(After making the foregoing statement.)
1. The principal question raised by the record has been well settled by frequent adjudications both in England and in this country. Mr. Justice Lumpkin, in the recent case of Gress v. Knight, 135 Ga. 60 (68 S. E. 834, 31 L. R. A. (N. S). 900), after-reviewing different adjudications on the subject, and especially the decisions of the Supreme Court of this State relating thereto, lays down the following legal principles: (1) “As between a stockholder and the corporation, unless special circumstances alter the case, the general rule that contracts obtained by fraud may be avoided by the party defrauded applied to a stock subscription induced by the fraud of the company through its authorized agents; and so likewise where only the rights of other shareholders are affected, the company being solvent and a going concern.” (2) “If a person subscribes for stock in a corporation, and thereupon the company proceeds to do business upon the basis of the stock subscribed, and incurs indebtedness, the subscriber can not, after insolvency of the company and the appointment of a receiver, obtain relief on the ground of fraudulent representations of the agents of the company in securing his subscription, as against creditors thus obtaining rights, or' a receiver representing them.” (3) “Where a subscriber for stock in a corporation seeks to set aside the subscription on the ground of fraud in its procurement, after a receiver, has been appointed for-the company, in determining whether .he can do so it is to be considered what length of time has elapsed since the subscription was made; whether the subscriber has actively participated in the management of the affairs of the corporation; whether there has been any lack of diligence on his part, either in discovering the fraud, or in taking steps to rescind after its discovery ; and whether, any considerable amount of corporate indebtedness has been created since the subscription was made, which remains outstanding and unpaid.” It will be seen, from Mr. Justice Lumpkin’s resumé of the decisions, that all the cases cited by him *505were cases in which the proceedings were instituted against the stockholder in favor of creditors of the corporation. In each case the plaintiff was either a receiver, an assignee, or a trustee, or the corporation had ceased to be a going concern, or the subscriber had paid his money into the corporation treasury, and subsequently brought suit to recover the money so paid in, on the ground that it was procured from him by fraudulent representations made by authorized agents of the corporation. It may be stated then, as a well-settled principle, founded in equity, justice, and law, that where the suit is between the corporation and a subscribing stockholder, and no invasion of rights of creditors is involved, the defense of fraud would be a good defense to recovery on a note given for the stock subscription, but where rights of creditors are involved, and debts have been incurred by the corporation after the subscription, and,, on the faith of the subscription, credit has been extended to the corporation, that as against such creditors the defense of fraud would not be good.
2. This leaves in the present ease only one general question to be decided which is not fully controlled by the decision of the Supreme Court in Gress v. Knight, supra; and this question is as to the meaning of the term “insolvency of the corporation.” It will be noted that in that decision Mr. Justice Lumpkin states the proposition that a subscriber can not, after the insolvency of the company and the appointment of a receiver, obtain relief on the ground of fraudulent representations of the agents of the company in securing his subscription, as against creditors thus obtaining rights, or a receiver representing them. The question is: Can a subscriber obtain relief on the ground of fraud, although the corporation may be in debt, where no insolvency proceeding of any kind has been instituted against it, and where the corporation is still a going concern? In the case of Newton National Bank v. Newbegin, decided by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals of the eighth circuit (74 Fed. 135, 20 C. C. A. 339, 33 L. R. A. 727), the learned judge uses the following language in discussing this subject: “There are obvious reasons why a shareholder of a corporation should not be released from his subscription to its capital stock after the insolvency of the company, and particularly after a proceeding has been inaugurated to liquidate its affairs, unless the case is one in which the stockholder has exercised due *506diligence, and in which no facts -exist upon which corporate creditors can-reasonably predicate an estoppel. When a corporation becomes bankrupt, the temptation to lay aside the garb of a stockholder, on one pretense or another, and to assume the role of a 'creditor, is very strong, and all attempts of that kind should be viewed with suspicion. If a considerable period of time has elapsed since the subscription was made; if the subscriber, has actively participated in the management of the affairs of the corporation; if there has been any want of diligence on the part of the stockholder, -either in discovering the alleged fraud, or in taking steps to rescind when the fraud was discovered; and, above all, if any considerable amount of corporate indebtedness has been created since the subscription was made, which is outstanding and unpaid; in all of these cases the right to rescind should be denied, where the attempt is not made until the corporation becomes insolvent. But if none of these conditions exist, and the proof of the alleged fraud is clear, we think that a stockholder should be permitted to rescind his subscription as well after as before the company ceases to be a going concern.” See, also, Hinkley v. Sac Oil and Pipe Line Co., 132 Iowa, 396 (107 N. W. 629, 119 Am. St. Rep. 564); Fear v. Bartlett, 81 Md. 435 (32 Atl. 322, 33 L. R. A. 723). In the case of Fear v. Bartlett, supra, it was held that the doctrine that unpaid subscriptions to the capital stock of a corporation was a trust fund for the creditors has no application until the corporation becomes insolvent; and, in the course of the opinion, the learned judge said that the right to rescind may be exercised (assuming diligence) unless “proceedings of insolvency, voluntary or involuntary, have been instituted, or some act done that in law is regarded as an act of insolvency.” Not until then does the entire property of the corporation, including unpaid subscriptions to its capital stock, become a trust fund for the payment of its debts, and not until then are the creditors entitled to the payment of their debts before there-can be any distribution among the stockholders.
Unquestionably the rule is the same in England as ini America, that a stockholder can not, after bankruptcy or insolvency, rescind his subscription for fraud. 10 Cyc. 441. Can a subscriber rescind for fraud if the fact of insolvency exists, where no proceedings of insolvency have begun, or payment of debts of the corporation has not been stopped by reason of its insolvency? While some of the *507decisions which we have just cited seem to indicate that this can not be done, yet we are inclined to the view that the sounder rule is that wherever a corporation incurs debts after the subscription to the capital stock has been made, and the fact of insolvency, by reason of these debts, 'exists, the right of a creditor w.ould be superior in dignity to the right of a subscriber to rescind for fraud. Indeed, some authorities go to the extent of holding that where the debts of the corporation, even though it is a going concern, exceeded the amount of the subscription, the defrauded stockholder can not rescind. This seems to be the decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia in Turner v. Grangers Insurance Co., 65 Ga. 649 (39 Am. Rep. 801), where it is expressly held that though a subscription to stock may have been induced by fraud, the subscriber could not recover the amount paid, if there were debts contracted after his subscription. The underlying principle for the rule here discussed is that creditors of corporations have superior rights to the assets of the corporation, including its capital stock. And as expressed by Mr. Moráwetz, in his admirable work, “It has been settled that if a corporation is insolvent, a shareholder whose contract of subscription was obtained by fraud of the company’s agents can not diminish the security of bona fide creditors by rescinding his contract to contribute to the amount of capital stock subscribed to by him.” Moráwetz, Corp. (2d ed.) § 595. And see 1 Thomp. Corp. § 737, and cases there cited.
On the trial of' this case the plaintiff offered evidence to show that debts were incurred by the corporation subsequently to the defendant’s subscription to the capital stock, and that these debts were still in existence, and that by reason thereof the corporation was insolvent, and that it was necessary to collect the subscription sued for and represented by the note, in order to pay these debts. The learned trial judge repelled this testimony, on the ground that the suit was by the corporation itself, and that there was no proof that when the subscription was made the corporation had ceased to be a going concern, and that, to constitute a bar to the rescission, suit should be brought by a creditor, through an assignee or receiver. In other words, he ruled out the testimony as to the fact of insolvency. We think the testimony was admissible, for we are clearly of the opinion that the sounder rule, as above indicated, is, that wherever the fact of insolvency exists, *508there can be no rescission for fraud; or, as expressed by Justice Lumpkin in Gress v. Knight, supra, as to creditors whose claim's arose after the stockholders became such, their rights are superior to any right of rescission. The reason for the rule is that when a person subscribes to the capital stock of a corporation, he must be held, to contemplate that the corporation shall incur debts and pledge its capital, including 'the liability of its members for unpaid 'capital, as security; that the creditors who in good faith trust the corporation upon the faith of this security stand in the position of innocent purchasers for value, to the extent of their equitable lien; and that it would be unjust to permit a shareholder to disaffirm his contract and refuse to pay his share of the capital stock after it had been thus pledged with his knowledge and consent to innocent third persons. 1 Thomp. Corp. § 737. What fraud creates, justice will destroy, provided that in the destruction greater injustice is not done to innocent third persons.
3. It is insisted by learned counsel for the defendant that the special facts of this case entitle the defendant, in equity and good conscience, to rescind his contract of subscription and to be paid back the amount of cash paid on his subscription, notwithstanding the rule as above stated. It is claimed that the corporation was rendered insolvent by reason of the existence of a debt of $100,000, which was secured by a mortgage on all its assets, and that this mortgage was held by the authorized agent, to wit, the president of the corporation, who had induced him, by false representations of the company’s solvency, to purchase the fifty shares of the company’s capital stock; in other words, that the outstanding debts of the corporation were due to the very party, acting as agént of the corporation, who committed the fraud against him, and that it would be inequitable and unjust, in view of these facts, to permit the creditor who stood in such relation to him to prevent a rescission of his contract of subscription. The argument strikes us with great force, and if the testimony offered was limited to this debt of $100,000 held by the president, we would be inclined to hold in favor of the contention of the defendant. But the testimony offered included, in addition to this debt of $100,000, other .debts amounting to $20,000. These debts are much greater in amount than the subscription made by the defendant to the capital stock of the company, and it is alleged that these debts were *509incurred after' the subscription had been made. If these facts were shown, and it was further shown that by reason of this $20,000 debt the company was insolvent, the principle of the rule which we have discussed would apply, and there could not be, legally and equitably, a rescission by the defendant; and for this reason, we reverse the judgment of the court below, in order that these questions may be determined.
4. It was insisted on the part of the plaintiff that, even conceding that the alleged fraud was perpetrated on the defendant, yet his long delay in asserting his rights, and his active participation in the affairs of the corporation after he discovered the existence of the debts, would estop him from now setting up his rights. This was a question of fact for the jury to determine, and, as the evidence was in conflict, both on the question as to diligence and the question 'as to participation by the defendant as a stockholder in the management of the affairs of the corporation, after the discovery of the fraud which he claimed had been perpetrated against him, this court can not say that on these points the verdict in favor of the defendant was not authorized.
We grant a new trial in the case because of the error of the trial judge in excluding the evidence offered to prove the insolvency of the' corporation. The exceptions to the charge-of the court, and to the refusal to charge as requested, are, we think, without merit. Judgment reversed.