1. The constitution of this State declares: “ The proceeds of the sale of the Western and Atlantic, Macon and Brunswick, ox-other railroads held by the State, and any other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly may authorise the sale of the whole or any part thereof, shall be applied to the payment of the bonded debt of the State, and shall not be used for any other purpose whatever, so long as the State has any existing bonded debt.” Art. 7, sec. 13, par. 1.(Civil Code, § 5900). The fund in the State treasury derived from the sources indicated in the paragraph of the constitution above quoted has been termed the “public-property fund,” and for convenience that expression will be used to indicate such fund. The controlling question in the present case is whether, at a time when none of the public-property fund is needed to pay any part of the public debt, that is the bonded debt of the State, such fund can be applied to the payment of other obligations and demands due by the State, for the payment of which provision has been made by the levy of a tax, which has not been collected, but which when collected can be used to replace that part of the pxxblic-property fund thus applied; the exact question in the present case being, whether the public-property fund can be lawfully applied temporarily to the payment of the amounts due the school authorities of the different cities and counties of the State for the pro rata due each from the sums to be collected by a tax already levied for school purposes. In other words, will the réquirements of the constitution be infringed by temporarily con*655verting the public-property fund into the school fund, and then, when the school fund is collected, converting that into the public-property fund ? To determine this question it is necessary to ascertain what is meant in the constitution by the word “ used.” The word use has been variously defined, as: “ To employ for the accomplishment of a purpose; turn to account; make use of; to treat.” Standard Dictionary. “ To make use of; to convert to one’s service; to avail one’s self of; to employ; to put to a purpose:” Webster’s International Dictionary. “To employ for the attainment of some purpose or end; to avail one’s self of; to make use of; as, to use a plow; to use a book.” Century Dictionary. Whether the word use as employed in the constitution should be so construed as to provide that the public-property fund should be kept separate and distinct from all other funds, and should lie idle in the treasury and not be loaned out, as is distinctly declared may be done with the sinking fund provided for in par. 1, sec. 14, art. 7 of the constitution (Civil Code, § 5901), it is certain that the constitution means that this fund shall not be applied to the payment and discharge of any other obligation than the public debt of the State. Whatever else the word use may mean in the provision of the constitution above quoted, it certainly means that' the public-property fund shall not be laid out, paid out, or expended in the discharge of any other claim for which the State is liable. The public-property fund is set apart by the constitution for a particrdar purpose, and it is distinctly declared that it must be applied to no other, and that purpo'se is the discharge of the public debt of the State. When the time arrives for the public debt, or any part thereof, to be discharged, this fund must be intact, so that it may be used for that purpose. That the- setting apart of this fund for a number of -years when it is not needed to discharge the public debt, and during a time when other demands due by the State must be discharged by taxation, which demands could be temporarily met by the use of the public-property fund, is an unwise policy and bad financiering, is an argument which can not be considered in the face of a plain and unambiguous provision in the constitution declaring that the fund can be used only in a given way. While there was a difference of opinion among the framers of the constitution as to whether it was wise or unwise to have this fund separated and set apart in the treasury for a given purpose during a *656term of years when it was not needed for that purpose, there was, as appears from the debates in the convention, no difference of opinion as to what the provision really meant, and the construction which we have placed upon the provision is that which seems to have been placed upon it by the members of the convention, both those who opposed as well as those who advocated its adoption. Small’s Debates Const. Con. 310 et seq.
We have not undertaken to determine whether any portion of the public-property fund can be lawfully applied to the payment of interest on the public debt, or whether the fund must be appropriated only in payment of the principal. Neither have we undertaken to decide whether the public-property fund can, with other funds in the treasury, be deposited in the State depositories; for .the simple reason that these questions are not involved in the present case, and anything said could not take the form of an authoritative ruling, would not bind any member of this court should such questions hereafter arise, and might have the effect of misleading those upon whom may devolve the duty of determining those questions. As to the question actually before us, we are’ clear that the use of the public-property fund in the discharge of any obligation or demand due by the State, other than the public debt or some portion thereof, would be a violation of the constitution; and this is true whether the fund, or such rportion thereof as is so used, is or can be replaced by funds arising by taxation and in the treasury before the public-property fund is needed for any purpose for which it may be lawfully used under the constitution.
2. Are the proceeds arising from the sale of the Northeastern Railroad now in the treasury a part of the public-property fund, so as to make them subject to the provisions of' the paragraph of the constitution above quoted ? The Northeastern Railroad Company was incorporated October 27, 1870. Acts 1870, p. 344. It was provided in its' charter that under certain conditions the State would place its indorsement upon the bonds of the company for a given amount per mile of constructed railroad. This indorsement was placed upon the bonds of the company by the Governor in 18 78. The company having made default in the payment of interest on the bonds, the road was seized by the Governor under the authority given in the charter of the company, and was exposed to sale and"purchased bytheStatein 1895. The road was afterwards sold under authority *657of an act of the General Assembly, and there is now in the treasury of the State $200,000 derived from the proceeds of this sale, being a part of the purchase-money due thereunder. Bonds of the State, equal in amount to the bonds of the company which had been indorsed by the Governor, have been, under authority of the General Assembly, issued to take up the indorsed bonds of the company, and the bonds so issued are now a part of the recognized public debt of the State. Title to the Northeastern Railroad having been acquired by the State long after the constitution went into effect, the question arises whether this railroad was, at the time it was sold, a railroad “ held ” by the State, within the meaning of the constitution. At the time of the adoption of the constitution the State was absolute owner of the Western and Atlantic and the Macon and Brunswick railroads, and therefore the convention had a right to declare what disposition should be made of the proceeds of the sale of these two railroads. It is a well-known historical fact that the State constructed the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and in this way became the owner of that road, The ownership of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad grew out of the fact that the State had, under authority of the actg of December 3,1866, and October 27, 1870, placed its indorsement upon the bonds of the company. See Acts 1866, p. 127; Acts 1870, p. 336. It was provided by the act of 1866 that the indorsement of the State vested the absolute title in it, until the bonds were paid, to all property of every kind which might be purchased with the proceeds of those bonds. It was further provided by the act, that in case of default by the company in the payment of the principal or interest of the bonded indebtedness when the same became due, the State should seize the property of the railroad company; apply its earnings to the bonded debt, and sell the property' so seized at such time as the Governor might deem proper. The State subsequently became, under the provisions of this act, the owner of the railroad, and held title to the same at the time the constitution was framed.
In declaring that a similar disposition should be made of railroads held by the State, other than the two specifically mentioned in the provision of the constitution above quoted, it was evidently contemplated that the other railroads referred to, in order to be subject to this provision of the constitution, should when sold be held by the State in the same manner in which the two railroads named *658were held, that is, as absolute owner. Were there any other railroads held by the State as absolute owner at the time the constitution was adopted ? If this question is to be answered by looking alone to the present record, the answer would be, no. If the question is to be answered in the light of the public history of the State, independently of the present record, the answer would still be, no. Neither at the time the constitution was promulgated by the convention, nor at the time it was ratified by the people, did the State 'hold as owner thereof any other railroad than those named in the constitutional provision. It is true that at the time the convention was in session the Governor of the State, in his official capacity, was in possession of the North and South Bailroad, but the State did not at this time own this railroad. The possession of the Governor was due to the fact that the indorsement of the State had been placed upon the bonds of the company, default had been made in the payment of interest thereon, the road had been seized by the Governor, and was in his possession for the benefit of the bondholders and for the protection of the State as indorser of the bonds. House Journal, 1878, pp. 30,3Í. This road was sold by the Governor, under the power given in the charter of the company, on the first Tuesday in September, 1877, a few days after the convention adjourned. The purchasers at this sale having failed to comply with their bid, the Governor negotiated a private sale of the railroad, which seems to have been authorized by the charter of the company, with other persons for the amount bid at the sale. Tins private sale appears to have been made as of the date January 1,1878, the purchase-money to be paid on January 1,1884. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, it possibly may be presumed that the amount for which this road was sold ($40,500) was collected and applied to the payment of the bonds of the company, as was contemplated by the charter of the company. Acts 1870, p. 350 (13); Acts 1868, p. 144. That the amount was collected and paid into the State treasury before the same was due appears from the treasurer’s report of 18.81, published, as required by law, with the acts of the General Assembly. See Appendix to Acts 1880-81. Whether it has ever been paid out does not appear. It might have been lawfully paid out on the bonds of the railroad company, and to this extent have reduced the amount of the State’s liability on account of the indorsement of its bonds. If it was not, and the State has issued its *659bonds for the full amount due on the bonds of the railroad company, and these bonds are still outstanding, the proceeds of the sale of this road in the treasury are a part of the public-property fund and subject to the provisions of the constitution in relation to that fund.
From the journal of the constitutional convention it seems that •some of the members were of the opinion that the State did own the North and South Railroad. Mr. Tharpe introduced a resolution providing for the appointment of a committee to inquire into the propriety of selling the Western and Atlantic, Macon and Brunswick, and North and South railroads. Jour. Const. Con. 1877, p. 68; Small’s Debates, 47. This committee was appointed to inquire into the propriety of selling all the railroads belonging to the State, and recommended the adoption of an ordinance requiring the General Assembly to create a commission which, with the Governor, should be authorized to sell the three roads mentioned in the Tharpe resolution and also the Memphis Branch Railroad. Jour. Const. Con. 164; Small’s Debates, 129. Consideration of this report was postponed, and, so far as appears, no further action was ever taken thereon. It is significant, however, that the first draft of the constitutional provision now under consideration mentioned only the Western and Atlantic and the Macon and Brunswick railroads, thus showing that upon investigation it had been ascertained that the State owned those two roads only. Jour. Const. Con. 209; Small’s Debates, 183. As the North and South Railroad was not owned by the State, it could not be enumerated as one of the railroads the proceeds of the sale of which were to become a part of the public-property fund. The proceeds of the sale of this road and other roads in a similar situation were to be applied primarily to the payment of the bonds of the company, not only for the purpose of. discharging this debt of the company, but also to relieve the State, to the extent of the amount paid, from any liability on its indorsement. If any surplus remained after paying off the bonds, it went of course to the owners of the railroad. It was, therefore, manifest that this road could not be classed with the Western and Atlantic and the Macon and Brunswick railroads. At the time the constitution was framed it could be foreseen that there was a contingency upon the happening of which the State might become the owner of this road. If the purchasers failed to comply with their bid, and the road 'sras again *660exposed to sale, the State might be compelled for its own protection to become a purchaser at the sale. With the ownership of the-road there would also come to the State a liability for the full amount of the unpaid bonds of the company, upon which the State-had placed its indorsement. As this liability of the State as indorser upon the bonds of the railroad company would be a part of the bonded debt of the State, and as the scheme of the constitution was that the proceeds of the sale of public property should_ be set apart as a fund for the payment of the bonded debt, it was provided, in furtherance of this scheme, that when the State became the owner of a railroad which was incumbered with a bonded debt upon which the State was liable as indorser, the proceeds of the sale of the railroad should become part of the fund set apart by the constitution for the payment of the public debt. The policy of the constitution' was to prevent the increase of the bonded debt of the State, and it was therein provided that “The bonded debt of the State shall never be increased, except to repel invasion; suppress insurrection,, or defend the State in time of war.” Civil Code, § 5899.
Construing this provision in connection with that provision in reference to the public-property fund, it is clear that it was the intention of the framers of this instrument, that if the bonded debt which was owed by the State as a principal debtor was increased on account of the State being compelled to assume, as principal, bonded debts for which it had become legally bound as indorser when the policy existed of lending State aid to the construction of public improvements, the debt brought about by the assumption of these obligations would take its appropriate place as a part of the public debt of the State, and the railroad property which came with this debt should take its appropriate place, and the proceeds of the same when sold be set apart for the payment of the public debt. In view of the status of the North and South Railroad and other railroads similarly situated, the expression “ other railroads held by the State” is language which must be held at least to apply to railroads which might, after the adoption of the constitution, be acquired by the State as a consequence of the indorsement of the bonds of these railroad companies; for in no other way, unless at a tax sale or other sale under a claim in favor of the State, could the State ever acquire railroad property, the direct acquisition of such property being prohibited by the terms of the constitution. As' *661above stated, the bonded debt of the State conld never be increased; and the State was prohibited from levying a tax to be used for any other purposes than those enumerated in the constitution; and none of those so enumerated were broad enough to include the acquisition of a railroad. Civil Code, § 5882. It would be a narrow construction indeed, and one not at all warranted, when all the circumstances and the public history of the State are taken into consideration, to hold that the expression, “ other railroads held by the State,” applied only to the North and South Railroad simply because, at the time the constitution was framed, the State had actually seized this road under the power given in the company’s charter and was making efforts to sell the same for its protection and for the benefit of the bondholders. It was altogether probable that other roads would in the future he placed in exactly the same position. That the framers of the constitution meant to include only such roads as the State might, in some contingency, own is absolutely certain; for in no other way could the State ever own the proceeds arising from the sale of any property. The constitutional provision is a pledge of the proceeds arising from the sale of public property, that is property owned by the State, and not property owned by other persons against which the State holds a claim or demand of some nature. Keeping this clearly in view, it seems ■entirely plain that it was intended to include those roads which might in the future be seized and sold by the State, as well as the one which had already been seized. Indeed, so far as the North and South road was concerned, the State had manifested a purpose not to become the owner of this road, for it had allowed it to he bid off at $40,500, a sum so much smaller than the amount of the bonds indorsed by the State as to indicate a purpose on the part of the State to allow the road to be sold to other purchasers at almost any price rather than become the purchaser itself. This sale, it is true, took place after the convention adjourned, but sometime before the constitution was adopted'; and the people, when they came to vote upon that instrument, were consequently acquainted with the purpose of the State with reference to this road.
There was also a contingency, doubtless well known to the members of the convention, that the State might become the owner of the Memphis Branch Railroad, that road having been seized by the Governor under authority given in its charter, growing out of the *662fact that the State’s indorsement was upon the bonds of that company, and the road had been sold, upon credit extending to January 1, 1881, just a few days before the convention met. House Jour. 1878, pp. 31, 32. Under authority of an act approved September 26, 1868, the Governor placed the indorsement of the State upon the bonds of the South Georgia and Florida Railroad Company. These bonds were outstanding at the time the constitution was adopted. Consequently there was also a contingency that the State might become the owner of this road. Acts 1868, p. 145. The status of this railroad was known to. the members of the constitutional convention. Jour. Const. Con. 209; Small’s Debates, 183. The only railroad of which the State could have become owner without at the same time becoming chargeable with a debt by reason thereof, at the time the constitution was framed, was the Marietta and North Georgia Railroad. By the act of February 24, 1877, the State loaned to the company operating this road the net amount received into the treasury from convict labor. Acts 1877, p. 29. To secure this loan the State took a first lien on all of the property of the road then existing'or thereafter to be acquired. It was provided that, in the event of default in the payment of the principal or interest of the loan, the Governor, in behalf of the State, should seize the property of the railroad company, and, after advertisement for thirty days, sell the same to the highest bidder. Whether or not if this road had ever become the property of the State it would have been subject to the provisions of the constitution under consideration in the present case, certainly the fact that the State might have become the owner of this one road only, without incurring a debt by reason of such ownership, when there were at least four others in such a condition that ownership of any of them by the State would bring ultimate liability upon the bonded debt oRthe company which would, on account of the liability of the State thereon as indorser, be a part of the bonded debt of the State, would not be a sufficient reason to justify a construction of the constitution which would exempt from the operation of this provision the proceeds of the sale of those railroads which did actually become the property of the State, and which brought with them a bonded debt upon which the State was liable as indorser.
In the charter of the Northeastern Railroad Company there was,, as has been stated, a provision that upon certain conditions the *663Governor was authorized to place the indorsement of the State upon the bonds of the company. On January 9, 1877, a board of commissioners, which had been previously appointed by the Governor, reported that forty miles of this road had been completed and equipped and put in running order, and-in effect that the conditions prescribed by the charter to be complied with before the State’s indorsement should be applied for had been substantially complied with. While the then incumbent of the Governor’s office had, before the meeting of the convention, declined to place the State’s indorsement upon the bonds of this company, there was still outstanding this claim of the company to have such indorsement placed upon its bonds; and there was, while the convention was in session, pending in the Supreme Court of this State a case in which the company was asserting its right to have the Governor place the indorsement of the State upon the bonds, and attempting to defeat the application of a citizen to enjoin it from applying to the Governor. A decision holding that the company had a right to apply to the Governor to have the State’s indorsement placed upon its bonds was rendered on August 28, 1877, just three days after the constitutional convention adjourned. Northeastern Railroad Co. v. Morris, 59 Ga. 364. See also House Jour. 1878, p. 33. It may be legitimately presumed from these facts that the members of the convention were at least aware that this railroad was still asserting its claim to the State’s indorsement upon the bonds. If this claim was ever recognized by the State and the bonds of the company indorsed, it could be foreseen that there was a possibility that the State might, at some time in the future, not only become the owner of the road but become charged with a liability to pay the bonded debt of the company. When the framers of the constitution named all of the railroads then owned by the State, and added to this enumeration the words, “ or other railroads held by the State,” no other intention can be ascribed to the framers of this instrument than that these words should, at least, apply to railroads thereafter acquired by the State, when acquired in such a way that with them there came a bonded debt upon which the State was liable as indorser. There were no railroads owned by the State at the time of the adoption of the constitution, except the two named. It was known to the framers of the constitution that there were at least three which might, upon the happening of a given contingency, be*664come in the future the property of the State. Certainly these as well as all other railroads which were so situated were in contemplation of the framers of the constitution, and when acquired by the State should be dealt with in the same manner as those which were then owned. The State having, through the Governor, recognized the claim of the Northeastern Railroad Company to have the State’s indorsement placed upon its bonds, and the Governor having recognized the validity of this indorsement by seizing the road in the behalf of the State for the benefit of the bondholders as well as to secure the State against loss on account of its indorsement, and the General Assembly having recognized the validity of the indorsement by providing for the purchase by the Governor of the property of the company at a sale had under authority of the company’s charter, and having replaced the bonds of the company with bonds of the State, and the bonded debt of the State, upon which it was liable as. a principal, being to that extent increased, the proceeds of the sale of this railroad, which came to the State at the same time with its liability upon the bonds, and in consequence of the State’s indorsement thereon, come within the terms of the provision of the constitution in regard to the sale of railroads held by the State, and must be set apart and faithfully kept for the purpose indicated by the constitution, and used, laid out, and expended for no other purpose whatsoever, so long as the State has a bonded debt.
This view of the matter is much strengthened when all of the provisions of the present constitution of the State relating to the subject of State aid in matters of public improvement are read together and in the light of the antecedent history of the State in relation to-this subject. Prior to the constitution of 1868 the State had, by an act of the General Assembly, loaned its aid in the construction of at least one railroad, by placing its indorsement upon the bonds of the railroad company. As has been seen, the indorsement of a portion of the bonds of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad was under an act passed in 1866. The constitution of 1868 authorized the State to aid in works of public improvement under certain conditions, among them being that the State should have a prior lien on all of the property owned by the company to which the State’s aid was granted,' and that an amount equal to that loaned by the State should be invested by private persons. Art 3, sec. 6, par. 5 (Code 1873, § 5068). Under this authority the leg*665islature granted numerous charters incorporating railroad companies, each of them containing a provision that the State’s indorsement should be placed upon the bonds of the company upon the conditions prescribed in the constitution. An examination of the acts of 1868, 1869, and 1870 will show how freely charters of this ldnd were granted between, the dates named. Under many of the acts just referred to, the State’s indorsement was placed upon the bonds of the companies. In 1872 the General Assembly entered into an investigation to determine whether the State was bound upon all of the bonds upon which the State’s indorsement had been placed; and the result of this investigation was that the indorsement of the State upon bonds of several railroad companies was, by acts of the General Assembly, declared to be null and void for several reasons. See Acts 1872, pp. 5, 6, 7. In 1874 the General Assembly passed an act repealing that part of all charters’ to railroad companies which provided for the State’s indorsement upon the bonds of such companies. Acts 1874, p. 98. In 1877 an-amendment to the constitution of 1868 was adopted, declaring that the indorsement of the State upon the bonds of certain railroad companies was illegal and void, and should never he paid. Code •of 1882, p. 1329. See also Const. 1877, art. 7, sec. 11, par. 1 {Civil Code, § 5898). This was the condition of affairs in reference to the matter of State aid when the convention of 1877 met. The purpose of the constitution framed by that body was to provide that •every valid bond of the State should be paid, whether the State was liable thereon as principal or as indorser; but that the State, should never incur any new debt by aiding in the construction of nny work of public improvement. State aid was entirely prohibited for the future. The consequences of State aid in the past, wherever it had been lawfully granted to any railroad company, were to be recognized, and the debt due by the State on this account was to be treated as a part of the public debt of the State. It was the intention of the framers of the constitution that this •should he true, whether at the time the constitution was adopted the State had already become liable on account of State aid in the past, or might in the future become so liable. The bonded debt of the State was never to be increased, except for the purpose of defending the State. The bonded debt, using this term to include not only the debt the State owed at the time the constitution was *666adopted, whether as principal or as indorser, but also whatever debt of that character it might thereafter owe on account of liabilities lawfully incurred before the constitution was adopted, was to be recognized as a valid debt against the State, and its payment was provided for. One source from which the framers of the constitution intended that the fund for the payment of the bonded debt of' the State was to be derived was from the sale of railroad property. The bonded debt of the State and the ownership of railroads by the State are no more intimately connected with each other in the history of this State than they are in the terms of the Constitution-Ownership of railroads brought debt to the State. This property when disposed of must therefore go to discharge the liability which Its ownership has imposed. This was undoubtedly the intention of the framers of the constitution, and railroad property acquired by the State as a result of State aid to railroads must, under the-plain provisions of the constitution, be applied to the payment of the public debt, a portion of which has been incurred on account of the ownership of this class of property, and to no other purpose whatever. The framers of the constitution of 1877 intended that the provisions of that instrument should be exhaustive of the subject qi State aid. There should be no State aid in the future; and debts incurred as a result of'State aid in the past must be'paid, as. far as possible, by property which has come to the State as a result of State aid.
3. By an act approved December 21,1893, it was provided, that in order to make the apportionment of the common-school fund provided for in that act, “ and in order to make quarterly payments to the teachers in the common schools of the State, the treasurer of the State is hereby authorized to draw, on the first day of April,, on any funds in the treasury, three hundred thousand dollars to pay the teachers quarterly, the same to be repaid from the school fund when the same shall be paid into the treasury.” Acts 1893, p. 59-. On December 8,1897, an act with the following title was approved: “ An act to authorize the treasurer of the State to draw on any funds in the State treasury to the amount of $400,000, to be used in paying the teachers as provided by law, and for other purposes.” It was provided in the act: “That in order to make the apportionment of the school fund as provided by law, and in order to make quarterly payments to the teachers in the common schools of the *667State, the treasurer of the State is hereby authorized and directed to draw on the first day of April of each and every year the sum of $400,000 to pay the teachers quarterly, the same to be repaid from the school fund when the same shall be paid into the treasury.” Acts 1897, p. 108. It will always be presumed that it is the inten-J tion of the General Assembly to obey and not to violate the consti-; tution. When one of its acts is susceptible of two constructions,/ one violative of the constitution and the other in consonance there-j with, the latter construction must be adopted. An act of the Gen-'1 eral Assembly will never be construed as violative of the constitu-/ tion, unless its terms are such as to absolutely demand such a coni struction. The propositions thus stated are elementary rules of lawij Construing the acts of 1893 and 1897, above cited, in the light of these rules, neither act would authorize the appropriation of any portion of the public-property fund to the payment of amounts due by the State to the teachers of the common schools of the State-Neither act in terms declares that the teachers shall be paid out of this fund; and as such a use of this fund would be a violation of the constitution, it is to be presumed that it was not the intention of the General Assembly that the fund should be so used. The expression “ any funds in the treasury,” appearing in the act of 1893, and the expression “ any funds in the State treasury,” appearing in the title of the act of 1897, mean any funds in the treasury which can be lawfully applied to the purposes indicated in the acts. So -construing these acts, neither of them is violative of the constitutional provision now being dealt with. It is no reply to say that there are no other funds in the treasury to which the acts could apply; for it is better to assume that the legislature has done a vain and absurd thing than to convict it of a deliberate and wilful violation of the fundamental law of the State. In the appropriation act for 1900 is found the following provision: “For the support of the common schools, eight hundred thousand dollars, in addition to the school fund derived from the sources referred to in article 8, section 3 of the constitution.” Acts 1900, p. 13. This appropriation act provides further: “That in making the appropriation hereinbefore mentioned, when said appropriations are to be paid' to persons, or for particular objects, same shall be paid from the funds arising from the sources now provided by law” (p. 16). There is' nothing in the act which in terms declares that any part of the ap*668propriation for the common schools shall be paid out of the public-property fund, and the paragraph last quoted indicates the contrary intention on the part of the General Assembly; for by that it is distinctly provided that the appropriation shall be paid from the’ sources provided by law, and the only source from which the appropriation for the common schools can be derived, consistently with the constitution, is either a tax levied in the manner prescribed by law, or the school fund as made up of the items expressly enumerated in the constitution. Const, art. 8, sec. 3, par. 1 (Civil Code, §5908).
4. The duties of the State treasurer are prescribed by law. Among those duties we find it declared in the code: “ He shall pay all funds pledged to the payment of the public debt, or interest thereon, or to any object of education, and to these objects only, and in nowise to any other purpose. All payments from the treasury shall be paid from the fund appropriated for such purpose, and not from any other.” Political Code, § 199 (8). It is said that this section prohibits the treasurer from paying a claim against the school fund out of funds appropriated for other purposes, and that if the constitution prohibits the payment of such claims out of the public-property fund, and this section prohibits the payment out of any other fund than the school fund, the act of 1897 has nothing upon which to operate. Of course, it will never be held, unless from necessity, that the General Assembly has done either an absurd or a vain thing. The General Assembly must not violate the constitution; and repeals by implication are not favored. If, however, an act of the General Assembly is capable of being construed three ways, the first making it violative of the constitution, the second having the effect to repeal a former act by implication, and the third making the General Assembly do an idle or a vain thing, either the second or third construction must be adopted; and as between these two it would seem that the second should prevail.
5. The warrants drawn upon the treasurer in the present case were in the following form: “Atlanta, Ga., April 18, 1901. To the Treasurer of the State of Georgia. Pay to-, or bearer, the sum of-Dollars for-months, ending — -1901, and place to the account of school fund.” The code declares that the warrants drawn by the Governor on the treasurer “shall always specify on what appropriation or fund ” they are drawn. Po*669litical Code, § 140. There was no language in any of the warrants involved in the present case which expressly directed the treasurer to use any part of the public-property fund in the payment of such warrants. The warrants were drawn payable' out of “ the school fund,” and were therefore payable out of that fund as derived from the sources authorized by the constitution and the law. As the public-property fund could never become a part of the school fund if the mandate of the constitution was obeyed, it will not be presumed that the Governor intended by these warrants that the treasurer should pay the same out of the funds in his hands which the constitution distinctly declared should not be appropriated to such purposes. The law would construe these warrants to be drawn upon the school fund made up in the manner consistent with the fundamental law of the State, and the treasurer was warranted in placing upon them such construction as the law authorized.
6. The constitution declares that no money shall be drawn from the treasury except by an appropriation made by law. Art. 3, sec. 7, par. 11 (Civil Code, § 5774). The code declares that all payments from the treasury,' unless otherwise provided, shall be made upon the warrant of the Governor. Political Code, § 140. And also, that the treasurer shall pay out money from the treasury “only upon the warrants of the Governor, when countersigned by the comptroller-general, excepting the draft of the President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of Representatives, for sums due to the members and officers of their respective bodies.” Political Code, § 199 (1). The treasurer has no authority to pay out any money! from the treasury until there has been an appropriation of the samel made by law; and with the exceptions stated in the section of the¡ code last referred to, even after an appropriation has been made bylaw, he has no authority to pay out the same except upon a warrant of the Governor, countersigned by the comptroller-general. One holding a claim against the State, no matter how just the samen may be, can not demand payment of it at the hands of the treasurer; unless he presents a warrant of the Governor, countersigned by the comptroller-general, and shows an appropriation made by law for the payment of his claim. The treasurer may refuse to pay, if, with the exceptions above referred to in the code, the claim has not behind it both an appropriation act and a warrant of the Governor countersigned by the comptroller-general. See Gurnee v. Speer, 68 Ga. 711.
*6707. The attorney-general in an opinion given to the State treasurer advised, him that under the act of 1897 he was “authorized and directed to transfer $400,000 of the public-property fund to the school fund, or at least so much thereof as may be needed to carry into effect the requirements of the statute providing for the payment of teachers.” It is said that as the constitution creates the office of attorney-general, and prescribes that it shall be his duty to act as the legal adviser of the executive department, any officer of that department acting under his advice will be protected, even if it should afterwards develop that the advice was erroneous; and that it would be unjust and unconscionable for the State to provide an executive officer with a legal adviser, and then hold such officer and his bondsmen liable for following the advice of such legal adviser. We have read carefully the opinion given by the attorney-general to the State treasurer, and we also listened with interest and attention to the able argument made by the attorney-general at the bar of this court, and have taken time to carefully consider the reasoning both of the written opinion and the oral argument. But, for the reasons which are set forth in the foregoing discussion, we have been compelled to take a different view of the matter from that presented by this able, learned, and conscientious public officer, whose opinions are always clear and whose conclusions are generally correct. Even if it be conceded that the opinion of the attorney-general, though erroneous, would have protected the treasurer and his bondsmen from liability if the treasurer had paid the warrants presented to him out of the public-property fund, an entirely different question is presented when it is sought by means of a writ of mandamus to compel the treasurer to act on this advice. Whether the treasurer would have been protected if he had voluntarily paid out, on the advice of the attorney-general, a portion of the public-property fund, is a question not involved in the present case. But certain it is that the courts should not by mandamus compel the custodian of the public funds of the State to pay out a portion thereof, when such payment would be a violation of the fundamental law of the State.
8. It was insisted in the argument that the State treasurer was an officer whose duty in regard to paying warrants was purely ministerial, and that he would not be heard to raise any question as to the unconstitutionality of an act of the General Assembly in ap*671propriating money; and also that, being a subordinate executive officer of the State, he should not be heard to question the authority of the Governor to draw a warrant upon the treasurer. Under the view we have taken of the case, these questions are not involved therein; and therefore no decision will be made as to any of them. If the General Assembly had in terms appropriated the public-property fund to the payment of sums due the teachers in the common schools of the State, and the Governor had drawn warrants upon the treasurer directing him in terms to pay such sums out of the public-property fund, and these warrants had been countersigned by the comptroller-general, and the attorney-general had advised the treasurer that he was authorized to pay such a warrant, then these questions would have been presented for decision. But whether or not, if all these facts had existed, the treasurer and the sureties on his bond would have been protected if the treasurer had paid the warrants, or whether or not the treasurer would have been permitted to question the validity of an act of the General Assembly making the appropriation, or the correctness of the opinion of the attorney-general, are questions which we do not think are presented in any way by the present record; and for that reason we will not now undertake to determine any of them. The General Assembly has simply provided that the school fund shall be applied in payment of the amounts due the teachers in the common schools. The Governor has drawn warrants upon the treasurer directing him to pay these amounts out of the school fund. The treasurer has answered that he has a given amount less than a sum necessary to pay the warrants, which he is ready and willing to appropriate to such of the warrants as the Governor may direct, and that he has no funds to pay the balance of the warrants. This seems to us to be not. only a proper but a complete and perfect answer to the application for mandamus.
9. The General Assembly never having attempted to appropriate any part of the public-property fund to the payment of the sums due by the State to the teachers in the common schools, and the Governor never having drawn any warrant upon this fund for the payment of such sums, the treasurer was authorized to refuse to appropriate any part of the public-property fund in the payment of the warrants which were presented to him, payable out of another fund. As we have reached the conclusion that the proceeds of the *672sale of the Northeastern Railroad were a part of the public-property fund, the court erred in granting a mandamus against the treasurer, compelling Mm to pay the warrants in question out of the proceeds of the sale of that railroad. As the treasurer admitted in his answer that there was in the treasury the sum of $77,-294.83, which he had offered to appropriate to the payment of such of the warrants as the Governor should indicate, the court erred in maldng the mandamus absolute as to this amount. When a public officer has offered to perform a duty required of him by law, and this offer is rejected by those calling upon Mm to perform, there should not be placed upon the records of the courts a mandamus absolute compelling Mm to do that which he has never refused to do, and is still willing to do. Under such circumstances the granting of a mandamus absolute is not only unjust to the officer in question, but involves Mpr in the costs of the proceeding, wMch should be borne by the opposite party. The judge erred in making the mandamus absolute.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concurring, except