Com. v. Zepprinans, D.

J-S21021-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
DALONZO ZEPPRINANS :
:
Appellant : No. 1815 EDA 2020

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered August 26, 2020
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-51-CR-0015788-2008

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED JANUARY 11, 2022

Appellant, Dalonzo Zepprinans, appeals from the August 26, 2020 order

dismissing his petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act

(“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9541-9546. We affirm.

The PCRA court summarized the procedural history as follows:

Appellant was arrested on October 7, 2008[,] and charged with
rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse[,] and related
offenses. On July 23, 2012, following a bench trial[,] Appellant
was found guilty of endangering the welfare of a child, indecent
assault [of a person less than 13 years of age], corruption of
minors, unlawful contact with a minor [- relating to sexual
offenses,] and terroristic threats.[1] Appellant was found not guilty

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 4304(a)(1), 3126(a)(7), 6301(a)(1)(i), 6318(a)(1), and
2706(a)(1), respectively.
J-S21021-21

of all other charges.[2] Sentencing was deferred while a
presentence report, psychiatric evaluation[,] and Megan's Law
[II3] assessment were completed. On November 22, 2013, [the
trial] court found Appellant to be a sexually violent predator
[(“SVP”), in accordance with a stipulation reached between the
parties,] and he was sentenced to two to four years[’]
incarceration, followed by ten years[’] probation. [The trial court
also imposed lifetime registration, notification, and counseling
requirements applicable to designated SVPs.] No direct appeal
was taken.

On January 29, 2014, Appellant filed a [PCRA] petition. On
January 4, 2017, the PCRA petition was granted[,] and Appellant's
appeal rights were reinstated nunc pro tunc. On January 13,
2017, [a] notice of appeal [] was filed. On July 24, 2018,
[Appellant’s] judgment of sentence was affirmed by [this] Court.
[See Commonwealth v. Zepprinans, 2018 WL 3554863
(Pa. Super. Filed July 24, 2018) (unpublished memorandum).] On
August 15, 2018, [a] petition for allowance of appeal to [our]
Supreme Court [] was filed. On January 23, 2019, [the] petition
for allowance of appeal was denied[.4]

____________________________________________

2 Appellant was found not guilty of rape of a child, involuntary deviate sexual
intercourse – by forcible compulsion, unlawful restraint – risk of serious bodily
injury, sexual assault, false imprisonment, indecent exposure, simple
assault – child under 12 years of age, recklessly endangering another person,
and statutory sexual assault. 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c), 3123(a)(1),
2902(a)(1), 3124.1, 2903(a), 3127(a), 2701(b)(2), 2705, and 3122.1,
respectively.

3 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9791-9799.9 (expired on December 20, 2012).

4 Appellant’s judgment of sentence became final on April 23, 2019, upon
expiration of the 90-day period in which to seek discretionary review with the
Supreme Court of the United States. U.S. Sup. Ct. R. 13(1) (stating, “[a]
petition for a writ of certiorari seeking review of a judgment of a lower state
court that is subject to discretionary review by the state court of last resort is
timely when it is filed with the Clerk within 90 days after entry of the order
denying discretionary review”); see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(3) (stating,
“a judgment becomes final at the conclusion of direct review, including
discretionary review in the Supreme Court of the United States and the

-2-
J-S21021-21

The instant PCRA petition was filed on July 19, 2019.[5] [A] notice
of intent to dismiss [pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P.] 907 was filed on
July 15, 2020[,] and on August 2[6], 2020[,6] the PCRA petition
was formally dismissed. [The instant] appeal was filed on
September 24, 2020. [7]

PCRA Court Opinion, 1/14/21, at 1-2 (extraneous capitalization omitted).

Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the PCRA court erred by dismissing the PCRA
petition when clear and convincing evidence[8] was
presented that trial counsel was ineffective for refusing to
investigate and present an available alibi defense, as well as
failing to file and litigate appropriate pre-trial motions[?]

2. Whether the PCRA court erred by dismissing the PCRA
petition when clear and convincing evidence was presented
of [after-]discovered evidence that firmly established an

____________________________________________

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, or at the expiration of time for seeking the
review”).

5 Appellant’s PCRA petition was timely filed because it was filed within one
year of his judgment of sentence becoming final on April 23, 2019. See 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1) (stating, a PCRA petition, “including a second or
subsequent petition, shall be filed within one year of the date the judgment
becomes final”).

6 A review of the trial court docket reveals that the PCRA court dismissed
Appellant’s petition on August 26, 2020. On August 27, 2020, the PCRA court
sent a letter notifying all parties that Appellant’s PCRA petition had been
dismissed on August 26, 2020. A copy of the order dismissing the PCRA
petition is not part of the certified record.

7 Both Appellant and the PCRA court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

8 Appellant’s counsel incorrectly states the evidentiary burden as requiring
“clear and convincing evidence.” To be eligible for collateral relief, the
evidentiary standard is a “preponderance of the evidence.” See 42 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 9543(a).

-3-
J-S21021-21

alibi defense and would have exonerated [A]ppellant had it
been available to be introduced at trial[?9]

3. Whether the PCRA court erred by dismissing [A]ppellant’s
PCRA petition because the trial court issued an illegal
sentence by imposing a punitive registration requirement
[under Pennsylvania’s Sexual Offender Registration and
Notification Act (“SORNA”), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9799-10 to
9799.41,] which violated [A]ppellant’s due process rights
and extended the length of [his] sentence beyond the
statutory maximum[?]

4. Whether the PCRA court erred by failing to grant an
evidentiary hearing[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 8.10

In addressing Appellant’s issues, we are mindful of our well-settled

standard and scope of review of a PCRA court’s dismissal of a PCRA petition.

Proper appellate review of a PCRA court’s dismissal of a petition is limited to

the examination of “whether the PCRA court’s determination is supported by

the record and free of legal error.” Commonwealth v. Miller, 102 A.3d 988,

992 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). “The PCRA court’s findings will not

be disturbed unless there is no support for the findings in the certified record.”
____________________________________________

9 Throughout his brief, Appellant’s counsel incorrectly refers to the grounds
for PCRA relief as “newly-discovered evidence.” The basis for PCRA relief set
forth in Section 9543(a)(2)(vi) is properly referred to as “after-discovered
evidence” and should not be confused with the exception to the PCRA
jurisdictional time-bar known as the “newly-discovered facts” exception, as
set forth in Section 9545(b)(1)(ii). Compare 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi)
with 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(ii).

10 Counsel for Appellant is reminded that briefs filed with this Court are
required to have, inter alia, double spaced text that is no smaller than 14-point
font (12-point font in footnotes). See Pa.R.A.P. 2135(c); see also Pa.R.A.P.
124(a)(3) and (4).

-4-
J-S21021-21

Commonwealth v. Lawson, 90 A.3d 1, 4 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations

omitted). “This Court grants great deference to the findings of the PCRA court,

and we will not disturb those findings merely because the record could support

a contrary holding.” Commonwealth v. Hickman, 799 A.2d 136, 140

(Pa. Super. 2002) (citation omitted). In contrast, we review the PCRA court’s

legal conclusions de novo. Commonwealth v. Henkel, 90 A.3d 16, 20

(Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc), appeal denied, 101 A.3d 785 (Pa. 2014).

Appellant’s first issue alleges that trial counsel was ineffective in failing

to investigate and to call, at trial, potential alibi witnesses and in failing to file

a pre-trial motion to introduce the minor victim’s11 diary that purportedly

“documented evidence of [the minor victim’s] current sexual activity with

another male.” Appellant’s Brief at 13-15.

To be eligible for relief based on a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel, a PCRA petitioner must demonstrate, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that (1) the underlying claim
is of arguable merit; (2) no reasonable basis existed for counsel's
action or omission; and (3) there is a reasonable probability that
the result of the proceeding would have been different absent such
error. Commonwealth v. Steele, 961 A.2d 786, 796 (Pa. 2008).
With regard to the second, i.e., the "reasonable basis" prong, this
Court will conclude that counsel's chosen strategy lacked a
reasonable basis only if the appellant proves that "an alternative
not chosen offered a potential for success substantially greater
than the course actually pursued." Commonwealth v. Williams,
899 A.2d 1060, 1064 (Pa. 2006) (citation omitted). To establish
the third prong, i.e., prejudice, the appellant must show that there
____________________________________________

11 “The evidence at trial established that Appellant sexually molested [the
minor victim] from approximately the age of eight [years old] until she was
sixteen[ years of age.]” PCRA Court Opinion, 1/14/21, at 2.

-5-
J-S21021-21

is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceedings
would have been different, but for counsel's action or inaction.
Commonwealth v. Dennis, 950 A.2d 945, 954 (Pa. 2008).

Commonwealth v. Matias, 63 A.3d 807, 810 (Pa. Super. 2013) (emphasis

added), appeal denied, 74 A.3d 1030 (Pa. 2013).

“Neglecting to call a witness differs from failing to investigate a witness

in a subtle but important way.” Commonwealth v. Stewart, 84 A.3d 701,

712 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 93 A.3d 463 (Pa. 2014). “A claim that

trial counsel did not conduct an investigation or interview known witnesses

presents an issue of arguable merit where the record demonstrates that

counsel did not perform an investigation.” Stewart, 84 A.3d at 712. “[I]t

can be per se unreasonable for [a] defense attorney to conduct no

investigation into known witnesses[.]” Commonwealth v. Maldonodo, 173

A.3d 769, 783 (Pa. Super. 2017) (en banc), appeal denied, 182 A.3d 991 (Pa.

2018); see also Stewart, 84 A.3d at 712 (stating, “failure to prepare is not

an example of forgoing one possible avenue to pursue another approach; it is

simply an abdication of the minimum performance required of defense

counsel” (citations, original quotation marks, and brackets omitted)).

[T]he value of [an] interview [of a potential alibi witness] is to
inform [trial] counsel of the facts of the case so that he[, or she,]
may formulate strategy. Perhaps, after questioning these
[potential] witnesses, [trial] counsel may have concluded that the
best strategy was not to call them[.] However, no such claim of
strategy can be attached to a decision not to interview or make
an attempt to interview [potential alibi witnesses] prior to trial.

-6-
J-S21021-21

Stewart, 84 A.3d at 713, quoting Commonwealth v. Mabie, 359 A.2d 369,

374-375 (Pa. 1976). When examining the reasonable basis prong of the

three-part test for ineffectiveness, an appellate court is concerned with “the

decision not to interview the witnesses, not the decision to refrain from calling

them at trial[.]” Stewart, 84 A.3d at 713. As for the final element of the

three-part test for ineffectiveness, Appellant is required to show prejudice.

Id. at 712

In contrast, "[a] failure to call a witness is not per se ineffective

assistance of counsel for such [a] decision usually involves matters of trial

strategy." Matias, 63 A.3d at 811 (citation omitted). To establish

ineffectiveness for failing to call a potential witness to testify at trial, the

petitioner must prove that:

(1) the witness existed; (2) the witness was available to testify
for the defense; (3) counsel knew of, or should have known of,
the existence of the witness; (4) the witness was willing to testify
for the defense; and (5) the absence of the testimony of the
witness was so prejudicial as to have denied the defendant a fair
trial

Id. at 810-811 (citations omitted). To establish prejudice, the petitioner

"must show how the [potential witness's] testimony would have been

beneficial under the circumstances of the case" and "helpful to the defense"

such that the absence of the testimony denied the petitioner a fair trial. Id.

at 811 (citation omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 889 A.2d

501, 546 (Pa. 2005) (holding, "[t]rial counsel's failure to call a [potential

witness] does not constitute ineffective assistance without some showing that

-7-
J-S21021-21

the [potential] witness'[s] testimony would have been beneficial or helpful in

establishing the asserted defense"), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 848 (2006).

Here, Appellant asserts that, for the period during which the sexual

assaults occurred, he provided trial counsel with the names and addresses of

both a representative of an employer for which Appellant worked and a

representative of the career school he attended. Appellant’s Brief at 14.

Appellant contends that these individuals would have supported an alibi

defense.12 Id. Appellant contends that his trial counsel “did not investigate

this information” or “file or present notice of an alibi defense.” Id. Appellant

argues,

[t]rial counsel’s failure to move to introduce the written entries
from [the minor victim’s] diary, as well as his failure to obtain and
present alibi testimony, had a significantly adverse effect on the
outcome of the trial. The lack of alibi evidence, combined with
counsel’s failure to seek introduction of the exculpatory
information contained in the diary entries, left [A]ppellant without
any evidence to present to the [trial] court in defense of the
allegations against him. Without any defense evidence, a reliable
determination of guilt was not, and could not[,] be made at trial.

Id. at 15.

The PCRA court explained that “[a]n alibi is a defense that places the

defendant at the relevant time [of the incident] in a different place than the
____________________________________________

12Specifically, Appellant asserts that the employer representative would have
provided an alibi that he worked an evening or overnight shift on the dates
and during the times the minor victim stated the sexual assaults were
committed. Appellant’s Brief at 17. Similarly, Appellant asserts that the
career school representative would establish that he was “enrolled at school
during the evening hours” when the sexual assaults were committed. Id.

-8-
J-S21021-21

involved [location,] and so removed therefrom[,] as to render it impossible

for [the defendant] to be the guilty party.” PCRA Court Opinion, 1/14/21, at

4 (citation omitted). In determining that Appellant failed to establish the

prejudice element of his ineffectiveness claim based upon trial counsel’s failure

to investigate and to call potential alibi witnesses at trial, the PCRA court

stated,

Appellant proffered that [the employer representative] and [the
career school representative] should have been used in his
defense. [The employer representative] would, according to
Appellant, testify that Appellant worked weekdays from
10:00 p.m. through 6:00 a.m. from September 27, 1998[,]
through May 16, 2003[,] at [employer’s place of business. The
career school representative] would, according to Appellant,
testify that Appellant attended [career training classes] on
week[nights] from 6:30 p.m. through 12:00 a.m. from June 16,
2007[,] through November 30, 2007. Appellant fails to establish
that either of these potential witnesses constitute an alibi as the
minor victim's testimony did not establish specific dates
and times the abuse occurred, only developing that the
abuse occurred over about a [nine-]year period from
1999[, to] 2008[,] and at some point after she went to bed,
not defining any specific hour of the day or day of the week.
Appellant further claims that this alibi evidence was discovered
after trial and would have exonerated him[. T]his evidence does
not constitute an alibi and would not have changed the outcome
of the trial. The absence of this testimony was not so prejudicial
as to deny Appellant a fair trial[.]

Id. at 5 (emphasis added).13
____________________________________________

13In its analysis, the PCRA court noted, “Appellant further claims that this alibi
evidence was discovered after trial and would have exonerated him[.]” PCRA
Court Opinion, 1/14/21, at 5 (emphasis added). In his brief, Appellant
asserted that he provided the names and addresses of the employer
representative and career school representative to trial counsel prior to trial

-9-
J-S21021-21

We begin our analysis by reiterating that in order for Appellant to

succeed on his ineffectiveness claims alleging either a failure to investigate

potential alibi witnesses or a failure to call potential alibi witnesses at trial,

Appellant was required to plead and prove by a preponderance of the

evidence that, inter alia, the testimony of the potential alibi witnesses, if

presented at trial, would have changed the outcome.14 See Matias, 63 A.3d

at 810-811; see also Stewart, 84 A.3d at 712. Here, Appellant asserts that

he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to investigate and to call at trial

representatives from his former employer and career school. Appellant

submits that a representative from a former employer would have testified

that Appellant was employed on a full-time basis from September 1998, to

May 2003, and that Appellant worked the 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. shift. See

Appellant’s Memorandum of Law in Support of PCRA Petition, 9/24/19, at

____________________________________________

and that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate these potential
witnesses and to subsequently call them as alibi witnesses at trial. Appellant’s
Brief at 14. For reasons discussed more fully infra, the potential alibi
witnesses cannot form the basis of Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim, which
requires, inter alia, allegations that trial counsel knew of the witnesses’
existence prior to trial, and simultaneously form the basis for Appellant’s
after-discovered evidence claim, which requires, inter alia, allegations that the
existence of potential alibi witnesses was unknown at the time of trial.

14 Although a failure to investigate known witnesses can be per se
unreasonable, we discern no facts or circumstances in the certified record that
suggest trial counsel’s alleged failure to investigate the potential alibi
witnesses constituted per se prejudice or per se ineffectiveness. In fact, given
the inherent conflict between Appellant’s ineffective assistance claim and his
after-discovered evidence claim, we are reluctant to follow any legal principle
that would relieve Appellant of an otherwise applicable evidentiary burden.

- 10 -
J-S21021-21

Exhibit A. Appellant further submits that a representative from a career school

he attended would have testified that he was enrolled in a career training

program from June 2007, to November 2007, and that he attended weeknight

classes from 6:30 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. Id. at Exhibit B.

A review of the record demonstrates that the series of criminal episodes

leading to Appellant’s convictions occurred between 1999, and 2008. N.T.,

7/18/12 (Vol. 2), at 25-69.15 The minor victim testified that the incidents

occurred at night, while her mother was either working or otherwise out of the

house, and that the incidents would occur one to two hours before her mother

arrived home. Id. at 25, 27, 40-41, 47, 57, 67, 125-126. The minor victim

stated that her mother worked from 3:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. five nights a

week and was gone from the house the other two nights of the week. Id. at

42, 125-126 (stating her mother was never home at night). The minor victim

testified that the incidents were “consistent” and that when the incidents

started, they occurred every night but, as time went on, they “slowed down

from every night to every other night.” Id. at 106-107, 125. The minor victim

stated that, when she was 13 or 14 years old, she lived in Johnstown,

Pennsylvania with other family members and did not live with Appellant. Id.

____________________________________________

15The record contains two transcripts dated July 18, 2012. The first transcript
dated July 18, 2012, pertains to the notes of testimony before the motions
court, as discussed infra. This transcript for ease of identification will be
designated as “(Vol. 1).” The second transcript dated July 18, 2012, which
pertains to the notes of testimony from Appellant’s trial, will be designated as
“(Vol. 2).”

- 11 -
J-S21021-21

at 111. Nevertheless, an assault the minor victim detailed for the fact-finder

occurred when she was 13 years old, which would have been sometime

between April 2005, and April 2006, based upon the minor victim’s date of

birth. Id. at 34-39. The minor victim stated that, on this occasion, Appellant

gave her a “little blue pill that looked like a football” and that after swallowing

the pill, the minor victim felt dizzy and tired. Id. at 34. The minor victim

explained that when Appellant gave her the pill, she was wearing only a towel,

having just taken a shower, and that after taking the pill and falling asleep,

she awoke wearing only a shirt and that she found what she identified as

semen on her leg. Id. at 36-37.

Based upon our review of the record, we concur with the PCRA court

that Appellant failed to establish that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s

purported failure to investigate potential alibi witnesses or his purported

failure to call potential alibi witnesses at trial. While the employer

representative may have provided Appellant with a potential alibi during

certain times, on certain days of the week, covering the period of September

1998, to May 2003, the minor victim stated that the incidents occurred almost

every night at first, and then moved to every other night, describing incidents

that occurred on nights Appellant was not working, or before he went to work.

Moreover, as suggested supra, the minor victim detailed an incident that

occurred when she was 13 years old that would have taken place after

Appellant left his employment. In addition, this same incident occurred before

Appellant started his training at the career school in June 2007. Thus, while

- 12 -
J-S21021-21

a career school representative may have provided Appellant a potential alibi

for a five-month period in 2007 (June to November) on weeknights between

6:30 p.m. and 12:00 a.m., Appellant would nonetheless have been able to

commit acts against the minor victim on evenings he was not in class.

Appellant failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the

absence of the testimony from the two potential alibi witnesses would have

demonstrated a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial could have

been different but for trial counsel’s actions or inactions. Consequently,

Appellant’s first issue, as it pertains to trial counsel’s failure to investigate and

to call potential alibi witnesses, is without merit.

Appellant also claims in his first issue that trial counsel was ineffective

for failing to file a pre-trial motion and offer of proof regarding the minor

victim’s alleged past sexual conduct. Appellant’s Brief at 13. Specifically,

Appellant contends trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a pre-trial

motion seeking introduction of passages from the minor victim’s diary

evidencing her “current sexual activity with another male.” Id.

Section 3104(a) of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, commonly referred

to as the “Rape Shield Law,” states that,

[e]vidence of specific instances of the alleged victim's past sexual
conduct, past sexual victimization, allegations of past sexual
victimization, opinion evidence of the alleged victim's past sexual
conduct, and reputation evidence of the alleged victim's past
sexual conduct shall not be admissible in prosecutions of any
offense listed in subsection (c) except evidence of the alleged
victim's past sexual conduct with the defendant where consent of
the alleged victim is at issue and such evidence is otherwise
admissible pursuant to the rules of evidence.

- 13 -
J-S21021-21

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(a).16 Section 3104(a) applies when a prosecution

involves, inter alia, charges brought under Chapter 27 (relating to assault),

18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2701-2718, charges brought under Chapter 31 (relating to

sexual offenses), 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3101-3141, charges of endangering the

welfare of a child (if the offense involved sexual contact with the victim), 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 4304, and charges of unlawful contact with a minor (relating to

sexual offenses), 18 Pa.C.S.A § 6318. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(c).

The purpose of the Rape Shield Law is “to prevent the trial from shifting

its focus from the defendant’s guilt or innocence to the victim’s reputation or

moral virtue.” Commonwealth v. Rogers, 250 A.3d 1209, 1212 (Pa. 2021).

“It additionally removes obstacles to the reporting of sex crimes.” Id. at 1216.

The exclusionary protections afforded by the Rape Shield Law, however, must

be balanced against a defendant’s constitutional right to a fair trial, including

the right to present evidence and conduct reasonable cross-examination of

witnesses. Id. at 1216-1217.

[C]ourts have found the [Rape Shield Law] unconstitutional as
applied in circumstances where the defendant seeks to introduce
evidence for reasons unrelated to impugning the complainant's
character, and the probative value of that evidence outweighs the
danger of unfair prejudice.

____________________________________________

16 We note that, effective August 27, 2019, Section 3104 was expanded to
include, inter alia, potential exclusion of evidence of specific instances of past
sexual victimization and allegations of past sexual victimization. See Act
2019, June 28, P.L. 214, No. 24, § 1.

- 14 -
J-S21021-21

Id. at 1217. For example, the Rape Shield Law cannot be utilized to prohibit

relevant, potentially-exculpatory evidence. Id. The Rape Shield Law also

cannot be utilized to prohibit evidence that the complainant harbored a bias

or hostility towards the defendant or that the complainant had a motive to

fabricate the accusation. Id. at 1217-1218.

In order to introduce evidence of the alleged victim’s past sexual

conduct, Section 3104(b) of the Rape Shield Law requires the defendant to

first “file a written motion and offer of proof at the time of trial.” 18 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 3104(b); see also Commonwealth v. Burns, 988 A.2d 684, 690

(Pa. Super. 2009) (stating, this Court has “repeatedly stated that a defendant

who desires to introduce evidence of the victim's prior sexual conduct must

file a written motion and make a specific offer of proof prior to trial”), appeal

denied, 8 A.3d 341 (Pa. 2010). If the trial court determines that the motion

and offer of proof are facially sufficient, the trial court “shall order an

in[-]camera hearing and shall make findings on the record as to the relevance

and admissibility of the proposed evidence pursuant to the standards set forth

in” Section 3104(a), which only permits evidence of, inter alia, the alleged

victim’s past sexual conduct with the defendant where consent of the

alleged victim is at issue and the evidence is otherwise admissible pursuant

to the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence.17 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(b); see
____________________________________________

17 This Court in Burns, supra, recognized, however, that

- 15 -
J-S21021-21

also 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3104(a); Commonwealth v. Fink, 791 A.2d 1235, 1240

(Pa. Super. 2002) (stating, “the Rape Shield Law bars prior instances of sexual

conduct except those with the defendant where consent of the victim is at

issue and the evidence is otherwise admissible”).

In denying Appellant’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for

failing to file a pre-trial motion and offer of proof pursuant to Section 3104(b)

of the Rape Shield Law, the PCRA court found Appellant’s underlying claim,

namely the admissibility of evidence pertaining to the minor victim’s prior

sexual conduct with a person other than Appellant, to be without arguable

merit. PCRA Court Opinion, 1/14/21, at 4 (stating, “[e]vidence that the minor

victim was having consensual sex [with someone other than Appellant] is

inadmissible under the [] Rape Shield Law”). The PCRA court explained that

the evidence would have been inadmissible, despite trial counsel’s failure to

file a motion and offer of proof, because the prior sexual activity was with

someone other than Appellant and Appellant failed to show how the evidence

exonerated him. Id.; see also Matias, 63 A.3d at 810 (requiring the

____________________________________________

via interpretive efforts by the courts of this Commonwealth, the
Rape Shield [Law] has been found to bow to the following
exceptions: (1) evidence that negates directly the act of
intercourse with which a defendant is charged; (2) evidence
demonstrating a witness'[s] bias or evidence that attacks
credibility; and (3) evidence tending to directly exculpate the
accused by showing that the alleged victim is biased and thus has
motive to lie, fabricate, or seek retribution via prosecution.

Burns, 988 A.2d at 690.

- 16 -
J-S21021-21

underlying claim forming the basis of the ineffectiveness claim to be of

arguable merit).

A review of the record demonstrates that trial counsel did not file a

pre-trial motion and offer of proof seeking to admit evidence of the minor

victim’s diary purporting to detail her prior sexual conduct with a person other

than Appellant. See, generally, Trial Court Docket; see also N.T., 7/18/12

(Vol. 1), at 7, 13, 15. The motions court, however, did entertain oral

argument on the issue of whether trial counsel was permitted to inquire about

a notation in the minor victim’s medical records, which stated the minor victim

had reported that “something” happened four weeks prior to a medical

examination. N.T., 7/18/12 (Vol. 1), at 7-17. Trial counsel argued that he

was attempting to inquire about this notation, not in an effort to discuss the

minor victim’s prior sexual conduct with individuals other than Appellant but,

rather, to impeach the credibility of the victim by showing that nothing

happened four weeks prior to the medical examination. Id. at 12, 15 (stating,

“I [(trial counsel)] am not asking about [the victim’s] boyfriend or who she is

involved with sexually”). The motions court stated, “A simple question as to

whether or not [the victim fabricated that something happened to her four

weeks prior to the medical examination] is relevant. It goes to the truth.

Going beyond that into sexual conduct or any escapades she may have or may

not have had would not be allowed” pursuant to the Rape Shield Law. Id. at

14-15. Trial counsel concurred with the motions court that any discussion of

- 17 -
J-S21021-21

the minor victim’s prior sexual activities with third-parties was protected by

the Rape Shield Law. Id. at 15.

We discern no abuse of discretion or error of law in the PCRA court’s

denial of Appellant’s ineffectiveness claim challenging trial counsel’s failure to

file a pre-trial motion and offer of proof regarding the minor victim’s past

sexual conduct with individuals other than Appellant. Plainly, this claim lacked

merit, as evidence of the minor victim’s prior sexual activities with persons

other than Appellant was barred by the Rape Shield Law. Moreover, there has

been no showing that the victim’s prior sexual conduct with persons other

than Appellant would reveal a specific bias against, or hostility toward,

Appellant and a motive to seek retribution by false accusation. Therefore, as

no exception to the Rape Shield Law existed that would permit the introduction

into evidence of the minor victim’s prior sexual conduct with persons other

than Appellant, the underlying claim regarding the written motion and offer of

proof is without arguable merit. Consequently, Appellant’s claim of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel to file such a written motion and offer of proof must

fail.

In his second issue, Appellant asserts that he is entitled to relief because

the potential alibi witnesses constituted after-discovered evidence that would

have resulted in a different outcome if such evidence had been introduced at

trial. Appellant’s Brief at 16-17; see also 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi)

(stating that, after-discovered evidence is grounds for PCRA relief). In

forwarding this claim, Appellant contends - contrary to the assertion in his first

- 18 -
J-S21021-21

issue - that “after he was convicted at trial, several alibi witnesses [(the

employer representative and the career school representative)] came forward

and became known to [Appellant].” Appellant’s Brief at 16-17.

To receive a new trial based on after-discovered evidence, a petitioner

must satisfy a four-part test requiring:

the petitioner to demonstrate the [after-discovered] evidence: (1)
could not have been obtained prior to the conclusion of the trial
by the exercise of reasonable diligence; (2) is not merely
corroborative or cumulative; (3) will not be used solely to impeach
the credibility of a witness; and (4) would likely result in a different
verdict if a new trial were granted.

Commonwealth v. Small, 189 A.3d 961, 972 (Pa. 2018), citing

Commonwealth v. Pagan, 950 A.2d 270 (Pa. 2008), cert. denied, 555 U.S.

1198 (2009).

In the case sub judice, we concur with the PCRA court that Appellant

failed to demonstrate, for the reasons discussed supra, that he was prejudiced

by the absence of the potential alibi witnesses’ testimony.18 Therefore,

Appellant’s second issue is without merit.

Appellant’s third issue raises the following claims: (1) his lifetime

registration requirements imposed under SORNA violated his constitutional

____________________________________________

18 Since the alleged alibi witnesses included representatives of Appellant’s
former employer and former career school, we are highly skeptical that such
witnesses could not have been located at the time of trial through the exercise
of due diligence.

- 19 -
J-S21021-21

right to reputation without due process,19 and (2) his sentence was illegal20

because the SORNA registration requirements imposed a sentence in excess

of the statutory maximum by requiring him to register for the remainder of

his lifetime with the Pennsylvania State Police as a SVP.21 22 Appellant’s Brief

at 17-18.
____________________________________________

19 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(i) (stating that, to be eligible for collateral relief
under the PCRA, a petitioner must plead and prove by a preponderance of the
evidence, inter alia, that the conviction or sentence resulted from “[a] violation
of the Constitution of this Commonwealth or the Constitution or laws of the
United States which, in the circumstances of the particular case, so
undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable adjudication of
guilt or innocence could have taken place”). Because SORNA is a collateral
consequence of a criminal sentence, as discussed infra, SORNA and its
mandates, inter alia, do not involve “the truth determining process” and as
such do not fall within the purview of the PCRA.

2042 Pa.C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vii) (stating that, to be eligible for collateral relief
under the PCRA, a petitioner must plead and prove by a preponderance of the
evidence, inter alia, that the conviction or sentence resulted from “[t]he
imposition of a sentence greater than the lawful maximum”). Because the
mandates and requirements of SORNA are non-punitive, they do not
constitute a part of a criminal sentence and cannot be challenged under the
guise of an illegal sentence.

21 Section 9799.53 of SORNA defines SVP as, inter alia, “a person who has
been convicted of a sexually violent offense and who is determined to be a
sexually violent predator under section 9799.58 (relating to assessments) due
to a mental abnormality or personality disorder that makes the person likely
to engage in predatory sexually violent offenses”). 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.53.

22 While Appellant’s claims appear to sound as claims cognizable under the
PCRA – a conviction or sentence resulting from, inter alia, a constitutional
violation or an illegal sentence – SORNA and its mandates, including lifetime
registration as a SVP, are non-punitive collateral consequences of a criminal
sentence, as more fully discussed infra, and, as such, substantive challenges
to the application of SORNA are not cognizable under the PCRA.

- 20 -
J-S21021-21

Appellant’s challenge to the constitutionality of his lifetime registration

requirement under SORNA raises a question of law. Commonwealth v.

Morgan, 258 A.3d 1147, 1152 (Pa. Super. 2021) (stating, “[w]hen an

appellant challenges the constitutionality of a statute, the appellant presents

this Court with a question of law”). As with all questions of law, our standard

of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Lacombe, 234 A.3d

at 608.

In addressing constitutional challenges to legislative enactments,
[such as SORNA, appellate courts] are ever cognizant that the
General Assembly may enact laws which impinge on constitutional
rights to protect the health, safety, and welfare of society, but
also that any restriction is subject to judicial review to protect the
constitutional rights of all citizens. We emphasize that a party
challenging a statute must meet the high burden of demonstrating
____________________________________________

Commonwealth v. Smith, 240 A.3d 654, 658 (Pa. Super. 2020).
Nonetheless, our Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Lacombe, 234 A.3d
602 (Pa. 2020) did not specifically foreclose a PCRA petition as the procedural
mechanism in which to raise such claims. Lacombe, 234 A.3d at 617-618
(declining to find a PCRA petition, or any other procedural mechanism, as the
exclusive method for challenging SORNA). As such, in recognizing a
registrant’s complications in raising challenges to SORNA, appellate courts
have liberally permitted registrants to raise SORNA claims, such as the ones
raised by Appellant, in a variety of filings, including PCRA petitions. See
Commonwealth v. Elliott, 249 A.3d 1190, 1193 (Pa. Super. 2021)
(considering the merits of the petitioner’s SORNA claims raised within the
context of a PCRA petition), appeal denied, 2021 WL 4165052 (Pa. Filed
September 14, 2021) (slip copy); see also Smith, 240 A.3d at 658
(remanding the case for the trial court to consider the SORNA claims raised in
a PCRA petition); Lacombe, 234 A.3d at 617 (recognizing that, “frequent
changes to sexual offender registration statutes, along with more onerous
requirements and retroactive application, complicate registrants’ ability to
challenge new requirements imposed years after their sentences become
final”). Therefore, we consider the merits of Appellant’s SORNA challenges
raised within the context of his PCRA petition.

- 21 -
J-S21021-21

that the statute clearly, palpably, and plainly violates the
Constitution.

Commonwealth v. Torsilieri, 232 A.3d 567, 575 (Pa. 2020) (citation and

quotation marks omitted).

Here, Appellant was subject to the registration requirements of

Subchapter I of SORNA, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9799.51 – 9799.75, because he

committed his offenses prior to December 20, 2012. See 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 9799.52;23 see also Morgan, 258 A.3d at 1152 (stating, Subchapter I of

SORNA “applies to crimes committed after April 22, 1996, but before

December 20, 2012”); Smith, 240 A.3d at 657 (stating, “[b]ecause offender

registration requirements evolve pursuant to the legislative decisions of our

General Assembly, registrants must comply with current law” (emphasis in

original)). Under Section 9799.55 of SORNA, Appellant was required to

register for the remainder of his lifetime because, inter alia, he was a SVP. 42
____________________________________________

Section 9799.52 of SORNA states that Subchapter I shall apply to individuals
23

who were:

(1) convicted of a sexually violent offense committed on or after
April 22, 1996, but before December 20, 2012, whose period of
registration with the Pennsylvania State Police, as described in
section 9799.55 (relating to registration), has not expired; or

(2) required to register with the Pennsylvania State Police under
a former sexual offender registration law of this Commonwealth
on or after April 22, 1996, but before December 20, 2012, whose
period of registration has not expired.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.52. Subchapter I applied to Appellant because he was
convicted of indecent assault of a person less than 13 years of age on July 23,
2012, and his period of registration has not expired.

- 22 -
J-S21021-21

Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.55(b)(1) and (3) (requiring lifetime registration when, inter

alia, the individual is a SVP).

Appellant asserts that his registration and notification requirements, as

imposed by Subsection I of SORNA, violated his right to due process by

denying “his right to reputation[24] through the presumption that he is

dangerous and a high[-]risk to repeat sexually criminal behavior.” Appellant’s

Brief at 18. Appellant argues that he was not provided “the opportunity to

prove that he is not highly likely to repeat the offense or similar behavior” in

violation of his due process right. Id. In other words, Appellant asserts that

he was not provided an opportunity to be heard prior to the trial court

determining Appellant was a SVP and such a designation invades his right to

reputation.

Regarding Appellant’s assertion that his required lifetime registration as

a SVP violated his due process right and right to reputation by denying him

the opportunity to rebut the presumption and challenge his SVP

determination, this Court in Morgan, supra, held that,

Although [a] SVP designation and the concomitant [registration,
notification, and counseling] requirements infringe upon a
defendant's right to reputation, it is only after the [] assessment
and hearing process[, as set forth at 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.58,] that
an individual may be subject to that infringement. Upon review,
we conclude that this procedure comports with due process and
that Subchapter I is narrowly tailored to its compelling state
purpose of protecting the public “from those who have been found
____________________________________________

24 Article I, Section I of the Pennsylvania Constitution “specifically protects the
right to reputation as a fundamental right[.]” Morgan, 258 A.3d at 1152.

- 23 -
J-S21021-21

to be dangerously mentally ill.” [Commonwealth v. Butler, 226
A.3d 972, 992-993 (Pa. 2020)]. Accordingly, we hold that SVP
designations under Subchapter I of SORNA II are constitutional
and do not violate the right to reputation under Pennsylvania's
constitution.

Morgan, 258 A.3d at 1157.

A review of the record demonstrates that after his conviction but prior

to sentencing, Appellant was assessed, pursuant to Section 9799.58 of

SORNA, to determine if he should be classified as a SVP. N.T., 11/22/13, at

3-4. Appellant stipulated to the findings of the assessment report that

determined he was a SVP.25 Id. at 3. “[B]ased on the stipulation [and] the

[assessment] report,” the trial court designated Appellant a SVP and informed

Appellant that he was subjected to lifetime registration with the Pennsylvania

State Police. Id. at 5, 27. It was only after his Section 9799.58 assessment

and a hearing, at which Appellant had to opportunity to challenge the

assessment report and provide contradictory evidence, that he was

designated a SVP. Therefore, we find Appellant’s SVP designation under

Subchapter I of SORNA was constitutionally sound and did not violate his right

to reputation. See Morgan, 258 A.3d at 1157. Consequently, we find

Appellant’s claim based upon a violation of his due process right and right to

reputation to be without merit.

____________________________________________

25Appellant also stipulated that the assessment was conducted, in accordance
with Section 9799.58, by a member of the Sexual Offenders Assessment
Board who was an expert in the assessment of sexual offenders. N.T.,
11/22/13, at 4.

- 24 -
J-S21021-21

Turning to Appellant’s claim that the registration requirements are

punitive in nature and, therefore, constitute an illegal sentence,26 we find this

claim to be without merit because the Subchapter I lifetime registration

requirements of SORNA are non-punitive and do not constitute a part of

Appellant’s sentence.

This Court in Commonwealth v. Strafford, 194 A.3d 168, 173

(Pa. Super. 2018) stated,

In SORNA the legislature authorized [trial] courts to include
periods of registration as part of a sentence. Similar to the
treatment of the payment of fines or restitution, the legislature
did not tie the period of registration to the length of incarceration.
See 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 9799.14 ([concerning,] “Sexual offenses
and tier system”); [see also] 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 9799.15
([concerning,] “Period of registration”). SORNA's registration
provisions are not constrained by [18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1103.27]

____________________________________________

26 Appellant contends that his lifetime registration under SORNA is “punitive
in nature” and, therefore, his sentence was illegal because his incarceration,
probationary period, and registration requirements combined imposed a
punitive sanction “in excess of the combined mandatory sentences for all of
the crimes for which he was convicted and sentenced.” Appellant’s Brief at
17-18.

27 Section 1103 states,

Except as provided in 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 9714 (relating to sentences
for second and subsequent offenses), a person who has been
convicted of a felony may be sentenced to imprisonment as
follows:

(1) In the case of a felony of the first degree, for a term
which shall be fixed by the court at not more than 20 years.

- 25 -
J-S21021-21

Rather, SORNA's registration requirements are an
authorized punitive measure separate and apart from
Appellant's term of incarceration. The legislature did not limit
the authority of a [trial] court to impose registration requirements
only within the maximum allowable term of incarceration; in fact,
the legislature mandated the opposite and required [trial] courts
to impose registration requirements in excess of the maximum
allowable term of incarceration.

Strafford, 194 A.3d at 173 (emphasis added). Appellate courts have

repeatedly recognized that the lifetime registration requirements of

Subchapter I of SORNA are not punitive but, rather, are collateral

consequences, i.e., civil consequences, of a defendant’s criminal conviction

and judgment of sentence. See Lacombe, 234 A.3d at 627 (stating,

“Subchapter I [of SORNA] does not constitute criminal punishment”); see

also Butler, 226 A.3d at 993 (stating that, the registration, notification, and

counseling requirements applicable to SVPs do not constitute criminal

punishment); Smith, 240 A.3d at 658 (stating that, the mandates of

Subchapter I of SORNA are “[n]on-punitive, administrative requirements

[and] are merely collateral consequences of a criminal conviction”); Morgan,

258 A.3d at 1152 (stating that, the registration requirements of Subchapter I

____________________________________________

(2) In the case of a felony of the second degree, for a term
which shall be fixed by the court at not more than ten years.

(3) In the case of a felony of the third degree, for a term
which shall be fixed by the court at not more than seven
years.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1103.

- 26 -
J-S21021-21

of SORNA are non-punitive); Elliott, 249 A.3d at 1193 (stating, the

registration requirements of Subchapter I of SORNA “are not criminal

sanctions”). Therefore, because the registration requirements of Subchapter

I of SORNA are non-punitive, a lifetime registration mandate cannot form the

basis of an illegal sentence claim. Consequently, Appellant’s claim of an illegal

sentence must fail.

In his final issue, Appellant asserts that the PCRA court erred in denying

him an evidentiary hearing. Appellant’s Brief at 19. Appellant contends that

he “raised significant claims of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, violations of his

constitutional rights, and the imposition of an illegal sentence” and that these

“claims were legitimate based upon fact and supported by legal precedent.”

Id.

“It is well[-]settled that there is no absolute right to an evidentiary

hearing on a PCRA petition, and if the PCRA court can determine from the

record that no genuine issues of material fact exist, then a hearing is not

necessary.” Commonwealth v. Maddrey, 205 A.3d 323, 328 (Pa. Super.

2019) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 218 A.3d 380 (Pa. 2019). The

decision to deny a request for an evidentiary hearing is within the discretion

of the PCRA court, and an appellate court will not overturn that decision absent

an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Mason, 130 A.3d 601, 617 (Pa.

2015).

Here, the PCRA court denied Appellant’s request for an evidentiary

hearing because it was satisfied, based on the record, that “there [were] no

- 27 -
J-S21021-21

genuine issues concerning any material fact and that [Appellant was] not

entitled to [PCRA] relief[.]” PCRA Court Opinion, 1/14/21, at 6. For the

reasons discussed supra, we concur with the PCRA court that Appellant failed

to show that genuine issues concerning material facts persisted in the record

and that there was a reasonable likelihood that his claims would succeed.

Therefore, we discern no abuse of discretion in the PCRA court’s denial of

Appellant’s request for an evidentiary hearing. As such, Appellant’s final issue

is without merit.28
____________________________________________

28 Moreover, Appellant’s request for an evidentiary hearing failed to comply
with Section 9545(d)(1) of the PCRA. Section 9545(d)(1) sets forth the
certification requirements for a request for an evidentiary hearing as following,

(i) Where a petitioner requests an evidentiary hearing, the petition
shall include a certification signed by each intended witness
stating the witness's name, address, date of birth[,] and
substance of testimony and shall include any documents material
to that witness's testimony.

(ii) If a petitioner is unable to obtain the signature of a witness
under subparagraph (i), the petitioner shall include a certification,
signed by the petitioner or counsel, stating the witness's name,
address, date of birth[,] and substance of testimony. In lieu of
including the witness's name and address in the certification under
this subparagraph, counsel may provide the witness's name and
address directly to the Commonwealth. The certification under
this subparagraph shall include any documents material to the
witness's testimony and specify the basis of the petitioner's
information regarding the witness and the petitioner's efforts to
obtain the witness's signature. Nothing in this subparagraph shall
be construed to contravene any applicable attorney-client
privilege between the petitioner and postconviction counsel.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(d)(1)(i) and (ii). A review of Appellant’s amended PCRA
petition, as well as the attached memorandum of law, in support thereof, and

- 28 -
J-S21021-21

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/11/2022

____________________________________________

its exhibits, demonstrates that while the exhibits attached to the
memorandum of law include a statement summarizing the testimony of the
proposed alibi witnesses, as well as the witnesses’ addresses and supporting
documentation, PCRA counsel failed to include this information as part of the
PCRA petition requesting an evidentiary hearing and failed to include the
requisite certifications explaining, inter alia, why the witnesses were unable
to sign statements summarizing their potential testimony. See
Commonwealth v. Grayson, 212 A.2d 1047, 1052 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(stating that, a petition may comply with Section 9545(d)(1) if the petition
includes “a signed certification as to each intended witness and the petitioner
must also provide the witness's name, address, date of birth[,] and the
substance of the proposed testimony”). Appellant’s failure to comply with
Section 9545(d)(1) would have rendered the proposed witnesses’ testimony
inadmissible even if the PCRA court held an evidentiary hearing. See 42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(d)(1)(iii) (stating, “[f]ailure to substantially comply with the
requirements of [Section 9545(d)(1)] shall render the proposed witness's
testimony inadmissible”).

- 29 -