Judgment affirmed.
On December 31, 1888, Mrs. Wolfe sued Hines et al. to recover certain land. The court directed a verdict for defendants, and plaintiff’s motion for a new trial was overruled. One of the grounds of the motion is, that the presiding judge erred in ruling himself qualified to try the ease. Plaintiff’s counsel stated that the law firm of Dessau & Bartlett, of which Judge Bartlett had been a member, were counsel of defendants in four cases of *330Mrs. Wolfe v. Johnson and others, being actions of ejectment in favor of plaintiff in the present suit, and the property sued for being part of the same estate and involving the construction of the same will (that of Robert Freeman) as involved in the case at bar. Plaintiff urged this disqualification before the ease was begun. Before the judge decided to tiy the case, Mr. Dessau was sent for, and stated that Dessau & Bartlett had no connection with the case, had no interest in it directly or remotely, and never had, nor been consulted about it; that he did not know any such case was pending; that it was in no way connected with the cases defended by Dessau & Bartlett, and no issue involved in this case was involved in those cases ; and that no question was made by the defence, in the cases- defended by him, as to the powers of the executor, or the construction of the will of Robert Freeman. The judge stated that he never had any connection with or knowledge of this case, and did not know such a case was pending until he saw it on the docket; that it was true Dessau & Bartlett had defended certain cases for lands in suits brought by Mrs. Wolfe, but those cases had no connection, with this, and no similarity except that the plaintiff was the same, the defence being entirely different, and they in no way depended on and would not be affected by the result in this. Plaintiff’s counsel did not insist that this and the other cases were connected, or that Dessau & Bartlett ever had any connection with this case; and when the case was set for trial, stated, when the question was asked, that the judge was not disqualified, that the case had no such connection with the other cases as would disqualify him, and that the defence to the cases defended by Dessau & Bartlett was entirely different from that set up in this. These facts were not denied by plaintiff’s counsel, but admitted.
The will of Robert Freeman was dated October 5th, *3311855, and nominated his friend. Comer as executor, and his wife as executrix. It contained the provision quoted in the second head-note, and further provided, that all his estate, except such portion as might he sold for the payment of his debts, be kept together and managed by his executors, for the support of his family and education of his children during the life and widowhood of his wife; that if his wife should again marry, then his estate should be equally divided between his wife and children, but should she remain in widowhood, at her death the estate to be divided equally among the children, children of deceased children to stand in the place of the deceased parent; that in the event distribution should take place during the minority of any of the children, he appointed his brother to act as testamentary guardian of the property of such minors; that the property by the will given to the children was in trust for their sole use during their lives, with remainder to their children, etc., his brother being appointed trustee to hold the legal title during the estate for life and the preservation of the remainder; that' if his wife should be enceinte at the time of his death, the after-born child was to be entitled as if born before his death; and that •the property given to his wife on the event of her marriage was for her sole and separate use in life, and to be disposed of at her death in such manner as she might direct. The deed referred to in the head-note, from Mrs. Freeman to Anderson, was dated June 12th, 1862; it was signed “Harriet B. Freeman,” but recited that it was between Mrs. Freeman as executrix of Robert Freeman, and Anderson. It further recited that Freeman, by his last will, duly proved and recorded, “did fully authorize and empower his-executors therein named, in their' discretion, to sell any part of his estate, real or personal, at public or private sale, for the purpose of paying his debts,” and appointed Mrs. Freeman and *332Comer his executors, and Comer having disclaimed the trust, and she having alone qualified and entered upon the execution of the will, “and in the exercise of the discretion in her reposed, the party aforesaid of the first part having determined that it is for the interest of the estate of the said Robert Freeman to sell the property hereinafter described, in order to pay the debts of the same : now therefore,” etc. It is assigned as error that the court admitted this deed in evidence, over plaintiff’s objection on the grounds, that the power of sale under the will was reposed in the joint discretion of the widow and Comer, who were joint executors; that the power was to be construed according to the law in force in 1865; that such power of sale, without order of court, could not be exercised singly by Mrs. Freeman, who (as had been proved) alone qualified as executrix ; that one executor could not,.under the will, make a deed without order of court, and no such order was shown. Further, that plaintiff', not being a party to the deed or claiming under it, is not bound by any recitals of fact therein, and that the recitals of the deed as to the existence of debts are not evidence, as against plaintiff', 'of their existence. Also, that the deed upon its face did not show that Mrs. Freeman, executrix, had power to make the sale for the purpose therein expressed, the recital not following the power created in the first item of the will, and it not appearing from such recitals that she sold the property for the sole purpose of paying debts of the testator, nor such debts as are contemplated by the third item of the will, nor that it. was necessary to sell the property or so much of it for the purpose of paying said debts, but only that the sale was deemed to be for the interest of the estate in order to pay the debts of the estate; that no debts were shown to have existed at the time the deed was made, and the deed was inadmissible until the indebtedness was shown; that the burden was *333on the defendant to show this, and the length of time that had elapsed raised a presumption that the debts of the testator had all been paid, if any ever existed. Also, that the deed was signed by Mrs. Freeman individually, and not as executrix.
The court admitted in evidence the deed from the administratrix of Anderson,deceased,to Hines, dated April 6th, 1890, over plaintiff’s objection that the deed upon its face purported to be an administrator’s deed, and there was no authority shown for the administrator to. make it. This deed contained a recital that the ordinary had authorized the administratrix to make the sale, that legal notice had been given, the property sold according to law, etc. It appeared that Hines went into possession immediately' after the date of the deed, and has occupied the property ever since, fencing it in and improving it, and his possession has been open, uninterrupted and adverse.
The court refused to admit testimony of Benson, that from his knowledge and acquaintance of the estate, it was not indebted to any considerable extent; that he was familiar with the place in 1862, went there a good deal, and did not know of the existence of any debts; that from 1856 to 1862 he was nearly as well acquainted with this estate as with his owir; and that witness’s father transacted a good deal of business with Freeman, and at that time witness never heard of his being indebted.. Also, testimony of the same witness, going to show what amount of land and personal property belonged to Robert Freeman in 1856; the amount and value of property sold between 1856 and 1862; how much of the property of the estate was turned into money by the executrix prior to 1862 ; that when Freeman died his estate was in good condition; and that Mrs. Freeman was very extravagant. Also, an inventory and appraisement of the property of Freeman, as made, by *334duly appointed appraisers and returned to the ordinary’s office on March 20, 1856, containing an enumeration of the items and value of the property, amounting to $57,-704.21. Also, the annual returns of Mrs. Freeman as executrix, made to the ordinary in 1864, and covering the period between the sale to Anderson and the date of said return. Plaintiff contended that the excluded evidence was relevant and material to show, that no debts of Freeman remained unpaid at the time of the sale to Anderson; that the debts owing by Mrs. Freeman in 1862, if any, were created by her after the testator’s death, and were not embraced in the class of debts contemplated by the will; and that the circumstances were such as to put any purchaser on inquiry; and therefore the sale by the executrix to Anderson was unauthorized and passed no title.
Steed & Wimberly, Alexander & Turnbull and F. A. Arnold, for plaintiff’. Anderson & Anderson and K.. K. Hines, for defendants.