This is a habeas-eorpus proceeding commenced by J. E. Lee, the great-grandfather of Theodore Lee Wilkinson, a minor child three years old, to recover possession of the minor from his father, E. A. Wilkinson. The plaintiff in error, Wilkinson, married the granddaughter of the defendant in error. By this union the child in controversy was born. The mother died seven hours later. After the funeral of the mother the question arose as to what should be done with the child. There is a conflict in the evidence, but the preponderance of it is to the effect that the father, the plaintiff in error, being consulted about the disposition of the child, said, in substance, to the great-grandfather, Lee, that he “couldn’t just give the child away like a puppy,” but that he might take the child and keep it as long as he and his wife -lived, or until the child was twenty-one years old. The plaintiff in error insists that the child was left as a temporary loan, and that no definite contract was set forth. This old couple did take the child, cared for it, and paid all of its expenses, of whatever kind, including medical bills, etc. The wife of Lee was not related to the child, she being a second wife, but the evidence discloses that she was kind and attentive, and loved and cared for the child as a mother. Sometime after the death of his wife Wilkinson moved from Henry county, where he had lived and worked around in various places, and in the neighborhood where the Lees lived, and sometimes for the Lees. He was frequently a visitor at the Lee home, and seemed fond of the child. He was permitted to see the child as often as he wished, and on one occasion was allowed to take the child away from the Lee home to a picnic. Leave to take the child to his home for a visit shortly thereafter was refused. At one time Wilkinson gave Lee two dollars for the child, which he loaned out for the latter, but would never accept any compensation for the rearing or expenses of the child. About a year before the bringing of the present action, Wilkinson, the father, married a second time, and his wife was received at the Lee home on the same terms as her husband had been. No claim to the child as a matter of right seems to have been asserted by Wilkinson; and Mrs. Lee testified that on one occasion she told Wilkinson she had heard of a threat on his part to take the child away, which he denied. He testified that he made no reply. No question is raised in the record as to the ex
On Sunday, the 28th day of August, 1910, the day previous to the suing out of the writ of habeas corpus, Wilkinson with his wife came on a visit to the Lee home, and was received as usual. Iiis two brothers came in a buggy, but concealed themselves in the woods near the house, where they could not be seen by the Lees. The Lees and the Wilkinsons sat on the porch and ate watermelons. A little later Wilkinson walked out in the yard with the boy, then about three years old, and placed him in a buggy from which the horse had never been unhitched. Suddenly and without any apparent warning he drove off with the boy at a rapid gait. His wife, seizing her hat, rushed out into the road and was taken in the buggy of the brothers and driven rapidly away. The two sons of Lee, as soon as a horse could be hitched to a buggy, gave pursuit and overtook Wilkinson about two miles from the Lee home. Being called on by them to stop, he informed the Lees that he had a gun. The pursuit was there abandoned, and the present action begun the next day before the Hon. J. R. George, ordinary of DeKalb county, to recover possession of the child so taken. The trial was postponed several times at the instance of Wilkinson, in order to allow him to take the testimony of his mother, who was unable to attend court. A continuance later, in order to take the testimony of other witnesses as to Wilkinson’s good character, was denied, the counsel for Lee stating that the character of Wilkinson was admitted to be good. The court, after hearing all the testimony in the case and argument of counsel, awarded the custody of the child to the plaintiff, Lee. To this judgment Wilkinson applied for a writ of certiorari to the superior court. After the hearing upon the certiorari the superior court declined to interfere with the judgment of the ordinary, and the present writ of error was sued out, excepting to the judgment of the superior court.
1. A father is entitled, prima facie, to the control of his minor child. Civil Code, § 3021. But parental power may be lost, among other ways, “by voluntary contract, releasing the right to a third person,” or by “failure of the father to provide necessaries for his child.” Civil Code, § 3021; Janes v. Cleghorn, 54 Ga. 9; Bently v. Terry, 59 Ga. 555 (27 Am. R. 399); Miller v. Wallace, 76 Ga. 479
2. The main question in this case is whether there was a contract between the father of the child and the great-grandfather, and whether the contract was sufficiently definite that by its terms the parental power over the child was lost by the father and acquired by the great-grandparent. On the question of the existence of a contract the evidence is conflicting, but the great preponderance "of it is in favor of the defendant in error. His testimony, corroborated by a number of witnesses, was -to the effect that the father had told him, when the child was but a few days old, that he might take and keep it as long as he and his wife lived, or until the child was twenty-one years old. The evidence shows that the great-grandparent did take and keep the child from that time until it was three years old, before the father asserted any positive claim of right to it. We think the evidence and all the circumstances of the case were sufficient to authorize the ordinary to award the custody of the child to its great-grandparents. Nor do we think the superior court erred in refusing to interfere with the judgment of the court of ordinary. Townsend v. Warren, and Eaves v. Fears, supra. See Moore v.
Nor do we think there is any merit in the contention of the plaintiff in error that the contract is unilateral and without consideration. The parent gave up the possession of his child, with his right and power of control, and, on the other hand, the great-grandparent received the child and assumed all the responsibility of its maintenance, education, and protection, and thus stands in loco parentis, and such a contract entered into by a parent and .great-grandparent can not be said to be unilateral and without consideration. The evidence in the case shows that there was a sufficient consideration to support the contract. See Eaves v. Fears, supra.
3. One ground of exception taken is that the ordinary, pending the hearing of the main issue of the case, after several motions had been made to continue the case and the same were overruled, awarded the temporary custody of the minor child to the great-grandparent upon his giving bond for the production of the body of the child in court. It is insisted that this action on the part of the court was a prejudgment of the case, and disqualified the court from passing a final judgment awarding the child. We do not so consider. At the conclusion of the entire ease, the ordinary awarded the custody of the child to its great-grandparent, and the judgment of the superior court was in effect the same; and on a careful review of the whole case, we can not say that the temporary awarding of the custody of the child to the great-grandparent, pendente lite, is cause for a reversal, where, upon a review of the entire record, the final judgment of the court of ordinary and of the superior court is found to be right.
4. Error is assigned on the refusal of the court to sustain a demurrer to a traverse of the answer to the writ of certiorari, and
5. The other grounds 'of error assigned are without merit.
Judgment affirmed.