rule, to be found in the books, notes az-e specialties. We, of course, assert no such thing:' We say only that the Legislature of Georgia, In the exercise of an unquestioned power, have thought proper,, for the purpose of the distribution of azi intestate’s, estate, to class notes with specialties, leaving for other purposes the distinctions between them, as they exist by law. But to return. The classification under our Statute is different from what it is at Common Law. The Common Law designates one class by the generie *283name simple contracts, which includes written contracts not under seal, and accounts, or any verbal undertaking to pay money. Our Statute does not use the generic term, simple contracts, but when that is located a,t Common Law, in the order of distribution, it places the specific term, or designation, openlaccounts. The greater includes the less, simple contracts"include accounts,;" but the less does not include the greater. Open accounts^ do not include notes. Were the phraseology of our Statute the same with the Common Law, that is, had .it said simple contracts, instead of open accounts, I should hold that, as at Common Law, motes would stand upon the footing of accounts. In very impbrtant particulars, notes are different from open accounts; as for example, they constitute a wholly different species^ of evidence of a debt, and are negotiable. The Legislature did not intend to class notes with acc'ounts — this is clear to my mind fromlthe considerations stated. Nor did they intend, by omitting all mention of them, or of the generic Common Law term which1"includes them, to leave them to take refuge under the Common Law rule, which places them upon an equality with accounts, and, of course, below the grade of specialties. It seems far more reasonable to conclude that in the classification made, they intended to repeal the Common Law, and to raise notes in the distribution of estates, to the grade of bonds and obligations. To do so does not involve what might be called the legal absurdity of making notes, bonds or obligations. What we think they have,, done in this Act, and that only, is, by a fair implication to classify notes with bonds or obligations, in the payment of debts by the administrator or executor of a partially insolvent estate. I admit that this intention cannot be drawn from the meaning of bonds or obligations. These are contracts under seal. It is true at the same time, that it cannot be inferred, from the legal meaning of open accounts, that the Legislature meant to place notes upon the same level with accounts. It is not a forced or unnatural inference, that the Legislature meant to discard, for the, nonce, technical definitions, and by bonds to designate evidences of debt under seal tospay specific sums of money, as single bonds, and by other obligations, to designate all other written undertakings to pay money, whether undpr seal or not. Nor is this idea unsupported by the common use of the word obligations. In that use it is very commonly understood to mean a promise to pay money, *284or to do, or not to do a particular thing, evidenced by writing. Why in a Court of Equity — why upon principles of justice, should bonds, or obligations, have a preference over notes 1 The reasons given are purely technical, to-wit, the debt is therein particularly specified and the party’s seal is attached, thereby acknowledging the debt and affirming the contract. Bac. Ab. Tit. Obligation, A. These reasons apply, in part, to notes. Certainly they are merely technical. Whereas the reasons why notes and bills should rank higher than accounts, are laid in commercial expediency. They are the life of commerce — they are necessary to trade upon any large or useful scale. By their negotiability, they constitute a large proportion of the circulating medium of the country. Relatively, they are more important than what are technically called specialties.
Besides all this, in 1799, the Legislature declared that “ all bonds and other specialties, and promissory notes, and other liquidated demands, bearing date since 9th of June, 1791, whether for money or other thing, shall be of equal dignity, Sj-c." Prince, object or purpose of negotiability, or whether it relates to and de426. Now whether this equality of dignity refers alone to the dares a general equality, it is still proof that for some purposes the Legislature have abolished, in this State, the technical distinctions between notes and bonds. From that Act, therefore, we derive confirmation of our opinion. I am aware that the Act of South Carolina, of which ours is a literal copy, has received there a' different construction. See the Ex’rs of Harbison vs. the Adm’rs of Giles, 1 Bay, 275. Rippon’s Ex’rs vs. Townsend’s Ex’rs, 1 Bay, 445. Ours, however, seems to us to be the mo-re reasonable construction, and founded in the better policy. The Court below held that promissory notes are not embraced in the words bonds or other obligations, as used in sec. 10, of the Act of 1792, and that decision we, for the reasons given, reverse.
[3.] The presiding Judge instructed the jury, that the payee or indorsee of a promissory note, has no right of preference in the order of payment by the administrator, over a surety, who has paid the debt. This question has been determined by this Court, in accordance with the opinion of the Circuit Judge in this case. The question was made and argued at the last Cassville Term of this Court. To the opinion carefully prepared, in that case, I now refer, believing ^ unnecessary to repeat the argu*285ment here. Lumpkin vs. Mills, 4 Georgia Sup. Court Rep. 343.
[4.] He also determined that the claim of the Laneys founded on a covenant of warranty in a deed, broken by eviction, rankked as a specialty, to be paid in average and proportion with other specialties, and the measure of damages upon a breach of a warranty of title to lands, is the purchase money, with interest from the time of the purchase. Both of which decisions we affirm. About the former of these propositions, I apprehend there can be no doubt. The warranty is an obligation — instrument under seal. When there is a breach, the law considers the damage as due. It is a debt by specialty. “ Debts by specialty, says Blackstone, are such, whereby a sum of money becomes, orisacknowled to bo due, by deed, or instrument under seal. Such as by deed of covenant, by deed of sale, by lease reserving rent, or by bond or obligation.” Blackstone’s Com. 2 book, p. 465. 1 Binn. 254-5. T. R. 307. 3 V. & B. 194. 2 Wms. Ex’rs, 747-8. 3 Burrow, 1380. 1 P. Williams, 429. 1 Dick. 315.
[5.] The question as to the measure of damages upon the breach of a covenant of warranty, has divided the most learned jurists of this country. Some have held that the vendee is entitled to recover the value of the land, at the time of eviction, including its natural appreciation of course, and no more than its value then, if it has depreciated ; others have held that he is entitled to recover the value of the land at the time of eviction, including the improvements which may have been put upon it; whilst the majority of jurists, and of the Courts of this country, and of the Courts of England, have adopted, as the most equitable, most permanent and expedient rule, the purchase money with interest from the time of the purchase. A great deal may be said in favor of allowing the vendee, the value of the premises at eviction. Forcible illustrations are given in the books of its equity. On the contrary, equally striking illustrations are furnished of its hardships. In relation to which, I remark that no rule of law can be safe which is founded upon extreme cases. The best rules are those which, upon general principles, operate, in the main, most beneficially to entire communities; which are uniform, and by their simplicity are most easily understood. The rule last adverted to has not these elements of optimism, perhaps I should say, of utility. It is not uniform, for in some cases, under its operation, as in case of great appreciation in the value of the land,, the vendee gets more than is equitable, and in others, as where there is a *286great depreciation, lie gets less. So also, vice versa, it is not uniform’as to the vendor. In favor of the purchase m oney with the interest, it may be said, that it is a uniform rule; it is easy of comprehension ; easy of proof; and more than all this, it is a criterion of recovery and liability, which the parties may always establish for themselves. It is right upon principle; it is the rule of the Common Law, and has received the sanction of the Courts of a majority of the States of our Union. The history of it, at Common Law, will show that it has and does obtain in England.
The ancient covenant of waranty was a real covenant, binding upon the covenantor and the heir. In suits upon this covenant, the recovery was in other lands equivalent in value to the lands sold, at the time of the sale. There is no doubt but this was the mode and measure of recovery npon the old covenants of warranty. In feudal times, lands were esteemed more highly than money, for reasons growing out of feudal institutions, and the anti-commercial tendencies of the age. Hence, the recovery wasinlands. But what is important to notice, is, that in the earliest days of the Common Law, the measure of recovery was the value of the land at the time thewarranty was made. Bracton de warrantia, lib. 5, c. 13, sec. 5. Bro.tit. voucher, pl. 69. Ibid, tit. Recover in value, pl. 59. Year Book. 30 Edw. III. 146. Ibid, 19. Hen. VI. 46 a, 61 a. Ballet vs. Ballet, Godb. 151. Glanv. Lib. 3, c. 4. Fletce. Lib. 6, c. 23, s. 3, 4. 2 Roll’s Ab. 772, 773. Cro. Car. 456. 4 Kent’s Comm. 475. 4 Johns. R. 1.
Ina'much as a personal action would not lie upon the covenant of warranty, and when the value of money relatively to lands had risen, in consequence of the revival of commerce and the giving way of feudal institutions and policy, and after the introduction of alienations by bargain and sale, a new species of covenant was devised, to wit: the personal covenants of this day. Purchasers of land desired the personal security of the vendor, and hence are covenants of warranty, of seisin, and covenants for quiet enjoyment, S¡e. Although we thus find engrafted upon the Common Law, a new security and a new remedy, yet we find no alteration made in the rule, as to the measui’e of the covenantor’s liability upon a breach. That continued the same. I believe there is no case in the English books to show the contrary. The recovery, instead of being in lands, as formerly, is now in money, yet the amount of it is regulated by the value of the *287land at the time of the sale, and that is considered to be, what the parties estimated it at, to wit: the purchase money. Upon eviction, the grantee recovers the .purchase money, with interest, the interest being allowed to countervail his liability for mesne profits. 1 H. Bla. 17. 2 W. Bla. 1078. 4 Kent’s Comm. 476. 4 Johns. R. 8.
Such is the rule of the Common Law, and it is right upon principle. The covenant in this case was a covenant of warranty of title. There was no covenant for quiet enjoyment, none against incumbrances. And as before stated, there was an eviction by judgment in Ejectment. The decision we now make, therefore, is in reference alone to the case — that is, it applies to a covenant of warranty upon eviction. What would be the measure of damages upon a breach of a covenant for quiet enjoyment, when the breach does not .extend to a breach of a covenant of seisin in the same deed, Or in a case where there is only a covenant for quiet enjoyment, we do not now determine. I yviH only remark, that in case there is only a covenant for quiet enjoyment, and the breach of that amounts to a total failure of title, Chancellor Kent holds, (and many .other eminent men,) that the rule of damages is the purchase money, with interest, and no more. And farther, that when the covenant for quiet enjoyment follows a covenant of seisin in the same deed, the intent of the instrument appears to be, thattheone covenant is merely auxiliary to the other; one referring to the title, and the other to the enjoyment of that title. A breach of the latter involves a breach of the former. It would seem to be unreasonable, that a purchaser should recover upon the covenant of seisin the full value of the estate, and also additional damages for being disturbed in the enjoyment of that estate. There are no precedents at Common Law for the recovery of more damages in the covenant for quiet enjoyment, than under a covenant of seisin. The covenant of seisin draws after it, the covenant for quiet enjoyment. “ Omnemajus contmet in se minus.”
I say, however, that to my mind the rule of the Common Law is right on principle. In this contract, as in all others, the rule of construction is the intention of the parties. What is that? The grantor covenants that the grantee shall be undistuibed in his title. He undertakes that the title in the hands of the grantee is good, and will continue good. The land and its value is the subject matter of the contract. The grantor does not look beyond *288the immediate transaction; that is perfect in itself. It embraces a sale — a transfer of title — a payment of a fair equivalent by the purchaser, and an undertaking by the vendor, to save him harmless from a failure of title. He, (the vendor,) cannot be presumed to contract in reference to any future condition of the estate which he sells, either to bis loss by its natural appreciation, or its actual improvement, or to his gain by its depreciation.' He does not submit himself and his heirs to the contingencies which run through many years, much less can he be understood as contracting for a liability to pay for improvements, which rest altogether within the discretion, or caprice, or folly of the pm-chaser.. Wise men do not so contract. They avoid future chances of loss or distuvbatice, and repose upon what is written. A vendor, for example, bona fide, sells for a fair price one hundred acres of wild land. It becomes the site of a city, and its appreciation rises to millions, and the title fails. It is to be presumed that he guarantied to the purchaser, upon a contract which, perhaps, did not involve a thousand dollars, the payment of millions. In this country, and at this day, such a case is not merely hypothetical. It would seem that if he were thus liable when the title fails, there would be some equity in allowing him, in case of such appreciation, the title remaining good, to share it with the purchaser. Yet such an idea has never received the least countenance.
On thd other hand, the purchaser takes the title for what that is worth at the time. The future appreciation, or depreciation, is a chance which he takes with it. The improvements are with him, but he has the right to ask security against the failure of the title. He may ask security in any amount; covenants of any kind; hut he asks and takes security against the failure of title alonéis is a personal security — it is available to him in money. He estimates the value of the title in the sum he agrees to pay for it; he makes, by his contract, the parchase money the measure of the value of the title, and takes security in that amount. Such seems to me to be the intention of the parties, and they ought to beheld to their contract. It is right that the vendor should pay interest, because he has had'the use of the purchaser’s money, and is presumed to have made interest; it is right that the purchaser should receive interest, for although he has had the use of the land, its rents, issues and profits, yet he is liable to refund them to him who has the paramount title. He seems to be the favored per-*289soil; for at Law he gets the land and the improvements. Yet, not always so in Equity, for it is settled, that if he is compelled to go into a Court of Equity, to assert his title, (upon the principle that equity must be done by him who asks it,) an allowance will be made in favor of the purchaser, in most cases, for his improvements. If he has acted ’bona fide, without notice of the owner’s title, a Court of Equity, in decreeing an account, will allow him to deduct, therefrom, a due compensation for them. Story's Eq. sec. 799, 1237. Sugden on Vendor,s ch. 16, sec. 10, p. 720, 721, 7th Ed. Putnam vs. Ritchie, 6 Paige, 390, 406, 406. Green vs. Biddle, 8 Wheat. 1.
The purchaser, however, cannot Mmse'lf move in a Court of Equity for such compensation; and, for the life of me, I. can see no reason why he should not. Sugden on Vendors, ch. 16, sec. 10, p. 722. 1 J. Ch. R. 385. 1 Ibid, 26, 39. Story's Com. on Eq. 799. 6 Paige, 390. I understand the technical reason why he cannot, but I see no reason why he may not, upon principle. Just such a reason, (to-wit, that the purchaser is the movant,) as precludes him from an allowance for his improvements, when there is no fraud on his part, and when he is without notice of the true owner’s title, ought to be overridden and broken down by the Courts of Chancery — Courts which are said to look to substance, and not to forms. Whether he is a complainant or defendant in Equity, his equity remains the same. I know of no principle, equal and good, which can take the money, or the value of any kind 'which belongs to A, and appropriate it to B. It would seem to be just that the legal title of the true owner should be held encumbered with the equity of the tenant, growing out of his improvements, whatever, in each case, they might be proven tqbe. The rule ofiihe Common Law, as to damages, is said to operate with great severity upon purchasers, where the vendor has acted in bad faith, as where he has either fraudulently withheld the truth, or suggested falsehood in relation to the title. But for this, it may be replied, the grantee may have an action on the case, in the nature of a writ of deceit and recover to the full extent of his loss. Cruise, tit. 38, c. 5, s. 57. 1 Inst. 384, a. m. 1. 2 Caines, 193. 1 Fonbl. Eq. 366. 1 Com. Dig. 236, a. 8. Van Ness, J. in Pitcher vs. Livingston. 4 John. R. 12.
In the United States, the weight of authority is in favor of the rule as enforced at Common Law. See Staats vs. the Exrs. of *290Ten Eyck, 3 Caines, 111. Pitcher vs. Livingston, 4 John. R. 1. Bennett vs. Jenkins, 13 Johns. R. 50. Mansion vs. Hobbs, 2 Mass. 433. Caswell vs. Wendell, 4 Mass. 108. Smith vs. Strong, 14 Pick. 128. Sterling vs. Peet, 14 Conn. 245. Bender vs. Fromberger, 4 Dall. 441. Wilson vs. Forbes, 2 Dev. N. C. R. 30. Seamore vs. Harlan, 3 Dana, 415. Tapley vs. Labeaume, 1 Missouri, 552. Martin vs. Long, Ibid, 391. Earle vs. Middleton, 1 Cheves Law & Eq. S. C. R. 127. Duckmaster vs. Grundy, 1 Scam. R. 312, 313. 8 Mass. 163, 221. Hinning vs. Withers, 2 Tred. Const. Rep. 584. Ware vs. Wethnall, 2 McCord’s R. 413. Bond vs. Quattebaum, 1 McCord, 584. Talbot vs. Bedford, Cook’s Ten. R. 447. Lowther vs. the Commonwealth, 1 Harr. & Munf. 202. Crenshaw vs. Smith, 5 Munf. 415. Stout vs. Jackson, 2 Rand. 132. Stewart vs. Drake, 4 Halst. 139. Cox vs. Strode, 2 Bibb, 272. Threlkeld, vs. Fitzhugh, 2 Leigh, 451. 1 Blackf. 266, note. 2 Ibid, 274. 3 Ohio, 221. 10 Mass. 459. 3 Harris, 211. 1 Mississippi, 550. 2 Greenlf. 378. 1 Litt. 250. 3 Ibid, 118. 3 Mississ. 391.
iitTlie circuit Judge held, that judgments obtained against the administrator, Flewellen, had no preference in the distribution of the assets among creditors, over debts of the same or higher grade, not in judgment. At Common Law, a creditor who sues and reduces his debt to judgment, has preference over debts of the same dignity, not in judgment, but no preference over debts of higher dignity, not in judgment. To the extent of a preference over debts of equal dignity with that upon which his judgment is founded, the diligence of the judgment creditor alters the course of administration, and no farther. Ashley vs. Peacock, 3 Atk. 308. Wentworth's Office of Executors, 14 Edition, page 270. 1 Williams’ Exrs. 729. Wootering vs. Stewart, et al. 2 Yeates, 483, Scott vs. Ramsay, 1 Binn. 221. Prevost vs. Nichols, 4 Yeates, 479.
Our Statute expressly precludes any preference between debts of equal dignity, where there is a deficiency of assets, “ except in cases of judgments, mortgages that shall be recorded, from the time of recording, and executions lodged in the sheriff’s office, the eldest of which shall be first paid, or in those cases where a «editor shall, have a lien on any part of the estate.” Prince, 229. By which we understand that liens, by judgment, mortgage, or otherwise, against the estate, shall be respected according to their dates. These exceptions apply to liens only, existing at the death of the testator or intestate.
*291As then among creditors, both at Law and in Equity, the grade of debts is to be ascertained by the nature of the debts, as they exist at the death of the decedent. This is settled by our Statute, and the administrator must abide it at his peril. He may go into Equity, as he has done in this case, and ask a decree for direction ; and creditors may also resort to a Court of Chancery to compel a distribution of assets ; but in either case the legal priority of debts, as fixed by the Statute, remains the same. On this point, the judgment of the Court belolv is affirmed. ■
The counsel for the creditors who obtained judgment against the administrator, maintained in the Court below, and insisted before this Court, that the administrator, having failed to plead in defence of their actions against him, the claim of the Lanevs, founded on their covenant of warranty, if by now letting in their claim to share in the assets of the estate, their judgments are not fully paid, the administrator should be held personally liable for the deficit. They asked the circuit Judge so to charge, which he declined to do. The evidence on the record does not show that the administrator had notice of any defect in the title to the lands sold by his intestate to Laney, at the time these judgments were rendered against him ; and it does show that the breach of the warranty by eviction, occurred after the judgments were rendered. As between creditors, we have seen the effect of these judgments. The assets being in the hands of a Court of Chancery, for distribution, it was competent for that Court to let in the claim for damages founded on a broken covenant, according to the dignity of tint debt, as fixed by law. But this does not relieve the administrator from any personal liability which has attached to him by reason of a failure to plead, or of a defective plea.
[7.] It is his duty when sued, so to plead as to protect all the creditors of whose debts he has notice, in their rights, according to the dignity of their debts, as established by law; and if he fail to do so, he becomes personally responsible. He is cognisent of the amount of assets in his hands — it is his duty and also his interest to exhibit the assets — his actings and doings in the administration — the debts due, their dignity, &c. and cause a judgment to be entered, which will protect all parties in interest, and himself also, and if this cannot be done at law, he has the right to invoke the aid of a Court of Chancery. If, therefore, there were *292demands against him, of which he had notice, of equal dignity, and of greater amount than the value of the assets in his hands, at the time of the rendition of these judgments, and he failed to plead them, so 'as to protect himself, he is individually chargeable. And equity will not distrust the relation which the law has established between himself and the judgment creditors.
[8.] We hold, however, that inasmuch as it does not appear that the administrator had notice of any debt due on this covenant of warranty, at the time the judgments were rendered, the breach of that covenant not in fact occurring until afterwards, he is. not guilty of a devastavit in not pleading it. Until the condition of a contingent security is broken, the administrator may not respect it, as a debt due. They do not stand in the way of debts of inferior dignity. The payment of a simple contract debt, before a bond conditioned for indemnity, is good, if no breach has taken place. It is settled, that if, subsequently to the payment of asimple contract debt, the contingency should happen upon which a bond is payable, and it is put in suit, the plea of the payment of the simple contract debt will be a good defence for an executor. Aside from the doctrine which, as stated, regulates contingent securities, an executor, or administrator is not guilty of a devastavit, if he fail to plead a debt of which hehas not had notice. As to these points, see Harrison’s case, 5 Coke, 286. Phillips vs. Echard, Cro. Jac. 8. Cro. Jac. 102. Woodcock vs. Hern, Goldsb. 142, pl. 57. Robinson vs. Francis, Bridgm. 79, s. 6. 1 Roll, Ab. 925, tit. Executors, 2 pl. 3. 1 Roll, Rep. 405, pl. 36. Lacy vs. Fairchild, 2 Verm. 101. Hawkins vs. Day, Ambl. 160. S. C. Dick. 155. Read vs. Blunt, 5 Sim. 567. 2 Wms. executors, 745-6. As to notice, see 2 Bac. Abr. 82, tit. executors, (L.) 2 Fonbl. Treat. Eq. b. 4, pt. 2, c. 2, s. 2, note, (n.) Harman vs. Harman, 2 Show. 492, S. C. 3 Mod. 115. Booking vs. Jennings, 1 Mod. 175. Davis vs. Monkhouse, Fitzgib, 76. Buller N. P. 178. 2 Williams’ ex’rs, 751, 752. Prince’s Dig. 229.
[9.] The relation which Smith, who claims to be' a creditor of the estate of Harris, bears to the case, requires a more minute exposition than has yet been given. He, (it appears from the record,) sold a tract of land to Harris, in his life time, taking his notes for the purchase money, and executing to him his bond for titles, when they were paid. A judgment, for say half the sum, was obtained against Harris before his death, the greater *293part of which, has been paid. Smith was indebted to one Hays, about the amount of the remainder of the purchase money for the land, not iii judgment. It was agreed between Harris and Smith, that Harris, in payment of that balance, should take up Smith’s note to Hays, by substituting his own, with Smith as surety, which was done, and at the same time, there was a verbal understanding or agreement between them, that Smith should hold the legal title to the land, as a security against his surety-ship on the note, and if he had it to pay, that the original debt should be considered still due. Previous to this time, however, Harris had sold the land to Noah Laney, and made a deed to him, with the covenant of warranty, up on which covenant the claim of the heirs of Noah Laney, of which I have before treated at large, is predicated. This sale was known to Smith, at the time of the substitution ofHarris’ note for his, to Hays, and of the verbal agrecment aforesaid. Laney had no notice of Smith being still the holder of the legal title to the land. Smith paid the note of Harris to Hays as surety. Afterwards he brought suit for the land in Alabama, and recovered it, upon his title, evicting the heirs and distributees of Noah Laney. Upon this state of the facts, Smith claims that the substitution of Harris’ note for his, to Hays, was not a payment by Harris of the debt, or balance of the debt; due to him for the land, and that he is still a creditor of the estate'of Harris, upon the original contract of sale, and as such, entitled in equity, to be first paid out of the assets in the hands of the administrator. We consider, that the substitution of Harris’ note for Smith’s, to Hays, was in Law and in Equity, a payment to that amount of the purchase money due by Harris for the land, and extinguished all claim for it against the administrator growing out of the original contract of sale.
• Upon that payment Harris was entitled to a deed for the land, and now in Chancery, upon all the facts of this case, must be considered as acquitted from all obligations growing out of the contract of sale. The verbal agreement could not re-invest Smith with the rights which he originally held under the contract' of sale. That is an independent transaction. He could not discharge and re-affirm that contract at the same time. Perhaps, if the land had not been at the time sold to Laney, with the knowledge of Smith, or if Smith had not elected to pursue his legal rights against the land, we might consider the equities between Smith and the estate of Harris, as different from what we now consider *294them. The contract of suretyship must stand on its own bottom. Smith having paid the debt of his principal, Harris, to Hays, is subrogated to all the rights of the payee, in the distribution of those assets. As we now rule, he is let into a fro rata participation, as a specialty creditor, the debt for which he was surety being by note, and notes being classed by our Statute with bonds, or other obligations.
But let it be conceded that the verbal agreement, to-wit, that if Smith as surety had the debt to pay, the original consideration money, to that amount, is to be considered as due, is operative on this case, then how standthe equities betweenhimself and the estate 1 What kind of case does Smith’s answer make 1 He sells land to Harris and takes his notes for the purchase money, binding himself in a bond, to make titles when the purchase money is paid. One half the money he has collected. He enters into an agreement with Harris, by virtue of which Harris is to take up his notes to Hays for the amount, say of the other half, with his own note, he, Smith, becoming his surety, with a farther understanding, that if he pays it as surety, the purchase money is then to be considered as due and owing. He pays as surety. At the time of this arrangement the land was sold under covenant of warranty to Laney, and this sale was known to Smith. Electing to seek payment of this purchase money, by resorting to his legal title, and thus, as we hold, rescinding his contract of sale to Harris, he brings ejectment for the land against Laney, the assignee of Harris, and recovers it, and now holds it. By this eviction there is a breach of Harris’ covenant to Laney, and by the voluntary act of Smith, his, Laney’s, claim for damages is brought down upon the estate; which claim this Court is compelled to allow. And now,- in a Court of Chancery, having received in cash one half his purchase money; having recovered, and now holding the entire tract of land; having voluntarily resorted to his security in the land for the balance of his purchase money, and thereby caused a breach of the covenant to Laney, and charged Harris’ estate with the value of the land and interest at the time of the sale— he asks that, in addition to all this, he shall be paid the balance of the purchase money. The equities are against him.
The estate of Harris, if his claim is allowed, would lose the land and all the purchase money. As Chancellors, we are constrained to hold him to his election. He has elected to rescind *295the contract of sale. He cannot now claim in inconsistent anl agonist rights. He cannot come here affirming the contract and ask his purchase money, whilst, at the same time, renouncing it,, he claims the land. He must do equity, if he is to be allowed equity. Had he offered in his answer to convey the land to the estate of Harris, the case would be different. He is to receive-equity according to the case he makes. He occupies before this Court the position of a vendor, seeking a specific performance of his contract, under such circumstances as are stated in his answer. Could he, under such circumstances, have a decree? T apprehend no Chancellor would grant it. Our judgment, therefore, is that he refund the purchase money which he has received,, with interest, and that he be excluded from all participation in the assets of this estate, on account of the balance of the purchase money, not received. And as he is entitled to share, on-account of his contract of suretyship, that'the claim of the estate against him for the purchase money paid, be offsetled with whatever dividend, when the account is taken, he may be entitled to as surety.
The administrator, Flewellen, was notified by the Laneys to appear and defend the suit for the land, brought by Smith, in the State of Alabama. He did not appearand defend, as required by the notice. The Court was requested to charge, that in disregarding this notice he was not guilty of a devastavit, because he could not, in his character as administrator, derived from the-authorities of Georgia, become a party to a suit in Alabama. And farther, that in as much as he could not defend the action of' ejectment in Alabama, the recovery of this land there, was no-breach of the warranty of Harris to Lanoy. The inference-which counsel sought to draw from these two propositions was,, that the Laneys were not entitled to share, upon the covenant to-Noah Laney, in the assets in the hands of the administrator. The-Court declined to charge as requested, no doubt considering that the point aimed at was covered in his instruction already given, that, if there was a breach of that covenant, they should be let; in to the distribution. Upon this refusal, however, error is assigned, and it becomes necessary for us to express an opinion-upon both the propositions.
[10.] An administrator or an executor derives his authority from his letters of administration or testamentary. As such, he *296lias no powerg beyond the limits of the State by whose authority he is invested with the trust. He cannot sue, therefore, nor can he be sued in _ any other State. If it becomes necessary to sue, in behalf of the estate which he represents, in a foreign State, he must obtain letters of administration in that State, according to the provisions of the law of that State. If he cannot sue or be sued in a foreign State, ho cannot be permitted to come in under a notice, and defend a suit there. His official character, derived from the letters granted to him, in Georgia, is not recognised in Alabama for any such purpose. Pie cannot, therefore, be. liable as for a devastavit, in this case, because he did not, in pursuance of the notice of the suit for the land in Alabama, defend that suit. He is not to be made personally responsible for not doing what the laws of the land will not permit him to do. Story’s conflict of Laws, sec. 513. Lee svs. Moore. Palmer R. 163. Tourton vs. Flower, 3 P. Will. 369, 370. 2 Vesey, 35. Att’y Gen'l vs. Cockerell, 1 Price, 179. Burn vs. Cole, Ambler R. 416. 2 Madd. R. 101. 1 Hagg. Eccl. R. 93, 239. Fenwick vs. Sears, 1 Cranch, 259. 3 Ib. 319, 323. 9 Wheat. 565. 12 Ib. 169. 2 N. Hamp. R. 291. 4 Randolph R. 158. 2 Gill & Johns. 493. 5 Green. 261. 3 Mass. 514. 20 Mart. 232. 3 Day Conn. Cas. 74. 4 Mason, 16. 20 John. 229, 265. 5 Peters, 518. S. C. 2 Mylne & Craig, 89, 109.
[11.] It does not.follow, however, because the administrator could not, and did not defend the action of ejectment in Alabama, that there was no breach of the warranty.
[12.] Eviction is a breach of a covenant of warranty, and it is conceded by this record, that the Laneys were evicted by judgment of a Court of competent jurisdiction in the State of Alabama, and a possessory process issuing from that Court. That is sufficient. The record of the judgment in the ejectment, and of all the proceedings had under it, including the execution of a writ of possession, is appended to the record brought up to this Court. The only question is, what force and effect has that judgment in Georgia. It has the force and effect of a domestic judgment. There it would be evidence of eviction, notwithstanding the administrator did not appear and defend ; it is the stronger evidence of a breach, on that account. Here it is evidence of the same fact. It may be impeached here, for fraud ; and the jurisdiction of the Court which rendered it, may be inquired into, or *297the right of the State of Alabama, to exercise authority over the persons who are parties, and the subject matter. With these limitations, it is to be taken and held for all purposes in our Courts, as it is taken and held in Alabama. Const. U. States, 1 sect. 4 art. Acts of Congress, 26th May, 1790; 27th March, 1804. 3 Story on the Constitution, sec. 1307. Story’s Conflict of Laws, sec. 609. Latine vs. Clements, 3 Kelly, 426. Mills vs. Duryee, 7 Cranch, 481. Hampden vs. McConnell, 3 Wheat. 234. 1 Kent’s Comm. 243, 244. Sergeant on the Constitution, chapters 31-33. 9 Mass. 462, 467. Shumway vs. Stillman, 4 Cowen R. 292. Borden vs. Fitch, 13 Johns. R. 121.
[13.] In connection with this branch of the case, it is most convenient to notice another request of counsel, to wit, that the Court should instruct the jury, that if the eviction of Laney was collusive and by consent between him and Smith, it was no evidence of a breach of warranty. Such instruction would have been proper. The judgment of the Court in Alabama, I have stated, can be impeached here, for fraud. If there was any evidence of such fraudulent consent, it ought to have been submitted to the jury. We do not say that there was.
An eviction procured by fraudulent consent, is no breach of a covenant of warranty of title.
[14.] The eviction must be upon title paramount. Proof of such fraud, would preclude the idea of eviction upon title. Whether there was fraud or not, is a question for the jury. Taylor vs. Bryden, 8 Johns. R. 173. Emmerson vs. Proprietors in Minot, 1 Mass. 464. 2 Hill’s N. Y. Repts. 105. 4 Kent’s Com. 471. 2 Saund. R. 178, notes 7, 8, & 10. 2 Johns, 1. 7 Wend. 281. 21 Wend. 121. 9 Wend. 416. 4 Pick. 87. 5 Conn. 497. 3 Serg. & Rawle R. 364. 10 Wheat. 449. 1 Dana, 306. 1 Ohio 180. 3 Fairf. 499.
Let the case be remanded, with instructions,