By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.delivering the opinion.
My first purpose was to consider two questions only, viz: 1st. Is the act of incorporation constitutional and valid? And, 2d. Did the charter authorize the contract from which Richards seeks to be relieved ?
Reflecting, however, upon the novelty and importance of the matters involved in this case, and the learning exhibited in its discussion, I have concluded to take a more extended view of the points in controversy.
From a work published in 1854, by Mr. A. Cummings, Jr., Boston, upon Building Associations, it seems that these associations originated with the Earl of Selkirk, in Scotland, in 1815. The motives of their founder were purely benevolent, and the experiment was eminently successful on account of the beneficial influence they exerted upon the industrious classes; they soon attracted- the attention of the British public; and they have spread and multiplied in that country, to an incredible extent. In 1836, the British Parliament passed an act, affording the most ample facilities for their formation and control.
In the year 1836, twenty-one years after the first one was established in Great Britain, the first association of this kind, called " The Brooklyn Building and Mutual Loan Fund Association,” was organized in Brooklyn, New York; and from that time they have continued to spread from State to State, and City to City, until at present, they pervade every *596portion of the Union. They number already some sixteen in Georgia. That they have improved our towns by leading to the erection of a number of new buildings, furnished many families with homes of their own, that could not otherwise have possessed them; given a considerable impulse to mechanical enterprize, and in many other ways promoted the prosperity and welfare of the communities where they exist, is undoubtedly true. But whether they will continue to' be entitled to the epithet of the “ poor man’s exchequer,” and whether they will, as they promise to do, enable every man to become his own landlord, will depend entirely upon the manner in which they conduct their business. Under existing regulations, I have been led seriously to doubt this. The interest of the borrower, as well as the accumulator, will have to be sedulously regarded and protected; otherwise they will forfeit the public confidence and cease to prosper. If all the members were borrowers, and such was the original idea upon which these associations were founded, the plan would work well. But in every such association, a large number of the stockholders do not join with the view of taking loans, but /or the purpose of investing their money where it will yield a profitable return. These are called accumulators; while they share in the profits of the institution, they contribute nothing to produce them; and asa necessary consequence, the borrowers have to pay a larger interest to make a given rate of dividends, than they would, if they produced these dividends only for themselves.
To those who feel curious to investigate this subject more thoroughly, I would refer them to a small volume published in Charleston in 1852, on the “Mutual Benefit of Building and Loan Association and also to a book recently published in Connecticut, which is replete with all the learning upon this mysterious scheme. And to which is added by the author who was two years a Director of one of' those associations, a model plan for their management; the opera*597tions of which he confidently believes, will secure results uniformly equitable to all parties.
This is a brief outline of the origin of Building and Loan Associations. Their- friends and advocates who claim for them an antiquity older than the Chistian era, insist that they are peculiarly propitious to the poor, by stimulating them to save small sums from the grog-shop and the gambling house, and to purchase with their hoarded earnings, happy homes for themselves and families; and that the terms upon which they procure help for this purpose, are such as they could get no where else; and not so hard as those exacted by monied men who will not give long indulgence to any, especially those in straitened circumstances. That another object which they subserve is, to supply a place of safe deposit for the savings of the stockholder in which they are entitled to receive lawful interest, which is not allowed by Banking and other corporations.
On the other hand, it is asked, why so much complication and mystery about a system designed for the benefit of the masses, especially the poor and the humble ? That it is all for the purpose of concealing the repulsive interest which they charge. That nothing can be understood of its workings, except that it produces most gratifying gains to the capitalist who invests his money in it to accumulate. That the borower once in the web may, like the little fly, struggle in vain, to escape the entanglement. That the roof which he hoped would have sheltered him, crumbles beneath the mortgage that overspeads it. That the sooner these institutions are abolished the better.
I here dismiss these preliminary observations, leaving the utility and danger of Building and Loan Associations to puzzle wiser heads than mine, as they have done hitherto.
The following is the Constitution and By-laws of the Bibb County Loan Association, by which it was incorporated,
*598Constitution of the Bibb County Loan Association, adopted June 9th, 1854.
Rules. — 1st. Reading and taking action on minutes of previous meeting.
2d. At 8½ o’clock from. April to September, inclusive, and at 7½ o’clock from October to March, inclusive, the business of loaning shall commence, and continue until all the funds on hand are disposed of.
3d. Loans shall be sold as follows: $1,000 shall be put up, and the successful bidder shall be privileged to take the lesser sum of 800, 600,400 or 200 dollars, at his option.
4th. The successful bidders shall be required to hand in to the Secretary, on the night of meeting, the number of the lot, and description of the property proposed to be mortgaged.
Note. — It is expected, that members being successful bidders, will present their papers to the Solicitor for examination, within twenty-four hours after the monthly meeting.
Officers. — A. R. Freeman, President j T. R. Bloom, Daniel F. Clark, E. C. Granniss and J. M. Boardman, Directors ; W. S. Williford, Treasurer and Secretary ; Lanier & Anderson, Solicitor.
Constitution.
Article i. — Title and Object. — This Association shall be entitled the Bibb County Loan Association, and shall have for its object, the accumulation of a fund, by the monthly subscriptions or savings of the members thereof, to assist them in procuring for themselves, such real estate as they may deem desirable.
Article ii. — Members.—Section 1. Any persons legally qualified to hold property may become members of this Association.
Section 2. Each stockholder, for each share of stock by him or her held, shall pay the sum of one dollar in par funds, on subscribing, and the same amount on or before 6 o’clock, p. m., of the third Thursday of each and every month there*599after, to the Treasurer, or such other person or persons as shall, from time to time, by the laws and regulations of the Association, be authorized to receive the same, until the value of the whole stock shall be sufficient to divide to each share of stock the sum of two hundred dollars. Seven per cent, interest shall be allowed to all shareholders who make advance payments for six months or longer.
Section 3. When each stockholder, for each and every share of stock by him or her held, shall have received the sum of two hundred dollars, then this Association shall determine and close; provided, always, that any stockholder having obtained an advance, in the manner prescribed under Article viii., shall be debited in his account with the premium paid thereon.
Section 4. Should any stockholder fail to meet his or her dues, as often as the same shall be payable, as aforesaid, he or she shall forfeit and pay the additional sum of ten cents foi every such failure, and for each dollar thus unpaid; the same to be charged with the monthly dues.
Section 5. Should any stockholder neglect or refuse to pay his or her monthly dues or fines, for more than three months, the shares shall be forfeited to the Association, and shall be offered for sale in such manner as the Directors may determine.
Section 6. Should any stockholder, not having received an advance, wish to withdraw from the Association, he or she shall be entitled to receive from the Treasurer, the amount of dues actually paid, first deducting all fines and arrearages, with his or her proportionate part of any losses and expenses sustained ; provided, however, that no stockholder, wishing to withdraw, gives less-than one month’s notice'to the Directors of such intention.
transfer of stock may at any time be made in the presence of the Treasurer, attested by his signature ; but no such transfer shall be valid until all arrearages or fines that may be due upon said stock shall have been fully discharged. Such *600transfer must be made at least thirty days before an election to entitle the holder thereof to vote.
Section 7. In the event of the death of a member who has received no portion of his or her stock in advance, the heirs or legal representatives of the deceased may continue his or her relation to the Association ; or, should they prefer it, they shall be entitled to receive from the Treasurer the amount he or she may have paid upon his or her shares, with seven per cent, interest; first deducting any charges for fines, arrearages, or proportion of losses and expenses sustained.
Section S. No stockholder shall hold, in his or her own right, more than forty shares.
Section 9. Each stockholder, for each and every share of stock by him or her held, either in their own right, or as trustee, shall be entitled, when personally present at an annual election, or special meeting, to one vote, for the election of officers, and other purposes.
Section 10. Each member, upon subscribing for a share or shares, and making the first monthly payment on the same, shall be entitled to a certificate of such share or shares, specifying the number thereof, and signed by the Treasurer; which certificate shall be evidence of his title thereto.
Section 11. Each stockholder shall sign this Constitution; thereby obligating himself or herself to pay punctually their monthly dues, interest and fines, and to fulfill all other requisitions herein contained.
Article iii. — Officers.—The officers of this Association shall be a President, Treasurer, Secretary, and four Directors, exclusive of the President, (who shall be ex officio a member -of the Board,) — all of whom must be stockholders. They , shall be elected at the annual meeting of the stockholders, on the evening of the third Thursday in June, in each and every year. A majority of all the votes represented or present shall determine an election.
Should any officer die, or resign in the interim between *601one election and another, the Board of Directors shall have power to supply the vacancy.
Article iv. — President.—It shall be the duty of the President to preside at all meetings of the Association, and of the Board of Directors; to preserve order; to sign all drafts on the Treasurer, when ordered by the Board of Directors; and to perform all other duties usually pertaining to his office.
He shall have power, with the concurrence of two of the Board of Directors, to call a special meeting of the Association whenever he may deem it advisable.
Article v. — Treasurer.—It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive all moneys paid into the Association; and to pay all orders drawn upon him by authority of the Board of Directors, when signed by the President and countersigned by the Secretary. He shall receive and hold in trust, for the Association, all bonds, mortgages, polices of insurance, and other papers in connection with property upon which'money is loaned, first giving his receipt therefor to the Secretary. It shall be his duty, and he is hereby empowered to give releases and acquittance for all sums of money paid to the Association upon any bond, note, mortgage, or other security, and if necessary, acknowledge satisfaction of the same on record. He shall keep accurate accounts with the stockholders, and of all monies paid into the Association. His books shall be subject to the inspection of the Board of Directors; and he shall be prepared at all times, to inform the members of the state of their accounts, and at the annual meeting furnish a detailed statement of the finances of the Association. He shall give satisfactory bonds for the faithful performance of his duties; shall receive such compensation for his services as the Board of Directors may determine; and at the expiration of his term of office, deliver over to his successor all monies, books and papers in his possession belonging to the Association.
Article vi. — Secretary.—It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep correct minutes of the proceedings of the Associ*602tion, and of the Board of Directors, and record the same in a book, or in books provided for the purpose. He shall attest all orders drawn on the Treasurer for the payment of money, under the authority of the Board of Directors; and notify the Directors and stockholders of their monthly and annual meetings, by advertisement in one or more newspapers, at the expense of the Association. He shall have charge of all books and papers belonging to the Association, except such as are entrusted to the Treasurer, and deliver up the same, in good condition, to his successor in office. The office of Treasurer and Secretary may be filled by the same person.
Article vii. — Directors.—Section 1. It shall be the duty of one or more of the Board of Directors to meet statedly, on the third Thursday evening of each and every month, (at such place as the Board may appoint,) with the, stockholders, to dispose of the funds according to the Constitution, and to conduct the business of the Association generally.
Section 2. They shall hold, on the Monday after the monthly meeting, a special meeting, and other meetings as often as may be necessary, for the consideration of securities offered; and shall be empowered to appoint a Solicitor for the Association, whose business it shall be to examine all titles, and draw up all papers in connection with said securities. And in no case shall an order be drawn on the Treasurer for an appropriation, until the necessary searches in the •courts of record shall have been made, and the Solicitor certifies to the satisfactory character of the security offered.
The charge for investigating titles, and preparing all necessary mortgage deeds and instruments in favor of the society, shall not in any case exceed the sum of $5, unless under special circumstances, when the fee shall be determined by the Directors. The Solicitor’s charge shall be paid by the members on whose account they are incurred, or deducted out of the money they may be entitled to receive for any share or shares in advance, in the mode hereafter prescribed.
Section 3. A majority of the Board of Directors shall con*603stitute a quorum. They shall be empowered to fill all vacancies that may occur in their number, and to adopt any regulations for their government not disagreeing with this Constitution.
Section 4. They shall from time to time inspect the books and accounts kept by the Treasurer, and shall order a full statement of the affairs of the Association to be annually prepared by that officer, at least seven days before the annual general meeting of the members, at which meeting such statement shall be submitted, after having been first audited and signed by three members of the Association, selected by the Board.
Section 5. Any order on the Treasurer must be sanctioned by a majority of the Board, and signed by the President and Secretary.
Article viii. — Advances.—Section 1. Each stockholder, for each and every share of stock he or she may hold in the Association, shall be entitled to purchase an advance of stock of two hundred dollars, and no more; provided, however, that no stockholder shall receive an advance to the amount of more than one thousand dollars at any one monthly meeting, if any other stockholder present, not having received an advance, shall bid for it at an equal premium.
Section 2. The amount paid into the treasury each month, shall, at the monthly meeting of the members, be sold to the highest bidder or bidders among them.; provided the same be not sold under par, and be secured by real estate fully equal in value to the net sum advanced. Should it so occur that the funds of the Association remain unproductive and uncalled for, for the space of one month, the Directors are authorized to loan what may be on hand to others than stockholders, if it be safely invested, and repaid within one year. And should a balance remain after any monthly meeting of the Association, the Directors shall have power to loan the same on good security, to be repaid within ninety days.
Section 3. Any stockholder taking an advance shall allow *604to be deducted the premium offered by him or her for the same; and shall secure the Association for such advance,by bond and mortgage, and policy of insurance, on any buildings there may be on the premises, renewed annually at his or her expense. He or she shall further pay all costs that accrue for examining titles, drawing, acknowledging, recording, and releasing all papers in connection with said security.
Section 4. For each advance of two hundred dollars made to a stockholder, one share of stock shall be assigned as collateral security. In case of failure to offer sufficient security for an advance, within one month from the date of purchase, the month’s interest shall be charged to said purchaser, together with all costs and charges for the examination of titles, and his or her right to such purchase cease.
Section 5. Any stockholder taking an advance shall pay to the Treasurer, in addition to his or her monthly dues for shares, one dollar per month for each share on which such advance is made, or at the rate of six per cent, per annum on the whole amount, including the premium.
Section 6. No stockholder shall be entitled to an advance who is in arrears to the Association, and no property out of the limits of Bibb County taken as security for an advance.
Section 7. Should any stockholder, having received any portion of his or her stock in advance, neglect or refuse to pay any or all of his dues to the Association, for three successive months, then the Directors may compel payment of principal and interest by instituting proceedings on the bond and mortgage, according to law.
When any sale shall take place of any property mortgaged to the Association, the Directors shall have power, to retain and apply so much of the purchase money as would be required to redeem the property, pursuant to the provisions contained in the ninth article of this Constitution, together with all other payments, monies, and expenses due to the Association, and shall pay the surplus thereof to the mortgagor.
Section 8. In the event of the death of a stockholder who *605has received any portion of his or her stock in advance, the heirs or legal representatives of the deceased shall be entitled to continue his or her relation to the Association, the proper change of name, &c., being first made in the security papers; or, should they not be able or wiling to do this, then the Directors shall act as in the case above specified, with this difference — the heirs or legal representatives of the deceased being entitled to receive the actual amount he or she may have paid on his or her shares, first making any deduction for fines, arrearages, or proportion of losses and expenses sustained, with which he or she may be chargeable.
Article ix. — Sale, Substitution, or Release of Mortgages. — Section 1. Should any stockholder who has executed a mortgage to the Association, be desirous of selling the mortgaged property, subject to the mortgage, he or she shall be at liberty so to do, with the consent of the Directors, upon first duly transferring the shares secured by said mortgage to the intended purchaser; and upon such transfer being completed, and all arrears due to the Association from the mortgagor being paid, and the conveyance to the purchaser executed, such purchaser shall thenceforth become liable to pay all the monthly dues and interest payable in respect of such shares ; and the Directors may grant to the original mortgagor, and at his or her cost and charges, a release from all future liability in respect thereof.
Section 2. It shall be lawful for any stockholder, having executed a mortgage in favor of the Association, to substitute, at his or her own expense, and subject to the approval of the Directors, any other real estate, as security to the Association, in lieu of that originally mortgaged.
Section 3. Should any stockholder desire to have his or her property discharged from mortgage before the Association shall have regularly terminated, he or she shall be allowed so to do, by paying into the hands of the Treasurer such a sum of money as shall, at the rate of premium the funds are then selling, produce the same monthly payment of interest as *606that which said stockholder had been previously paying in his or her advance; provided such sum shall in no case be less than the net amount actually received by him or her ; and provided further, that no release shall be given until the money paid for such release shall have been sold, and the security offered for the same be approved by the Directors, and the papers connected therewith duly executed; such shareholder paying all costs connected with the redemption of the mortgaged property.
Article x. — Fines.—In addition to the fines mentioned in the fourth section of the first article, the Treasurer and Secretary, for neglecting to attend to any of the annual or special meetings, of the meetings of the Directors, shall be fined for each and every such neglect, the sum of $1, unless he gives satisfactory excuse, to be judged by the Directors.
Article xi. — Constitution.—This Constitution can only be altered or amended at an annual meeting, and by a majority of the votes represented or present; and at least one month’s notice of the proposed alteration must be publicly given.
Article -xii. — Number of shares. — The capital stock of this Association shall be 1500 shares. But the Directors shall have power to issue a new series of stock at such times as they may deem expedient 5 Provided, the series shall be at least six months apart, and not less than 800 shares in a series. Shareholders in any new series shall not share in the profits of a previous series.
Thus it will be seen that the capital of this institution is not limited as other chartered corporations usually are, but the interest which a member has in it is estimated by the term “stock,” of which each share has an ultimate value of two hundred dollars. The payments made to the association are levied monthly. When a person proposes to become a member he" determines how many dollars he will pay „ monthly, in order to enjoy its benefits. If he agrees to pay *607one dollar per month, his interest in it is one share of stock, and so on — each share of stock for which an individual subscribes requiring him to pay one dollar each month.
When a member has subscribed for any stock, he must continue to pay one dollar monthly for each share until his payments and his part of- the gains of the association amounts to two hundred dollars for each share, which sum is then paid to him by the association.
The money which the members pay on account of stock, either by monthly or advance payments, the institution loans. The premium on loans, constitute the gains of the institution. The time required for stock to mature, that is to accumulate, until each share is worth two hundred dollars, when the association terminates, is supposed to range from eight to ten years.
Now, Richards being a member of the Bibb County Loan Association, and holder of ten shares therein, 'bid off $2,000 at one of the regular meetings of the association, at fifty-one dollars and one-quarter per cent, premium. This premium being deducted he received in cash $975. To secure the fulfillment of the obligations which the reception of this advance imposed upon him, he transferred to the association ten shares of his stock, and executed his bond and mortgage in accordance with the constitution and by-laws. The conditions of the bond and mortgage are, that if he shall continue to pay monthly the amount which he, as a member of the association, had agreed, when he became a member to pay as installments on said stock, to wit: ten dollars; and should in addition thereto, pay ten dollars per month so long as the association should exist, as interest on said advance, then the bond and mortgage should be of no effect.
Is this contract usurious ?
This question has been repeatedly discussed in the Courts of England. The first reported case upon the subject is that of Silver et al. vs. Barnes, 37 E. C. L. Rep. 335. The facts of the case were these : Under the society by-laws, 80 *608pounds was put up at auction, to the highest bidder. Barnes, the defendant, bid fifteen pounds, seventeen shillings and six pence; and gave his note with security for the payment of the 80£ on demand with five per cent, interest. But instead of paying down his bid of 15£ 17s and 6d, by the rules of the society, it was to be paid by monthly installments of two shillings upon every ten pounds of the money advanced, until each installments should amount to the said premium of 15£ 17s and 6d called in the by-laws “The additional subscription.” So that he gave at the rate of 17 per cent, per annum for the use of the 80£, about twenty months. But this was not all he paid. For by the 8th rule or by-law of the .society, recited in the case, he pays other two shillings per month on every ten pounds of stock, it being the monthly installment on stock, which, if reckoned as so much paid for the use of the money advanced, as counsel for Richards contends in this case, would make another twelve per cent, which added to the seventeen would be twenty nine per cent per annum, or double what Richards pays.
Yet, this was held to be no usury; and this decision has been repeatedly approved by the British Courts. Vice Chancellor Parker, in Burbidge vs. Cotton, said “he was not aware that the authority of this case had ever been doubted,” and it was approved by Parke B. in Cutbill ve. Kingdom, 8 E. L. & E Rep. 62.
There are connected with this question, many interesting principles, such as whether a sale can be construed to be a loan, and whether the dealings with the funds of the partnerships are not exempt from the operation of the usury laws, unless in both of these cases they are a mere contrivance to evade these laws, 2 Wm. Bl. 859; 14, E. C. L. R.80; 3 ib. 109; 3 T. R. 538; 4 East. 55; 7 Wend. 569; 3 Comstock, 344; 4 ib. 672; 4 Denio 264; Chitty on Con. 704; 2 Brown 891; Coll on Part. 33-37; Cowper 793; 4 T. R. 358; 4 Eng. Ch. Rep. 64; 7 Eng. C. L. Rep. 314: 8 Eng. L. and Eq. 57; 31 Eng. Ch. 87.
*609I have examined carefully, the only case, either in England or in the United States, relied on by counse for Mr. Richards, namely, The Mechanic’s and Working men’s Mutual Savings Bank and Building dissociation, vs. John Wilcox and others decided by the Supreme Court of Connecticut, October, 1855, and reported in Mr. Franklin’s book, already referred to at page 90. It does not militate at all against this case in any particular. The Court conceded that it was apparent that the Legislature intended to authorize an association, formed under the statute, to receive a compensation in addition to the legal rate of interest, for a loan of money made to one of their members; that is, a bonus in addition to the legal rate of interest. Nor would the Court, on that account, have set aside the transaction. The Court put its judgment upon the ground, that the terms imposed on the borrower were not authorized by the charter, and the departure consisted in this: That the charter which authorized a bonus on a loan, required that all the bonus should be taken at once, so that the party who borrowed might then know what he was paying. That while he borrowed a thousand and had to pay a bonus of 20 per cent., or in other words, to return two hundred, he would know that he got but eight hundred dollars, whereas, in the case before the Court, the association had made the bonus payable in three-fourth per cent, monthly installments, which the law did not authorize.
Thus it will be perceived, that the Bibb County Loan Association, did, as a matter of policy, just what the Connecticut Court say ought to be done. Mr. Richards paid the whole amount of the bonus at one time. This was one of the conditions upon which he took the loan, if he had it at all. Thus he could see the character of the transaction and judge of his ability to borrow money upon such terms. The money that he might borrow, would fye worth lawful interest, it might be supposed, to him, or any one else, and he could det ermine for himself whether he could so invest it as to afford to pay a bonus for it, and how much. The policy of these *610associations, no doubt, is to allow the lender to charge the borrower something for the accommodation, while he is only considered as paying legal interest for the use of the money.
I am not prepared to justify even this policy. I believe, myself, that the whole subject demands that legislative enquiry which it has not hitherto received'; in order that, if there be no corrective for past inadvertences, the system may be so supervised as to prevent peril and mischief for the future.
Perhaps the best argument in support of this transaction, is the risk and uncertainty attending the result. Stock is put up at auction, the terms of sale are distinctly understood and a sale and purchase is made, taking into view all the contingencies attendant on the society, whether of prosperity or adversity, during the few or many years of its existence. The stock may be worth a premium, or it may be a dead loss at the end of the operation. This, each must decide for himself. If he concludes to take half now for them, that is, one hundred dollars for stock now, nominally worth two hundred dollars six. eight or ten years hence, who has any right to say he judges foolishly ? So m the part of the association, they run the hazard of losing all. The debts of the concern may absorb all their funds, including Richards’ bond and mortgage, so that installments paid in, out of their private funds, and paid to Richards for his worthless stock, in advance, and the six per cent, additional installment, is a total loss, not only to the body corporate, but to each individual member.
It will be seen by the constitution and by-laws, there are various and uncertain sources of revenue and profit as well as causes of loss. It may so happen, and that from the provisions of the by-laws, that in one year after Richards gets his advance, the association is enabled to pay each stockholder $200 in full and close. In that event Richards’ advance would be little less than a gratuity, after deducting one or two annual installments of six per cent, the balance he pays no *611a cent for; say he purchases an advance of one share, at a premium of one hundred dollars, he receives one hundred, and has paid two installments of twelve dollars, making twenty-four dollars, which deducted from one hundred leaves seventy-six dollars, for which he has never paid a dollar; and such is the result, if for any cause, the association comes to an end — for it will be remembered that he is bound to pay nothing but installments, and these only so long as the association exists. Who can say, therefore, that such installments will amount to more than the advance he 'received^ with laAvful interest. The time and amount of his ultimate payments, depend upon so many contingencies, that it is utterly impossible for any arithmetical skill, indeed anything short of absolute perscience, to foretell the result.
But I forbear to press this examination, but recur to the two questions originally propounded, and that is, first, did the charter authorize the contract from which Richards seeks to be relieved ? And secondly, is the act of incorporation itself constitutional and valid ?
It is unnecessary to discuss the first point. It is not disputed, but that the advance was made, and the bond and mortgage taken in strict accordance with the constitution and by-laws of the association. These sanction the transaction ; and their terms have been rigidly pursued. For failure to do this, as we have seen, was the Connecticut case decided against the association. No one will deny but that it was competent for the Legislature to grant to this or any other corporation, the privilege of advancing money to its own members, at usurious interest. Has the general assembly done this ?
This association had already been incorporated by the Inferior Court of Bibb county, under the act of 1843, and the act of 1845, amendatory thereof, Cobb 542 543. But not satisfied with this, they obtained from the last Legislature a confirmatory act, which is as follows: “That Azel R. Freeman, and others, naming them, their successors and assigns *612be and they are hereby made and created, a body politic and corporate, for the purposes of their association; and under, and according to the constitution and by-laws, heretofore adopted by them, to be known &c.” And by the fourth section, it is further enacted : “That all the transactions of the said Bibb County Loan Association, had by and with the members thereof, whilst acting under and by virtue or the authority of the Inferior Court of said county, incorporating the same according to said constitution and by-laws, be and they are hereby declared and made valid, and binding in law.” Pamphlet Acts 432. The ground taken by counsel for Richards is, that in as much as the constitution and by-laws of the association are not embodied in the act, but adopted by reference merely, that they were not read three times, and on three separate days, in each branch of the General Assembly, before the act was passed, as required by the 17th section of the first article of the constitution, and that consequently the act is void. I remark, the act itself was read as required by the constitution. At any rate, nothing is alleged to the contrary. It does not appear, but that the constitution and bylaws of the association, were also read simultaneously with the statute oh each separate day, and in each separate branch of the Legislature. The fair presumption in favor of a coordinate department of the government is, that they were. Certainly the Legislature acted intelligently in the matter, and perfectly understood what they were doing.
Be that as it may, the Legislature knowingly or otherwise, did incorporate this association, as they have done some sixteen others in the State within the last few years, by their constitution and by-laws. Could they do this ? While I may question the wisdom and prudence of this species of Legislation, I do not for a moment doubt its validity ; should the Court hold otherwise, no one can foresee the consequences that would follow. It is a leap in the dark, which I for one, am unwilling to take ; set aside this charter upon this ground, and hundreds of acts coming down from 1777, to the *613present time, and under which the most important rights have sprung up, would have to be declared void. There has not, I venture to say, been a session of the Legislature when similar statutes have not been passed. Not only acts and bylaws of commissioners, and other associations of men in the various counties, clerks and sheriffs and other officers, but also defunct and expired laws, the laws of England, void deeds and other contracts deeds, destroyed &c., have been renewed, sanctioned, adopted and declared valid and binding, without incorporating such acts, laws, by-laws, contracts and deeds in the statute. It is enough, so far as the lawis concerned, that it can be made certain.” Id certum est quod cerium reddi potest, is a maxim alike applicable to statutes as to judgments ; deeds and other acts of men, as well as contracts and wills, often require parol evidence to execute them. An act grants a right of ferry to a corporation and natural person. There are two or more of the same name in the same place, claiming the franchise aliunde, proof -j alone can solve the difficulty.
Suppose the Legislature were to adopt the Bible as a part of the law of the land. Would the act be void, unless the whole of the Old and New Testament were embodied in the statute ? Suppose it were to declare that the levitical degrees as set forth in the Old Testament should fix the relationship, within which marriage might or might not be contracted ? Or suppose it were to say, that Mr. Greenleaf's Treatise on Evidence should be the guide of the Courts in settling the rules of the testimony. It is needless to multiply illustrations. The position is untenable and impracticable, our Legislature has by one sweeping act, declared the whole of the ordinances of one of our cities valid and of binding force. These ordinances fill a volume of some five hundred pages, and yet it is probable that not one of them was read, certainly not one of them is inserted in the amendatory act. In glancing over the pamphlet of the last session, for different objects, my eye rested on an act, directing the Ordinary of Talbot *614county, to pay Wm. L. Owen, two accounts for teaching poor children, which were filed in the Ordinary’s office, of Talbot county,
Set aside this charter and you eviscerate the Digests’ and Statute books of the State. Nay, more ! you annul unquestionably, the adopting act of 1784, and with it go the common and statute law of England, heretofore of force in this State. And after all, these charters are private affairs, binding alone between the members, and not affecting the community at large, but in a single instance, and that is, when the funds of the association remain unproductive and uncalled for, for the space of one month,the directors are authorized to loan what maybe on hand to others than stockholders, if it be safely invested and repaid in one year. At any rate, does it lie in the mouth of Mr. Richards’ who as a member of this association^ asked the Legislature to sanction their constitution and by-laws, to repudiate the act, after having received its benefits, under the pretence that his contract with his fellows was not read three times in each House, for the edification of the members. Of course the principles of this case apply equally to the Macon building and Loan Association incorporated 7th February 1854, see pamphlets 378-’9.