By the Court. —
Lumpkin, J.delivering the opinion.
This is a case of some nicety, as well as of some'novelty, in our Courts. It is a single point, and depends on the testimony of a single witness.
Rebecca Bostwick died in 1834, and it is proposed to establish and admit to probate, the second item of the following paper, as a codicil to her will:
“ Georgia, Clark County :
“ In the name of God, amen : I, Rebecca Bostwick, being weak in body, but sound in mind, make this codicil to my last will and testament, to wit: that is to say, the property given in my will heretofore executed, to my sisters, Tabitha Groves, and •Eleanor Harris and Mary Hodges, and to my niece, Yerlinda R. Burton, is to be given to my brother, Nathan H. Beall, in trust for their sole and separate use, during their lifetime, that is, respectively each, and not subject to the debts of their present or any future husband ; but at the death of my said legatees severally, they may bequeath the said legacies, together with any given in this codicil, to whomsoever they choose.
“ Item 2. I will and bequeath to Miss Margaret Bostwick one thousand dollars.
Item. I will and bequeath my negro woman, Keziah, and”—
The application is resisted upon the ground, that the paper propounded is unfinished, and does not disclose the entire testamentary scheme of the deceased.
James Groves, the only witness in the case, swears, that on the 13th day of March, 1834, Mrs. Bostwick, being apprised *441that her dissolution was at hand, and her attention being directed to the disposition of her property, she requested all the company to leave the room, except witness and his wife, which was' done. Deponent was then requested by decedent to write a codicil to her will, which he proceeded to do, so soon as writing materials could be procured, and in compliance with the oral instructions which she then gave. Before the instrument was finished, he too was requested to retire, in order that some prescription might be administered. He continued writing in another room, until he came to a part where it became necessary for him to see the testatrix again before he could complete the paper. In a few moments the door was opened, and the company being re-admitted, prayer was offered up by the officiating clergyman present, in behalf of the patient, and at her request. Deponent then approached her bed-side, but found her too much exhausted to resume the business. Nothing more was said about it, and she died in about one hour after the writing was first suspended. Witness farther testified, that the only matter about which his memory was at fault was, as to the disposition of the negro woman, Keziah, and her children, and that he postponed finishing the paper until he could have the wishes of the testatrix reiterated as to them. He recollects that the family of slaves were bequeathed to Yerlinda R. Burton, but he thinks she was to take them at valuation in part of her share of the estate.
[1.] I would remark, that to the validity of a will of personal property, it is only necessary that it be made by, and according toi the directions of the deceased, and be in writing. It is not necessary that it be witnessed, or written or signed by the testator; if drawn up according to his directions, and approved by him, it may operate as a valid will. 2 Black. Com. 501.
[2.] The presumption of law is against every testamentary paper not actually executed by the testator, and so executed as it is to be inferred on the face of the paper, that the testator meant to execute it; but if the paper be complete in all other respects, that presumption is slight and feeble, and one comparatively easily repelled ; for intentions sub modo, at least, need not b&proved in the case — that is, the Court will presume the testator’s intention to be as expressed in such a paper, on its being satisfactorily shown, that its not being executed may be justly ascribed to some other cause, and not to any abandonment of those intentions, so *442expressed pn his,, the testator’s, part. But where a paper is unfinished, as well as unexecuted, (especially where itfis just begun, apc( contains only a few clauses or bequests,) not only must its being unfinished and unexecuted be accounted for as above, but it rppst be also proved, (for the Court will -not presume it,) to express the testator’s, intentions, in order to repel the legal presutnption against its validity.
[3.] I| must be clearly made to appear, upon a just view of all the facts and circumstances of the case, that the deceased had come to a final resolution in respect to it as far as it goes; so that by establishing it, even in such its imperfect state, the Court Will give effect to, and not thwart or- defeat, the testator’s real wishes, an.d intentions in respect to the property which it purports to bequeath, in order-to entitle such a paper to probate. 2 Adams, 354,
Refore applying these general principles,, which I take- to be Sound' law, to the facts of this case as they are stated in the record, I would observe, that the presumption of law is against this instrument, from its very form; that this presumption must be repelled by proof, and that the task of repelling it, the onus prqbandi, in the- case of this, as of every imperfect paper rests, it neqd scarcely be observed,, upon the party setting it up.
The. only inquiry then is, has the propounder offered satisfactory testimony to show that this paper, as to the- second item of it, notwithstanding it is incomplete as a wh.ole, contains, nevertheless, the last will or final disposition of the testatrix, respecting the legacy of a thousand dpllars-to her niece, Mrs,Frierson, and that n.o inference of the. absence of matured testamentary intention arises in this case, from the imperfect state of the document, it being clearly established, that the testatrix’s design was finished as. to iAis’clause, and that the. only reason why the paper was not perfected was,, that it. was frustrated by her-sudden death, and the religious service- preparatory thereto, which intervened 1
The question of law upon the proof is one of so little doubt or dificulty, that b am deterred from entering into any elaborate discussion of it. The evidence, I conceive,.comes fully up to the rule, even as contended for with sq much ability by the learned counsel for the defendant in error, namely, that the paper-propounded should disclose the whole testamentary scheme of the deceased. , The witness deposes, that all the instructions of the *443testatrix were communicated; that he commenced reducing them to writing, and was only prevented from finishing the instrument on account of his forgetfulness or uncertainty as to the terms upon which Keziah and her children were given to another legatee. There could then have been nothing behind — nothing left undone as to the previous pecuniary bequest to Margaret Boslwick. Had the scrivener began to write, ás he was dictated to, and the work been arrested in its progress by the sudden death of the testatrix, the case might have been different.
[4.] For the proposition is not true, in all of its broad extent, that if a testator dies while the instrument is in progress; that instrument, as far as it goes, be its contents and effect what they may, must be valid. No such principle is to be deduced from the authorities.
[5.] The rule, I repeat, is this : can the Court infer that by pronouncing for the paper, it will carry into effect what it collects, from all the circumstances of the case, to have beeri the deceased’s wish ? Here there can be no doubt, for her directions were all communicated, and there was nothing more to be done, So far as this legacy was concerned. There is no danger, therefore, that in pronouncing for this item of the codicil, that the Court will defeat or counteract, instead of giving effect to the wish of the deceased. Common justice, then, requires that if should be established and admitted to probate, and so this Court orders and adjudges.