L. B. Little shot and killed J. G. Herrin on June 24, 1926. The shooting took place in the City of Madison, Morgan County, at a location specifically referred to as Thompson’s garage. The grand jury of Morgan County returned an indictment charging the accused with the offense of murder; and upon the trial the jury returned a verdict of guilty, without a recommendation. The defendant made a motion for new trial, which was overruled, and he excepted.
Counsel for the defendant, on cross-examination, propounded to George Shaw, a witness called for the State, the following question: “Mr. Little [the defendant] has been an arresting officer here for a great many years?” To which the witness answered, “Yes.” And then the following question was propounded: “Accustomed to carry a gun?” Objection was made by the solicitor-general that the witness should not be permitted to answer this question, on the ground that it sought to elicit irrelevant testimony, and the court sustained the objection. We are of the opinion that the witness should have been permitted to answer the question. Ordinarily, evidence of what the accused had done on other occasions not connected with the crime alleged against him and for which he is on trial is not admissible; but in this case evidence was introduced to show premeditation and malice on the part of the accused. There is evidence tending to show that the accused sought the decéased, came to where he was and deliberately made an attack upon him, striking him several blows with his fist, then went to his automobile, took from it his pistol and shot and killed the deceased under circumstances that made the killing murder, according to the theory of the State. The evidence of his carrying his pistol with him in his automobile would tend to establish the contention that the killing was done with malice aforethought and that the crime was a premeditated one. But if the accused was accustomed to carry his pistol, the fact that he had it with him on the occasion of the homicide would be less weighty as evidence to show that he had premeditated the alleged crime and had committed it deliberately. If the accused had been on trial for the carrying of a pistol contrary to the law, and he had denied having a pistol with him on the occasion in question, the fact that he carried it customarily, or had been seen carrying it on other occasions, could not be proved by the State, aqd evidence *511of the fact that he had been seen with a pistol or had carried a pistol in the same way on other occasions would not be admissible. But in this case, when it is considered in connection with the State’s theory of the case, it was admissible and should not have been excluded.
The ruling made in the second headnote requires no elaboration.
In another ground of the motion for a new trial error is assigned upon the court’s failure to charge the law of voluntary manslaughter as contained in §§ 64 and 65 of the Penal Code, though no written request for such a charge had been made. Upon a consideration of the evidence we are of the opinion that the law of voluntary, manslaughter was involved under the evidence, and that the court should have charged the jury upon that subject. An eye-witness, W. F. Vaughan, called for the State, thus describes the encounter between the accused and the deceased and the killing of the latter: “When Mr. Little arrived he walked up to Mr. Herrin and said, ‘Have you seen Dr. Tunison?’ Mr. Herrin replied, ‘I have not, Mr. Little,’ and about that time Mr. Little said, ‘You mean to continue to work my negro, do you?’ and just about the time he said ‘do you?’ he hit him right up there side of the neck. I imagine he hit him three times before we got them separated. The first two licks he hit him when Herrin was sitting down. After he made the first two licks it seemed to me Mr. Herrin was stunned and made an effort to get up at the second lick, and about the third lick they both had locked together. I imagine he might be six feet and a half tall. The defendant weighs, in my opinion, around 180 and is about six feet tall, I imagine, and a half. He hit him with his fist, I guess. I didn’t see any instrument. Mr. Emmett Alford, Herbert Perkins, and myself separated the two. After we separated them nothing was said by one to the other no more than Mr. Little — I had hold to him and he seemed to think at the time that we were holding him, and he cursed and said, ‘Turn me loose,’ — just that way. At the time he made that statement Mr. Herrin was, I imagine, around four feet below from wher,e I and Mr. Little was. When Mr. Emmett Alford — after we pulled them loose, just about the time we separated them, Mr. Little said; ‘God damn it, turn me loose,’ — just that way. I had hold to Mr. Little. Mr. Alford had hold to *512Mr. Herrin, and pulled them loose; and as we pulled them loose we had a tendency to pull apart, see. I imagine about four or five feet apart. Well, then Mr. Herrin got loose; he made for his pistol. When he made for his pistol Mr. Alford hollered at him and went to him, and also when I whirled and turned and saw Mr. Herrin with his pistol in his hand I went between him and Mr. Little and we made him put it in his scabbard and gave him a whirl and pushed him in the door, and then I turned around to see where Mr. Little was. Well, Mr. Little was coming right on, right behind me and walked to his car. Well, he walked to his car and put his foot up on the fender. I thought he was going to leave, you see. I thought he going to get in the car and leave. When he put his foot on his car he came out with his gun, and then he started to shooting, and I begged him not to shoot. I suppose he was shooting at Mr. Herrin. I didn’t see Mr. Herrin from the time I whirled him and pushed him in the garage door until after he was shot. At the time we separated them and Mr. Herrin reached for his gun the defendant was not still trying to go on him; he was making ofi down towards him. At that time Mr. Herrin still appeared to be dazed; blood was all over his face; just looked like he couldn’t hardly make it; that is, when I turned him loose and he left the sidewalk. I didn’t see him from the time we pushed him in the door until after.the shooting. I didn’t see anybody in the garage at the time Mr. Herrin went- in there, didn’t even know that there was anybody back there. I did not make any examination of that room. I was standing right by Mr. Little, as close as from here to‘you; just stood there and asked him not to shoot. I couldn’t tell what he was shooting; it was a pistol, but what make I couldn’t tell you. I imagine the pistol was fired around four times. He moved while firing; it seemed to me the first two shots he was steady at it, and then, either the first, second, or last shot looked like he took aim — deliberate aim. He was firing that in the same direction Herrin had gone.” On cross-examination the same witness testified, in part: “After Mr. Little drove up and stopped he got out of his car and walked over to where we were. He was unarmed. I didn’t see any gun about him or any weapon of any kind.. Mr. Herrin was armed. Mr. Little asked had he seen Dr. Charlie Tunison. After they went together Emmett Alford, Herbert Perkins, and myself separated *513them. I had hold oí Mr. Little, and they had hold of Mr. Herrin. After we separated we got Mr. Herrin in the garage down about the door. Mr. Emmett Alford and myself made him put his pistol up. He drew his gun after we pulled them loose. He didn’t pull it on anybody, he reached up for his scabbard and pulled the pistol out and had it right down by his side. It was a large gun; looked like a 38; I would not swear it was. That was the first pistol I saw there on that occasion. He put it up just before we grabbed him to turn him and whirl him in the garage. I caught hold of his hand and pushed the pistol back in the scabbard and turned and gave him a whirl towards the door. Mr. Little went to his automobile.”
E. L. Alford, called as a witness for the State, testified in part: “Mr. Herrin was squatting at the time he first hit him. I couldn’t tell how many times he hit him while he was squatting; they clinched about that time, about the time of the first lick. Mr.. Yaughan and I tried to separate them; we caught hold of them. We succeeded in separating them after Mr. Perkins came to our rescue. I didn’t see any more of Mr. Little right at this time. Mr. Herrin stepped back towards the door of the garage and pulled his pistol. I don’t know whether Mr. Little was moving towards him at the time he stepped back; I didn’t see Mr. Little. I don’t know what Mr. Little did when Mr. Herrin pulled his pistol-out. After Mr. Herrin pulled his pistol out I made him put it up. He didn’t do anything with it, just pulled it out; and I told him to put it back in his scabbard. After the blows had been struck Mr. Herrin seemed in a dazed condition, I don’t know just exactly, he didn’t look like he was at himself. He seemed to be in that dazed condition at the time he pulled the pistol. He made no effort whatever to use his pistol.” And on cross-examination the same witness testified, in part, as follows: “Little did not turn immediately and go towards his automobile after we got them separated. After Mr. Herrin went into the building he did. Hp to that time Little hadn’t shown a gun of any kind or a weapon of any kind. He didn’t have one that I know of. The first I saw of it was when he went to his automobile. . . When I told Mr. Herrin, We are not going to have any of this here,’ I thought they were going to begin shooting, thought Mr. Herrin was. I did not grab his gun, never put my hand on it. I took hold of him and *514told Mm to put Ms gun up. I got in between him and Little.”
George Shaw, a witness for the State, testified in part as follows: “The first thing the defendant did when.he reached this building was to ask Mr. Herrin if he had seen Mr. Tunison. He told him, ‘You will work my negro, will you?’ and hit him. I couldn’t say how many times he hit him. I know he hit him twice. He hit him in the head. I think the.blows were pretty heavy. Herrin had made no threatening move towards the defendant-before he was hit. After he hit him they. grappled and tussled, and two or three of the boys got in and separated them. After they separated them the defendant Little started back towards Mr. Herrin, and Mr. Herrin drew his gun. He made no effort to use the gun; they got him to put it back in his holster. When Herrin pulled his gun out and had it beside him, the defendant Little reached as if he was going to draw'his gun; he reached toward his hip-pocket. After Herrin was told to put his gun up he put it up and started back in the garage. He did not say anything else. Little did not say anything that I heard. He walked to his car.” And on cross-examination Shaw testified, in part: “Mr. Herrin pulled his gun twice, first on the outside, and they made him put it up, and after he got on the inside he pulled it again. I was looking right at him when he pulled it. He deliberately reached and got the gun and pulled it out. He put it down to his side. He made as if to raise it, but never did raise it. Little was continuing to fire at him. That is what caused him not to raise it any higher. I guess Little had the drop on him.”
Herbert Perkins, called as a witness for the State, testified, in part: “When the defendant came up to where Mr. Herrin was, he asked him if he had seen Mr. Tunison, and Mr. Herrin said, no, he had not seen him. The defendant then asked him if he was going to keep working his negro. Then he hit him. Mr. Herrin made no reply to that question. He hit him with his fist beside the head twice that I know of. Mr. Herrin was squatting down in front of me at the time he hit him. After he hit him Mr. Herrin got up and they were fighting. Then we separated them. They were about five or six feet apart after we separated them. He started to move towards Mr. Herrin after they were separated. Mr. Herrin pulled his gun out when the defendant started towards him. When he pulled his pistol out he pulled it down by *515liis side.' He made no effort to use it. We talked to Mr. Herrin, tried to get him not to use the pistol. He put it back up. He went off in the shop after that. Mr. Little went to his car.”
This is only a part of the evidence of the witnesses referred to above, and it by no means presents a complete picture of what occurred ; nor is it intended to bring out fully the case as shown by all of the evidence for the State; for we have quoted only that part of the testimony from which it seems that it would be a question for the jury to say whether or not there was mutual combat, and if there was mutual combat, whether the law of voluntary manslaughter as related to mutual combat was involved; and also as to whether the law of voluntary manslaughter contained in sections 64 and 65 of the Penal Code was involved.
Error is assigned upon the following charge of the court: “And under the laws of the State of Georgia, if the State has convinced your minds by the evidence in this case that on or about the 24th day of June in the year 1926 the defendant in this ease, in the County of Morgan, with a certain pistol did inflict a wound upon the person of John G. Herrin, and if the State has further convinced your minds by the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that John G. Herrin afterwards died as a direct result of that wound, that is, that the defendant with a certain pistol killed John G. Herrin, as charged in that bill of indictment, why then, upon proof of those facts by the State, the law would presume, until the contrary is shown, that the killing was malicious, that is, with malice; and unless the evidence in behalf of the State in this case convinces your minds that it was a justifiable killing, why then, upon proof by the'State that the defendant did kill John G. Herrin, if he did kill him, unless the evidence in behalf of the State shows justification, then it would devolve upon the defendant in this case to satisfy your minds that the killing was justifiable.” This charge is excepted to upon the ground that the jury is there instructed that “upon proof of the killing the presumption of malice would arise, unless the evidence in behalf of the State convinced their minds that it was a justifiable killing;” while the true rule is, that upon the proof of the killing the presumption of malice arises, and the burden rests upon the defendant, unless the evidence adduced against him shows either justification or mitigation. In other words, it is not the true rule that the burden is placed upon *516the defendant to negative malice except in cases where the State’s evidence shows justification; for if the State’s evidence shows mitigation, alleviation, or legal excuse, the burden still rests upon the State to show that the killing was with malice aforethought in order to make out the crime of murder. It appears from the report of the case of Green v. State, 124 Ga. 343 (52 S. E. 431), that the court upon the trial charged the jury in part as follows: “When a homicide is proven, the law presumes malice, and unless the evidence relieves the slayer, he or she should be convicted.” This portion of the charge was excepted to, under the facts of the case, because the evidence introduced by the State which proved that the defendant committed the homicide also showed justification. And the court also charged: “When a homicide, however, is proven, the burden is on the slayer to justify or mitigate the offense.” • It was insisted in the motion for a new trial that this portion of the charge was error, upon the facts of the case, because the evidence which showed that the defendant committed the homicide also showed that she was justified in so doing; and therefore the burden was never shifted. In the opinion this court said: “Where a killing of a human being is proved, and the evidence adduced to establish the killing does not show circumstances of justification or alleviation, malice will be inferred. But if the evidence relied upon by the State to show the killing contains circumstances of alleviation or justification, the burden of proving that the crime was murder is not shifted. Until malice is shown, one vital element of the offense is lacking. This element, as we have seen, may be presumed to exist when by the evidence proving the homicide no circumstances of mitigation appear. 'The law presumes every homicide to be felonious, until the contrary appears from circumstances of alleviation, of excuse, or justification; and it is incumbent on the prisoner to make out such circumstances to the satisfaction of the jury, unless they arise out of the evidence produced against him.’ Hudgins v. State, 2 Ga. 188.” See also Mann v. State, 124, Ga. 760 (53 S. E. 324, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 934); Surles v. State, 148 Ga. 537 (97 S. E. 538). In the case last cited it was said: “Where the evidence relied upon by the State to establish the fact of the homicide discloses circumstances of mitigation or justification, such evidence does not raise a presumption of malice.”
*517The court charged the jury, in part, as follows: “There is another principle of law that is disconnected with the principle of law that I have already given you in charge; and these principles of law that I am giving you in charge, I am quoting them from the Penal Code of the State of Georgia of 1910. The law says a bare fear on the part of the defendant that John G. Herrin was intending to commit a felony upon his person would not be sufficient to justify the killing. That is, if the circumstances that surrounded the defendant at that time were only sufficient to create in his mind a bare fear that John G. Herrin was endeavoring to commit a felony upon his person, the law says that that would not be sufficient to justify the killing, but the law does say that if the circumstances that surrounded the defendant at that time were sufficient to excite the fears of a reasonable man, that is, a reasonably self-possessed man, a reasonably courageous man, that a felony was about to be committed upon his person, and he shot under circumstances of that character and did not shoot out of envy, hatred, or malice, but shot in a bona fide effort to protect his person either from a real or apparent danger, the law says that he would be justifiable, and you would not be authorized to convict him of any offense. Now, the court charges you this principle of law in connection with the other principles of law that I have given you in charge: If a person kills another or claims to kill another in self-defense, the law says that the danger must be so urgent and pressing at that time, that is, at the time of the killing, that the danger must be so urgent and pressing at the time, or it must appear that the danger was so urgent and pressing at the time by the circumstances that surrounded the person killing that it was necessary to kill the other person to protect his person either from a real or apparent danger or an apparent felony, and unless the danger was so urgent and pressing at the time or if it did not appear that it was so urgent and pressing at the time, and if one person kills another under circumstances of that character, why then the killing would be unjustifiable and unlawful.” This is excepted to upon the ground that it was error for the court to give the charge' here shown, for the reason that it confused the defense provided for and set out in sections 70 and 71 and that set out in sections 72 and 73 of the Penal Code of this State. _ And we think that the exception is well taken. It is not necessary to *518elaborate the ruling here made, and we content ourselves with calling attention to the decisions of certain cases where this court has held that a similar charge was error. In Pryer v. State, 128 Ga. 28 (57 S. E. 93), it was said: “While, in a proper case, on a trial of one indicted for murder, sections 70, 71, and 73 of the Penal Code may all three be given in charge, yet instructions as to the separate branches of the law of justifiable homicide should not be so given as to confuse the different defenses which may arise under those sections, and apparently to limit, by the terms of section 73, the defenses provided by sections 70 and 71.” See also Warrick v. State, 125 Ga. 133 (53 S. E. 1027), where the same rule was laid down in substance. It is unnecessary to cite further cases upon this point, but several will be found referred to in Warrick v. State, supra.
The court gave the following charge to the jury in the course of his instructions, and this is excepted to: “Now, there has been something said by counsel in the argument as to the employment of a certain negro that was in the employment of the defendant in this case by Mr. John G. Herrin. I charge you that even if John G. Herrin — and I do not pretend to' say that he did or did not — but even if John G. Herrin employed a certain negro that was in the employment of the defendant in this case, that fact alone would not justify the defendant in attacking John G. Herrin, if he did attack him, and that fact alone would not justify the defendant in shooting John G. Herrin, if he did shoot him.” Hnder the facts of the ease, this charge was not error.
The ruling made in the seventh headnote requires no elaboration, and the facts relating to those grounds need not be more fully stated.
Judgment reversed.
Russell, G. J., and Atkinson, J., concur. Gilbert, J., concurs specially. Hill and Hines, JJ., dissent.