These six cases all present substantially the same-points. The Mims, Lester, and Scarboro cases each arose by a. habeas corpus proceeding instituted against Callaway, superintendent of the city chain-gang at Macon. The prisoners had been convicted in the recorder’s court of that city for a violation of what is knotra as the “blind-tiger” ordinance, which is in the following language (omitting formal parts) : “It shall be unlawful for any person to keep a blind tiger, or keep for sale, barter, or exchange any vinous, spirituous, or intoxicating liquors within the corporate limits of the city of Macon.” In each case the illegality of the imprisonment was asserted, on the grounds, that the', sentence was imposed for a violation of a State law, that the mayor and council had no charter authority to pass the ordinance, that the municipal court was without jurisdiction to try the case, that-the offense charged was a misdemeanor under the State law and therefore cognizable only in one of the State criminal courts. Of course, in these eases none of the evidence on which the convictions were based was material; the attack on the ordinance was-direct. The trial judge held the ordinance invalid and sustained .the habeas corpus. Callaway excepted.
Bashinski was convicted in the recorder’s court of Macon for a violation of the same ordinance. He presented to the judge of' *12the superior court a'petition for certiorari, and he also attacks the ordinance for the same reasons as were asserted in the habeas corpus case. He makes the point also that to allow the conviction to stand would subject him to double punishment for the same offense, the specific contention being ¿hat the same transaction constituted a violation of the State prohibition law. In the case of Bashinski v. State, this day decided, ante, 3, there is a description of Bashinski’s place of business and rooms. In the present case the testimony went to show that subsequently to the raid and removal of the liquors referred to in that case, the police made another raid, and in what is called in that case the downstairs storage room, they found one whole cask and part of another cask of whisky in pint bottles. Proof was also made that he had gone to this room and sold a bottle of whisky taken from it. Bashinski denied this sale and insisted that while he had the liquor in the storage room it-was in no wise connected with his place of business. The judge of the superior court refused to sanction the certiorari, and he excepts.
Schroeder and twenty-three others were convicted in the recorder’s court of Savannah for violating the ordinance of that city which provides (omitting immaterial parts) : “It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to keep within the corporate limits of the City of Savannah . . for the purpose of illegal sale any alcoholic, spirituous, malt, or intoxicating liquors or intoxicating bitters or other drinks which, if drunk to excess, will produce intoxication.” They brought the cases to the superior court by certiorari. A stipulation was entered into that the other cases should abide the final result in Schroeder’s ease. Upon the hearing of the certiorari, only two points were insisted upon: (1) that the ordinance is void because it in effect punishes an attempt alone; (2) that it is void because it undertakes to punish an act already covered by State legislation. The court overruled the certiorari, and Schroeder brings error.
1. Prior to January 1, 1908, there were in effect in this State several statutes directed against the sale of intoxicating liquors, but none against keeping them on hand. The general prohibition act of 1907, in addition to forbidding the manufacture and sale, also makes'it unlawful for any and all persons “to keep . . at any . . public places, . . or keep on hand at their place of business, any intoxicating liquors.” It is settled, beyond all pos*13sibility of dispute, that a municipal corporation, in the absence of express legislative authority, can not punish for an offense against the criminal laws of this State. Strauss v. Waycross, 97 Ga. 475, (25 S. E. 329); Moran v. Atlanta, 102 Ga. 840 (30 S. E. 298); Hood v. Von Glahn, 88 Ga. 413 (14 S. E. 564); Braddy v. Milledgeville, 74 Ga. 516 (58 Am. R. 443); Mayor of Savannah v. Hussey, 21 Ga. 80 (68 Am. D. 452); Jenkins v. Thomasville, 35 Ga. 141; Adams v. Albany, 29 Ga. 56; Collins v. Hale, 92 Ga. 411 (17 S. E. 622); Littlejohn v. Stells, 123 Ga. 427 (51 S. E. 390) ; Penniston v. Newnan, 117 Ga. 700 (45 S. E. 65); Thrower v. Atlanta, 124 Ga. 1 (52 S. E. 76, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 382, 110 Am. St. R. 147). It is equally well settled that prior to the enactment of the prohibition law of 1907, those cities, the charters of which contained the usual general welfare clause, might pass ordinances prohibiting the keeping on hand of intoxicating liquors for the purpose of illegal sale. Sawyer v. Blakely, 2 Ga. App. 161 (58 S. E. 399); Sutton v. Washington, 4 Ga. App. 30 (60 S. E. 811); Mason v. Atlanta, 77 Ga. 663; Menken v. Atlanta, 78 Ga. 668 (2 S. E. 559); Mabra v. Atlanta, 78 Ga. 679 (4 S. E. 154); Hood v. Griffin, 113 Ga. 190 (38 S. E. 409); Osborne v. Marietta, 118 Ga. 53 (44 S. E. 807); Reese v. Newnan, 120 Ga. 198 (47 S. E. 560) ; Paulk v. Sycamore, 104 Ga. 728 (31 S. E. 200); Bagwell v. Lawrenceville, 94 Ga. 654 (21 S. E. 903); Brown v. Social Circle, 105 Ga. 834 (32 S. E. 141); Papworth v. Fitzgerald, 106 Ga. 378 (32 S. E. 363); Cunningham v. Griffin, 107 Ga. 690 (33 S. E. 664); Robinson v. Americus, 121 Ga. 180 (48 S. E. 924); Duren v. Stephens, 126 Ga. 496 (54 S. E. 1045); Rooney v. Augusta, 117 Ga. 709 (45 S. E. 72); Little v. Fort Valley, 123 Ga. 503 (51 S. E. 501). So also ordinances forbidding the maintenance of blind-tigers, or places where liquors were kept or stored for illegal sale,, were legitimate municipal enactments. Bagwell v. Lawrenceville, Cunningham v. Griffin, supra; Osborne v. Marietta, 118 Ga. 53 (44 S. E. 807). Under these ordinances, testimony as to the keeping of liquor and of one or more illegal sales thereof was deemed sufficient to authorize a conviction; Sawyer v. Blakely, Mabra v. Atlanta, Rooney v. Augusta, Reese v. Newnan, Robinson v. Americus, supra. The foundation of these decisions has been declared to rest upon the proposition that “whenever the General Assembly has by direct enactment, or by its settled public policy derivable *14from the various statutes passed from time to time, brought within, the police power of the State any particular subject, then the municipal authorities of a town or city would seem to have the power, under the usual general welfare clause in municipal charters, to deal with such subject by proper ordinance, limited only by the established rule that they can not deal with an act which is ■declared, to be a violation of the criminal laws of the State.” Henderson v. Heyward, 109 Ga. 379 (34 S. E. 592, 47 L. R. A. 366, 77 Am. St. R. 384). It may be noted, too, that although the ordinance be valid at the time of its adoption, if the General Assembly subsequently makes the identical offense which is punishable under the ordinance a crime against the State, the ordinance thereupon, ipso facto, loses its validity as to future transactions. Jenkins v. Thomasville, 35 Ga. 147; Strauss v. Waycross, 97 Ga. 475 (25 S. E. 329).
In cases where there has been an attempt to set aside an ordinance because of the existence of State statutes on the same subject, various tests have been proposed for the determination of whether there is such an identity between the crimes created by the State laws and the offenses created by the ordinances as to make the latter invalid. That the offender will be liable to prosecution under the State statute for something done in connection with the •act by which the ordinance is violated or for an act which merely tends to make proof of some element of the municipal offense, ■creates no such identity; for example, that the offender, under an ordinance forbidding the keeping for the purpose of unlawful sale, will be subject to criminal prosecution for making the sale does not rob the municipality of authority to punish under the ordinance, although the purpose of the keeping be shown only by the fact that the illegal sale did take place. Menken’s case, 78 Ga. 668 (2 S. E. 559). To quote the terse statement of Chief Justice Bleckley in the case just cited, “An offense committed against ■one jurisdiction can not be wiped out by committing another against ■another jurisdiction.” If the offense recognized by the ordinance contains an “ingredient or concomitant” which is essential to the ■city’s peace, health, or good order, and which is not covered by the State law, the ordinance is valid. Mayor of Savannah v. Hussey, Hood v. Von Glahn, Strauss v. Waycross, supra. It is recognized In Hussey’s case that there are some kinds of conduct which, *15though criminal, are not very pernicious in tendency when committed in thinly populated communities, but which, when committed in populous communities, such as cities and towns, take •on an aggravation, and that this special mischief itself may furnish a legitimate basis for discriminating between the offense under the city ordinance and the crime under the statute, though both cover transactions nominally of the same nature. This principle has been recognized in several subsequent cases, was elaborated in Hood v. Von Glahn, and was adverted to by Judge Eussell in the case of Sutton v. Washington, supra. “The act is single, its effect double; and for each effect there may properly, and without working injustice to the rights of the offender, be a separate remedy •or penalty.” Horr & Bemis on Mun. Pol. Ord. §89. “If the breach of the municipal by-law is not an offense against the criminal laws of the State, and neither includes nor is included in the latter,” it is not invalid by reason of that law.
From a study of the cases, we deduce the proposition that in ■deciding whether a municipal ordinance is invalidated by the existence of a State criminal statute on the same general subject, we look not merely to the concrete acts which may in actual cases furnish the basis for convictions, but we examine both the statute .•and the ordinance with the view of ascertaining the theoretical •evils to be remedied by each, and thus determine whether the gist •of the offense in each is the same; if so, the ordinance, unless it has been enacted in pursuance of direct express authorization by the General Assembly, is void; otherwise it is valid, provided of course the subject-matter of the ordinance is legitimately within the purview of the implicit police power with which the municipal .government has been clothed.
Preparation to commit an act differs in gist from the consummation. Thus, the carrying of deadly weapons differs from shooting at another, and even from murder itself; and by the same difference, ordinances forbidding the keeping of liquors for the purpose ■of unlawful sale have been distinguished from the sale itself in the large number of cases cited above. Likewise in Karwisch v. Atlanta, 44 Ga. 204, and in Rothschild v. Darien, 63 Ga. 503 (2), the action of the municipality in penalizing the preparative act of keeping open any store for the sale of merchandise on Sunday is differenced from the State’s action in punishing the consumma*16tion, the carrying on of an ordinary calling on the Sabbath day. Closely cognate to this is the proposition that where some harm to the public peace, health, security, or comfort may result from the. doing of certain acts or the maintenance of certain things, but the conduct does not come up to the test of criminality under the State law because of the lack of some ingredient prescribed by that, law, the city by ordinance may legislate upon the situation; for' example, in Vason v. Augusta, 38 Ga. 542, and in Healey v. Atlanta, 125 Ga. 736 (54 S. E. 749), it was held that the city might, legally enact an ordinance against the maintenance of nuisances except in those eases where notice to abate has been served in accordance with the State law; for the reason that the State statute' made it criminal to maintain a nuisance only after notice to abate. Similarly it was held in Taylor v. Sandersville, 118 Ga. 63 (44 S. E. 845), that the State vagrancy law did not prevent the enactment, of a city ordinance against loitering in the streets. There is also a difference in gist between the doing of acts by which the commission of crime is encouraged or facilitated and the committing of the very crime itself; for example, the keeping of a gaming table or of a gaming house is not the same in substance as gaming; the renting or maintaining of a lewd house is not the same crime as-fornication; so by this distinction, in the case of Braddy v. Milledgeville, supra, an ordinance against “street-walking,” that is. parading in the streets by lewd women, to the encouragement or advertisement of their means of livelihood, was upheld, although, of course, we have State statutes against the several forms of fornication, open lewdness, and of renting, keeping, or doing anything toward the maintenance of a lewd house. Akin to this is the principle recognized in Purdy’s case, 68 Ga. 295, that there is a substantive difference between the opening of a tippling house on the Sabbath in violation of the statute and the permitting of persons to assemble at an opened tippling house on the same day. Much nicety of distinction is found among the cases of Reich v. State, 53 Ga. 73 (21 Am. R. 265), Karwisch v. Atlanta, 44 Ga. 204, Kassell v. Savannah, 109 Ga. 491 (35 S. E. 147), and Hood v. Von Glahn, 88 Ga. 405 (14 S. E. 564). In the Reich case a city ordinance of Columbus, which in direct terms penalized the opening of a tippling house on Sunday, was held to be the same in language, object, and substance with the State statute, and there*17fore void; in. the Karwisch case it was held that notwithstanding the State forbade the opening on the Sabbath of tippling houses, that is, places where liquors were drunk, the city might by ordinance prohibit the keeping open on that day of places where commodities were sold, and that the ordinance was enforceable against the defendant, who opened his building where he sold liquors, as well as other goods, notwithstanding the place was also a tippling house by reason of the fact that liquors were drunk there as well as sold. In the Kassell case it was recognized that there was no State law directly prohibiting the selling of liquor by a licensed dealer on Sunday, that this result was reached only indirectly by the statute against the keeping open of barrooms and other tippling houses on Sunday, and that, therefore, a municipal ordinance which forbade the sale of liquor on Sunday was valid, but that it w.as, in the particular ease, unenforceable against the defendant, because the selling of liquors was her regular vocation, and there was a penal statute inhibiting all persons from pursuing their ordinary calling on the Lord’s day. In all these cases the city derived authority to pass the ordinances only through general welfare clauses in the respective city charters, but in Yon Glahn’s case direct express authority had been granted to the city “to pass all ordinances in relation to keeping open tippling houses on the Sabbath day,” and such an ordinance was upheld. See, in the same connection, Fichtenberg v. Atlanta, 126 Ga. 62 (54 S. E. 933). As showing that an act may at one and the same time violate the dignity of the State and the peace of the municipality, so as to subject the offender to punishment in both jurisdictions, it is sufficient to refer to the recent case of Fountain v. Fitzgerald, 2 Ga. App. 713 (58 S. E. 1129), where the defendant pointed a gun at another in the public streets of the cityq and the older cases of McRae v. Americus, 59 Ga. 168 (27 Am. R. 390), where the defendant fought in a public street, and DeGraffenreid v. State, 72 Ga. 212, where the defendant committed an assault and battery under similar circumstances.
Comparing, now, the ordinances sub judice with the State prohibition act of 1907, and applying the criteria deduced above, we have no hesitancy in saying that the State law does not cover the maintenance of “blind tigers,” and that it was, and still is, competent for the City of Macon, under the general welfare clause of the *18charter, to penalize the keeping of a “blind tiger.” A “blind tiger” is a place where liquors are sold on the sly in violation of law; and is a common nuisance. Legg v. Anderson, 116 Ga. 404 (42 S. E. 720); Cannon v. Merry, 116 Ga. 294 (42 S. E. 274). Eor a collection of similar judicial definitions of what a “blind tiger” is, see Words & Phrases, vol. 1, p. 808. The keeping of a “blind tiger” differs from the ordinary illegal keeping or sale of liquor in the same respect that the maintenance of a gaming house or table differs from plain gambling, or the keeping of a lewd house differs from simple fornication or the parading of street-walkers. The gist of the offense of keeping a “blind tiger” consists neither in the keeping of the liquors nor in the sale of the liquors, though both of these may be essential evidentiary ingredients in the proof of the offense, but in the maintaining of a place where the State law as to liquors may be violated. The very keeping of such places is a severable menace to the peace and security of the inhabitants of the city, distinct from the violations which, through the acts committed therein, may ensue “to the laws of the State, the peace, dignity and good order thereof.”
We have but little or no less hesitancy in holding that the provisions of the State prohibition act against keeping liquors in public places and in places of business do not cover the same ground as the city ordinances against the having or keeping of liquors on hand for the purpose of illegal sale — we may say for the purpose of sale, for all sales are illegal. Overt preparation to violate the State law is the gist of this municipal offense. It may be complete though no illegal sale ever takes place. It is not even necessary to show a consummation of the purpose by a sale, to convict under itl For 'instance, if it could be shown that the defendant collected the liquors, had marked prices on the packages, had taken out a United States license as a retail liquor dealer, had‘authorized his clerk to sell; who will say that the proof would not be sufficient to show the keeping and the purpose ? This is in line with a suggestion of Justice Cobb in Paulk v. Sycamore, 104 Ga. 733 (31 S. E. 200). Note also the proof in the case of Duren v. Thomasville, 125 Ga. 1 (53 S. E. 814). Under the State statute, so far as keeping is concerned, the nature of the place, that it shall be public as contradistinguished from private, or shall be a place of business or trade hs contradistinguished from a mere work*19shop or mamifacturing plant, is all-important; under the ordinance the nature of the place is wholly immaterial and does not enter at all into the gist of the transaction. The distinction here is very close to that given recognition in the Karwisch case, supra. Proof of the facts necessary to convict under the city ordinance, — namely, that the liquor was kept, and that the purpose of the keeping was unlawful sale, — would not be sufficient to convict under the State statute. Proof of the facts necessary to convict under the State statute, — namely, that the -liquor was kept and that the keeping was in a public place or place of business, — would not be sufficient to convict under the ordinance. In each case there is an essential ■element of the other offense lacking. This makes the offenses legally distinct. Blair v. State, 81 Ga. 629 (7 S. E. 855). In line with the reasoning of Judge Bleckley in Menken’s case, supra, it may be said that the violator of the ordinance who has procured and is keeping the liquor for the purpose of illegal sale can not wipe out his transgression against the city’s jurisdiction by carrying it into a place of business or a public place and thereby “committing another against another jurisdiction.” Such ordinances do not cover any part of the ground covered by the State law, and the •case of Vason v. Augusta and similar eases are wholly inapplicable.
We therefore hold, that, notwithstanding the general prohibition law of 1907, any town or city, in the charter of which is included an ordinary general welfare clause, may lawfully enact and enforce ■an ordinance prohibiting the maintaining of a “blind tiger” or the keeping of intoxicating liquors on hand for the purpose of sale; and that the ordinances sub judice are valid.
2. The contention that the ordinance is void because it punishes a mere intent without any overt act is untenable. The act of keeping is an overt act; and where it is coupled with an intent to keep, that “union or joint operation of act and intention” which the very defr inition of a crime or a misdemeanor includes (Penal Code, §31) is present. The further ingredient that the purpose of the keeping shall be an unlawful sale is merely an added characteristic whereby the lawful and theoretically harmless keeping is distinguished from the unlawful and noxious keeping. As Judge Charlton says in the able opinion which he filed in connection with his order overruling the certiorari in the Schroeder ease, “It does not punish the intent — it punishes the act as informed by the intent. A man turns *20a door-knob and enters a dwelling. His act may be entirely innocent. He may do it through mistake, through implied acquiescence, from a dozen plausible motives. But if he turns the knob and enters the house with intent to steal, he commits burglary. An individual may keep all the liquor he desires in a place other than that wherein he transacts business or which is public, and no mat■ter what his intent, he breaks no law of Georgia. He may keep it in liis dwelling for his own consumption, and break neither State law nor municipal ordinance. If he keeps it in his dwelling with the intent to sell it, he violates the ordinance. Manifestly all the ingredients of crime are here present.” . -
3. In Bashinshi’s ease another point needs to be noticed. Upon his conviction in the recorder’s court he was sentenced to pay a fine of $500,-and in addition thereto to be confined at labor on the streets of Macon for ninety days and in the city barracks of Macon for sixty days. The city attorney relies upon section 7 of the act of 1907, amending the charter of Macon, as authority for this sentence (Ga. Laws 1907, p. 758). The authority there given is, “that the recorder of said city shall have power to impose fines for the violation of any law or ordinance of the city of Macon passed in accordance with its charter, to an amount not to exceed five hundred dollars, to imprison the offenders in the city barracks for the space of not more than sixty dajrs, or at labor on the public works and streets of the city of Macon for not more than three months; and the said recorder shall have the power and authority to impose an alternative sentence at labor as herein prescribed in default of the payment of anjr fine imposed.” We do not construe this as authorizing cumulative sentences. Any one of the three jranishments may he imposed, but not all of them. If a fine is imposed, the sentence may include as an alternative a term at labor on the streets and public works of the city. While the judgment will be affirmed, direction will be given as to the correction of the sentence. Pearson v. Wimbish, 124 Ga. 713 (52 S. E. 751); Littlejohn v. Stells, 123 Ga. 427 (51 S. E. 390).
Upon a full consideration of all the points raised in all of the eases, it is our opinion that the judgments-in the cases of Callaway v. Mims (No. 1335), Callaway v. Lester (No. 1362), Callaway v. Scarboro (No. 1404), and Callaway v. Scarboro, (No. 1405) — the habeas-corpus cases — be reversed; that the judgment in the case *21of Schroeder v. Mayor and Aldermen of Savannah (No. 1376) be affirmed; that the judgment in the case of Bashinski v. Mayor and Council of Macon (No. 1358) be affirmed, with direction that the judge of the superior court, in taking action upon the remittitur from this court and in making the judgment of this court the judgment of that court, shall order and direct that the recorder of the city of Macon shall resentence the defendant in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.