The Court not being unanimous, delivered their opinions seriatim.
By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.delivering the opinion.
Considering the declaration as substantially a suit against "Wooten & Kirkpatrick, as co-partners, ayo affirm the judgment of the Court bcloAA, in over-ruling the demurrer to the writ, upon the ground of duplicity.
[l.] It seems that Kirkpatrick had become security for Wooten, to-one Henley Yarner, for fifteen hundred dollars; and to indemnify Kirkpatrick against liability or loss, Wooten executed to him an instrument in AYriting, to the effect, that the two last instalments due to Wooten by Kirkpatrick, for one half of the stock of goods bought of Nall, the plaintiff, and amounting to upAvards of eighteen hundred dollars, should be kept back by Kirkpatrick, and applied, by him, to the payment of the debt to Yarner, or so much thereof as might be needed for that purpose. This paper had been produced in Court under notice to the defendants, and inspected by the plaintiff’s Counsel at a former trial. Was the defendant entitled to road this document ? Our learned brother ruled the evidence out, and error is assigned upon the rejection of this proof.
Mr. Greenleaf says — “ The production of papers, upon notice, does not make them evidence in the cause, unless the party calling for them inspects them, so as to become acquainted with their contents; in which case, the English rule is, that they are admitted as evidence for both parties.” (1 Greenlf. Ev. §563.)
*614And the reason assigned by the author is, that “it would give an unconscionable advantage to enable a party to pry into the affairs qf his adversary, for the purpose of compelling him to furnish evidence against himself, without, at the same time, subjecting him to the risk of making whatever he inspects •evidence for both parties.”
With the wisdom of this rule, we have nothing to do. It is not only not uniform in the American Courts, but in the case of Gordon vs. Secretan, (8 East. 548,) it was said to have been over-ruled and denied altogether. See, also, Sayre vs. Kitchen, (1 Esp. R. 209,) and 2 Evans’ Pothier, 187. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in Withers and others vs. Gillespy, (14 S. & R. 10,) consider the argument against the rule to be insuperable. On the other hand, in support of the rule, we have 2 Tidd. Pr. 804. 2 T. R. 41, and Thompson vs. Jones, and Passel vs. Godsall, the recited. 5 T. R. 386. 5 Esp. cases, 235. 7 Car. & Payne, 386. 1 Caines’, 277. 2 Wash. C. C. Rep. 482, 484, (note.) 1 Harring’s R. 233, 284. 4 Shep. (16 Maine) 224. 8 Sm. and Mar. 362, and 1 Cush. 33, (Massachusetts.)
Holding the rule itself, then, to be too well settled upon the authorities to be disturbed, the inquiry presents itself, did it extend to the second trial ? And upon this point the books are silent. It must be decided, therefore, upon principle. What is the reason for making papers, produced under notice, and inspected by the party calling for them, evidence for his adversary ? It is, says Mr. Greenleaf, because it would give an unconscionable advantage, to enable a party to pry into the affairs of his adversary, for the purpose of compelling him to furnish evidence against himself, without, at the same time, subjecting him to the risk of making whatever he inspects evidence for both parties.
We ask, was not this paper inspected by the plaintiff? Had he not been enabled to pry into the affairs of the defendants ? Having thus acquired an advantage of 'which he could avail himself throughout the litigation, is it right to restrict the corresponding benefit given by the law to the de*615fendant to the first trial ? No such limitation is suggested in the rule; we see no good reason, even if we had the authority, to impose it.
[2.] Kirkpatrick offered two receipts, both made to him by Wooten — one bearing date the 2d day of May, 1851, and the other, on the 2d day of February, 1853 — each purporting to be for a part payment of the purchase-money due by Kirkpatrick to Wooten, for one half of the goods bought by Wooten of Nall. He likewise tendered in evidence a note and account due by Wooten & Nall to the Planter’s Manufacturing Company, which had been taken up by Kirkpatrick and delivered to Wooten, in part payment of the debt due to him by Kirkpatrick, for the one half of the stock of goods bought of Nall; and which note and account Nall admitted had been turned over by Wooten to him, upon settlement. The whole of this testimony was rejected ; and we propose to consider and dispose of it all together.
Why the latter portion of this proof, namely: the note- and account, were excluded, we cannot very readily comprehend. The issue was, whether or not Kirkpatrick was a partner of Wooten, in the first purchase from Nall? Now,, under any view of the transaction, was not Nall liable to the' Planter’s Manufacturing Company, upon these demands; and was it not a discharge to him, upon this indebtedness ? And was it not a good payment to Mr. Wooten, who was alsebound upon these same claims ?
It is suggested in the argument — perhaps it appears from the record — that Kirkpatrick acted as the agent of Nall & Wooten, and that the note and account were satisfied out of' the funds belonging to his principal; but the evidence does, not show this. At any rate, it was a question of fact to be-submitted to the Jury. It may not be conclusive that the money was advanced out of his own pocket. It is certainly prima facie proof that it was.
The two receipts from Wooten to Kirkpatrick were withheld, upon the ground that it would be allowing the parties to manufacture testimony for themselves.
*616But- is this so ? What interest had Wooten in combining with Kirkpatrick for such a purpose? Was not his interest directly the opposite ? Whatever the fact may be, such would be the judgment of law upon the case. But apart from this, admitting the transaction to be bona fide, and’ what right has this or any other Court, without proof, to assume that it was otherwise? are not these receipts just such instruments as should and would have been given in conducting the affairs between these person in the usual mam ner ? Kirkpatrick buys a lot of merchandise from Wooten and makes him two payments, at such dates and intervals of time as would likely accrue in the management of such matters;, The creditor party, diligent in claiming and collecting his dues, calls for his money; the debtor party, equally vigilant in guarding his rights, exacts a receipt, which is executed and delivered; and now, when offeréd in proof, it is rejected, because, forsooth, it may be false and fraudulent, and fitted up to meet the case !
And so it may; and so the sun, which has risen in the east for six thousand years, may not do so to-morrow. Experience, however, would warrant a different conclusion; and so, the experience of human conduct, as to transactions similar to this, would justify a different presumption. Where an order for the payment of money, or the delivery of goods, is found in the hands of the drawee, or a promissory note is in the possession of the maker, a legal presumption is raised, that he has paid the money due upon it, or delivered the goods ordered. (1 Starkie’s R. 225. 3 Esp. R. 196. 7 Wend. 198. 9 Ibid, 323. 9 S. & R. 385. 1 Starkie’s R. 445. Ibid, 374.) So, a bank note will be presumed to have been signed before it was issued, though the signature be torn off; such being the orderly course of such business; (2 Rob. Lou. Rep.) The same presumption, and for the same reason, arises in favor of the genuineness of these instruments; subject to be'-rebutted, to bo sure, as are all other presumptions. Mr. Wooten having been excluded from testifying, in what other way could these payments have been proven, but by the re» ■ *617ceipts ? Indeed, had the attempt been made to supply this proof by parol, and it had appeared that receipts had been given, the witness would not have been allowed to proceed until they were produced or accounted for; for, although-receipts may be contradicted by oral testimony, still they; are prima facie; the best evidence of the facts which they' recite.
[3.] [4.] [5.] [8.] The exception of Col. B. W. Mc-Cune having been waived, and finding nothing in the charge-requiring criticism, we proceed to examine the only remaining, and by far the most important question in this record, namely: whether Wooten be a competent witness in behalf of Kirkpatrick, with or without the release tendered, and notwithstanding the offer made to pay all costs which had accrued, and to deposit whatsoever sum of money the Court might direct, by way of indemnity against all future costs.
To the action instituted against Wooten & Kirkpatrick, as partners, Wooten made no defence. Kirkpatrick pleaded that he was no partner. A verdict and judgment were rendered against both defendants, from which Kirkpatrick, alone,appealed; and it Ayas upon the appeal trial that the testimony of Wooten Avas offered, by Kirkpatrick, to sustain his plea, and rejected by the Court; and upon the ground of his being' a party to the record.
In Allison vs. Chaffin and another, (8 Ga. R. 330,) this-Court held that Avhere an appeal is entered according to the' Act of 1839, by one of several defendants, the party not appealing is bound by the first verdict. And if this be so, and-that decision was a correct construction of the Act, there is, of course, an end of the question; for Wooten having ceased' to be a party to the record, in the sense in which that term is used by Courts, which hold that such a party is incompetent to testify, no such objection could operate as to him.
I have always believed there were intrinsic difficulties in executing the Act of 1839. (See 1 Kelly, 475, 484.) Sub*618sequent discussions respecting it have not changed that opinion.
We gather from the preamble to the Act, that a contrariety of opinion existed among the Judges of the State, and a different practice prevailed in the various circuits, touching the right to appeal, under certain circumstances. To remedy' this inconvenience, and to make the law uniform, it was providcd, that whenever there was more than one party plaintiff or' defendant, and one or more of said parties plaintiff or defendant desired to appeal, and the other or others failed or refused to do so, it should be lawful for any party, plaintiff or defendant, to enter his appeal, under such rules and regulations as are now provided by law; and that upon the appeal of either plaintiffs or defendants aforesaid, the whole record should be taken up; but in case damages should be awarded upon such appeal, such damages should only be recovered against the party or parties appealing, and their securities, and not against the party or parties failing or refusing to appeal. It is further declared, that in case any security or securities shall be compelled to pay off the debt or damages-for which the judgment may be entered in any cause, he, she or they shall have recourse only against the party or parties for whom he, she or they became security or securities.
Those who controvert the construction put upon the Act of 1889, by this Court, maintain that one of several plaintiffs or defendants may appeal for the whole, and that those who fail or refuse to appeal, will, nevertheless, be bound by the final judgment, except as to damages. And to show that this is the meaning of the Act, reference is made to two clauses thereof, namely: that the whole record shall be taken up,, and that damages shall be awarded only against' the party appealing.
We do not think either or both of these provisions conclusive upon the point. “ The whole record shall be taken nf.” Of course, Avhether the appeal be entered by all the parties, or any one or more of them, the appellate tribunal could not and would not act upon a partial record. This very case was *619appealed from the Inferior to the Superior Court. It was indispensable, therefore, that the whole record be sent up. The entire transcript of the proceedings below should bo transmitted to the higher Court. We repeat, the argument deduced from this requsition is by no means conclusive. Indeed, we must say, that to our mind, it reflects no light upon the question.
Again, as to the damages: It is triumphantly asked, why restrict the recovery of damages to the party appealing, if the rest were dropped upon the appeal ? Our response is this: nothing is more common in our legislation than these supererogatory provisions. They are inserted, ex cautela, to supply some supposed deficiency — to make assurance doubly sure. In proof of this, we refer to -.another portion of this same Statute. In the second section, it was declared that damages, for a frivolous appeal, should only be recovered against the party or parties appealing, and their securities; and yet, in the very next section, it is declared that securities who shall compelled to pay off the debt or damages, shall have recourse only against the party or parties for whom he, she they became security or securities. , Now, of course, the party failing or refusing to appeal, gave no security, and no damages could be assessed against such. How then could a security, who paid damages, have recourse over against one who was not, by the express terms of the Act, liable for them ? 'This restriction, like the other, was inserted out of abundant caution, and is, in fact, supererogatory and suppletory. And yet, this additional section was inserted at the instance of Mr. Miller, one of the first Jurists of the State, by way of amendment to the bill, as it was reported to the Senate from the House of Representatives, in which it originated. (See Journal of the Senate of 1839, page 335, 336.)
But an attempt is made to draw an analogy from the writ of error, in which one may take out a writ of error in the name of all. In my humble judgment, the analogy cuts the other way. It is true that one of several parties, cannot prosecute a writ of .error alone. And in analogy to this prac*620tice, the Courts in Georgia generally held, before the Act of 1839 was passed, that one of several parties could not appeal alone. It is also true, that in England one might take out a writ of error in the name of all. But what then ? Were the -co-plaintiffs in error compelled to continue the litigation, willingly or unwillingly ? By no means. If the others refused join in the prosecution of the writ, they might be summoned to the Court of error and sever; or what is more customary in the Courts of this country, if they made default of appearance, or moved to withdraw, an entry thereof is made on the record, after which he who sued out the writ may go on .alone.
But here, it will be perceived, that a means of escape is furnished for those who are content to abide by the judgment already rendered. Not so, however, under the interpretation now sought to be put upon the Act of 1839. And thus, the principle of the analogy not only fails, but operates the other way. And still more strongly, when viewed in another aspect, and applied to the case at bar. All the authorities .agree, that only those against whom judgment passes, can ihave error. If, for instance, there be five defendants, three of whom are acquitted, error must be by the two only who .are convicted. Now, while it is true that the judgment in .this case was joint, as against Wooten & Kirkpatrick; still, it is apparent that, upon the reasoning upon which the foregoing principle is sustained, it must be looked upon as a separate judgment against Kirkpatrick only. Wooten never disputed his liability. He set up no defence. The only plea put in was by Kirkpatrick, which was a dexrial of the partnership. He was convicted, and he alone appealed. And I doubt not but that he alone might have prosecuted his writ of error in the case. Substaixtially then, at least, and for the purpose of testing the legality of this testimony, it seems to me that Wooten should be considered as being severed from his co-defendant upon the appeal.
Again, it is contended that it is right, in itself, that all the parties should be bound by the verdict on the appeal, whether *621they desired to litigate further or not. The only reply I have to 'make to this suggestion is, that even my judicial republicanism is too radical and stubborn to hold, that one of a half-dozen plaintiffs or defendant should control, at his option, the rest of his associates. Better, rather, that no appeal be allowed, unless at the instance of all, or at least, a majority of the parties, than granted upon such unequal terms.
Further, and finally, it is said, that this is an easy working rule; and one which frees the law, from all the perplexities which any new construction involves. Simplicity and practicability in a rule of construction are highly commendable, provided those qualities be not exalted above and preferred to right and justice. The edict of the despot, and the ukase of the autocrat, possess these qualities in an eminent degree — “Do this or die.” How simple and practical! and yet, how greatly preferable, the checks and balances of our federative system, complicated though it may be! Who would hesitate to choose between the simplicity of the arbitrary rules.of the Common Law, the code of a comparatively rude and barbarous people, and the complexity of the Civil Law, which very complexity was the result of a much higher civilization.; ,and as one of the fruits and proofs thereof, an extreme' anxiety to mete out to every litigant the exact measure oftjustice in questions of meum and team. Compare the ’ sic jubeo simplicity of Lord Jefferies’ administration of the Jaw, with. that of the doubting, and doubting, because profoundly learned, and conscientious Lord"Eldon, and how striking the:contrast! •
Concede to them all that is claimed for the construction which I am combatting, namely: that it establishes asimple nnd easy working rule, still, the inquiry recurs: Is it reasonable ? Is it right ? On the contrary, in the language of my brother Warner, in Allison and Chaffin, is it not better “to regulate the rights of tho parties according to their own action in the matter ? And where one of the parties, either a joint plaintiff or defendant, is satisfied with the first verdict, and is *622unwilling to litigate farther, let the first verdict, as to him, be conclusive, as to his rights; and so, with the party who is dissatisfied, and desires to litigate his rights on the appeal.” And if there be obstacles in giving this construction to the Act, as it now stands, let the Legislature so modify or alter it as will prevent all practical inconvenience, and secure the ends of justice.
The author of Hotchkiss’ Digest, a work examined and approved, as having been “faithfully executed,” by Wm. T. Gould, Robert M. Charlton and Carleton B. Cole, Esquires, and adopted by the Legislature — a most admirable book, by the way, notwithstanding all the flings which have been made at it — considers the parties as “severed” by the appeal. (Page 601.) And such, I have no doubt, is the fact, whatever may have been the legal effects of such severance.
But admitting that Wooten occupies the same relation, only, toward this case, by not' appealing, as he would do had he suffered judgment to go against him by default; still, we maintain that he is a competent witness.
The Court below refused to permit Wooten to testify, upon the ground that he was a party to the suit upon the record. And the question is then presented, whether the mere fact that the name of a witness appears as a party upon the record, is sufficient, even though it should appear affirmatively, that he has no interest in the event of the suit to exclude him. And the question is one, in respect to which different Courts have entertained different opinions. But I trust I shall be pardoned for saying, that as for myself, I not only consider the argument without force, but hardly deserving the credit of being plausible, which would exclude such testimony; and I make this declaration in the face of the uniform adjudications in the Supreme Court of the United States to the contrary ; and before which Court it is no longer considered an open question. It is true, that Court admits, that in all the cases in which the question had arisen, the party was liable for cost of suit; and therefore, interested; still, they say that the exclusion has been uniform and placed on the ground of *623policy; (5 Howard, 91;) a policy which is undefined — undefinable — intangible and imaginative.
In Safford vs. Lawrence, (6 Barbour’s S. C. Rep. 566,) this whole doctrine is ably and thoroughly reviewed; and it is impossible to read that masterly opinion and doubt that a party to the record is a competent witness, provided he be disinterested. And that interest, alone, and not any conjectural policy, is the sole test of competency. The admission or rejection of the witness depends upon the result of this inquiry.
If this be the well established English rule, as is shown in Worrall vs. Jones, (7 Brougham, 379,) where Chief Justice Tindal declared — “ that no case could be found in which a witness has been refused, upon the ground, in the abstract, that he was a party to the suit,” how much more should it be enforced in this State, where we are not obliged to go into Chancery to procure the testimony of a party, but whereyiarties to the record, plaintiffs and defendants, are examined upon the stand, at Law, just as other witnesses are; and where they are compelled to testify when called, even against their interest ?
Upon this subject, no member of this Court, I believe, has any difficulty. At any rate, I can speak for myself.
But we now approach the exact point of divergence; for notwithstanding the contrariety of opinion as to the proper interpretation of the Act of 1839; still, could we have harmonized as to what would have been the result of a verdict in favor of Kirkpatrick, the judgment of the Court would have been unanimous.
The position occupied by Counsel for the defendant in error is, that one of two defendants in an action ex contractu, who had been defaulted, is not a competent witness for the other, because a verdict in favor of the other, placed the plaintiff in a situation in which he could not avail himself of the default; and consequently, the defendant who was thus defaulted, had, of course, an interest to testify in favor of liis co-defendant.
*624To apply the principle to the case under discussion. Wooten, by not appealing, may be viewed as suffering judgment by default; indeed, he never did appear and plead to the action; still, he was, not a competent witness,for Kirkpatrick, because; by. defeating the suit as to Kirkpatrick, the action being joint, it would abate as to both,'and.must be renewed separately against him, before a recovery, could be had, not denying but that he would be ultimately, liable for the debt or damages.
[6.] We do not dispute that this is true at Common Law:: That the general rule is, that where an action is brought against two defendants upon a joint, contract, that in such case, judgment cannot be given against one defendant without the other. (1 Chitt. Pl. 31. 1 East. 48. Sheriff et al. vs. Wilks.) And that under the operation of this rule, Wooten might possibly be excluded.
[7.] But taking the whole tenor of our legislation upon this and -kindred subjects, should an action abate or. be quashed, on account of the improper joinder of defendants in this State ? We are clear, that it should not; but that the same should proceed against the other defendant or defendants, and be prosecuted to final - judgment and execution, in the same way and manner as if the defendant or defendants, found not liable and discharged, had not been originally joined in the suit.
Take the second section of the Act of 1850, which provides, that “ in suits by or against partners, or when any two or more persons sue or are sued in the same action, and the name of any person, who ought to be joined in such action, as plaintiff or defendant, is omitted — on ascertaining the same the omission shall be amended instanter.” (Cobb's Digest, 493.)
Should any Georgia Court hesitate a moment to construe this Statute as applying to the converse of the case therein specified ? What! clothe the Courts with authority to add a new defendant instanter, and not allow them to prosecute tho suit against one or more, against whom a good cause of ac-~ *625tion was confessed, by the party himself to exist, because the-plaintiff had failed to sustain the action against all the defendants ! The misfortune with us, always, has been to inter-' pret our Statutes in the light of the grotesque forms, metaphysical subtleties, narrow rules and fanciful niceties of the Common Law, as it was a century ago. The further we get from it, the better for ourselves. The Legislature have been struggling, constantly, to’ unfetter our people from the shackles which bind them to the effete institutions of a bygone age, that the citizens of our State may advance with a free and unimpeded step towards perfection. Statute after Statute is passed to pare off the excrescences of Saxon and Norman Jurisprudence. The liberality of our Courts should keep pace with this spirit of reform. We should just as soon approach, with costly offerings, the infernal deities of our druidical ancestors, Thor and, Woden., to be taught religion, as to the genii of the old Common Law, to learn the correct exposition of our modern laws. We must look to the experience of our own times — the lights of our own age. We should assert our own independent judgment, and act and think foE' ourselves.
But suppose the Act of 1850 does not warrant us in rendering judgment against one or more of the defendants, when the action cannot be maintained against all; and that our whole Code is powerless for this purpose; can there be a-doubt upon this point, under the pleading and practice Act of 1853-'4 ? The first section declares: “ that plaintiffs and defendants, in the Superior, Inferior and Corporation Courts in this State, whether at Law or in Equity, may, at any stage of the cause, as matter of right, amend their pleadings in all' respects, whether in matter of form or matter of substance-only,” &c. (Pamphlet, 48.)
Can it be possible that a plaintiff; under the ample provisions of this Statute, shall be subjected to the loss of his suit, founded on contract, because he has failed to sustain his action against all the defendants? Will not the Courts, of *626course, allow him to amend his writ by striking out the name or names of those who are not liable, and proceed to take-judgment as to the rest ? Indeed, this practice will, we apprehend, be considered, now, as a matter of course, without any formal application to the Court and leave obtained for.that purpose.
The technical difficulty, then, does not exist. And there-can be no objection why a party to the record, who has been.' defaulted, or against whom a verdict has been rendered, and' no appeal entered, and consenting to be called, should not he admitted as a witness for other defendants, provided he be-disinterested. Indeed, under the Act of 1847, to compel discoveries at Common Law, and subsequent Statutes amendatory thereto, I would not hesitate to force such a party to testify, without his consent, and against his interest, provided his co-defendant was willing to risk him.
Eor the above reasons, we think the Court below erred,., and that the judgment must be reversed.