The moving party herein is the Vigo Steamship Corporation, which had chartered a vessel, by name, the S.S. Nicolas Maris, from the owner, the Marship Corporation of Monrovia; this was a 1 ‘ time charter”. Seven months later, Vigo, the charterer, in turn chartered the vessel to the Frederick Snare Corporation. The latter was a “ voyage charter.” During the performance of these two separate charter commitments, controversies developed between Vigo and Snare and Vigo and Marship with respect to damages inflicted upon the vessel. In order to resolve these differences by arbitration, as provided for by the separate charter arrangements, Vigo has demanded that Snare name an arbitrator to act for both and proceed to a joint arbitration with all three parties contemporaneously. Snare is willing to appoint an arbitrator and proceed to arbitration with Vigo pursuant to its own charter agreement but recoils from participating in a consolidated arbitration also involving Mar-ship, with which Snare is not in contractual privity. Special Term has issued an .order compelling the consolidation. With this order we do not agree.
Although we appreciate the liberality with which New York courts are prone to consolidate actions in order to avoid circuity and duplication of trials, that is not the question before us. Neither do we deal .simply with the method of enforcement of agreements to arbitrate ordinary commercial disputes involving an identity of issues by parties privy thereto. (See Matter of Chariot Textiles Corp. [Wannalancit Textile Co.—Kute Kiddies Coats], 18 N Y 2d 798.) We have what is essentially a maritime matter involving two charter parties separate and distinct, possessed of variances relating to both time and terms. The contract of Snare was with Vigo alone and the consolidation of the proceedings, as ordered by Special Term, would force Snare to arbitrate in a manner to which it did not agree and with a party with which it did not have any contractual relationship whatever concerning issues which are of no concern to it. *12This- is not what Snare bargained for. Legitimately, Snare insists there are differences in the terms of the contracts pertaining to the two charter party arrangements: The degree of care, the state in which the vessel .should be returned, the stevedore damage clauses, the terms relative to specific cargoes, and ■the different time periods of the respective contracts. And not unnaturally, Snare shrinks back from hazarding these subtle differences to “ commercial men ”, untrained in the law, and to the possibility of sudden but irrevocable death at their hands as final arbitrators. The confusion that could result from such concurrent hearings, removed from judicial scrutiny, is appreciable. No less real is the apprehension of Snare that the legal obligations ,of Vigo to Mar,ship could be imperceptibly transferred to Snare. Nor can Vigo complain. It was Vigo, and not Snare, which became signatory to two separate contracts going off in opposite directions at different times.
We recognize the power to consolidate, under certain circumstances which do no violence to the agreement of the parties. However, as was stated by the majority of this court in Matter of Symphony Fabrics Corp. (Bernson Silk Mills) (16 A D 2d 473, 474, affd. 12 N Y 2d 409): “ Circumstances would in each instance dictate whether a substantial right was being prejudiced ”. Here, unlike the Symphony case, where each of the contracts called for arbitration before the American Arbitration Association, and where selection of an arbitrator was limited under its rules to a selection from its skilled panel ,of arbitrators, the choice of an arbitrator in the instant case was limited to “commercial men”. The susceptibility to prejudice incident to a confusion of issues by “ commercial men ” however knowledgeable, who might be chosen at random, deliberately or otherwise, as against confusion by a member of a skilled panel of arbitrators cognizant of, if not wholly bound by judicial guidelines, is obvious. Thus, we reach the major area of prejudice. Under -the arbitration agreement covering the voyage charter of Snare the basic issue is: What was the condition of the ship at the time it was turned over to Snaref And at the time of the termination of this charter! The issue between Vigo and the owner relates to the condition of the ship when it was turned over to Vigo, and the extent of the damage done by intervening charterers, other than Snare. These issues are of no concern to Snare and with which he should not be embroiled. In this connection it may be noted that Vigo does not deny that others had chartered the vessel prior to the Snare charter. Participation by all three parties in a survey of the damage to and agreement with respect the cost of remedying such damage reaches *13neither the question of liability for this damage nor the circumstances under which such liability may be founded. In Symphony, upon which the dissent relies, the court did not deal with a “ maritime transaction ”, and in that case there was but a single basic issue, ‘ ‘ the quality and .suitability .of the fabric ’ ’, which was supplied by Bernson as vendor to Symphony as vendee, under an agreement that it ‘ ‘ was to meet the .same specifications ” as the fabric which this vendee had agreed to supply as vendor under previous contract to Barbara as vendee. The Court of Appeals noted (p. 411): “ The only two differences between the contracts were the price and the amount of fabric ordered ”. And, as the Court of Appeals further noted (p. 413): “ That Symphony wishes to settle its differences with Barbara in the same proceeding should be of no moment to Bernson, since the same witnesses would be called and the same testimony and evidence introduced, if Barbara were not a party”. (Emphasis supplied.)
Unlike the Symphony case, the witnesses and testimony and evidence requisite to proof of the condition of the ship at the time it was turned over to Snare and the circumstances creating liability for damage, if any, would be entirely different from such as would permit a foundation for liability by Vigo.
Furthermore, we deal with contracts of a maritime character, involving foreign commerce, which properly belong within that body of law developed by the Federal courts, which have consistently refused to compel parties who are not privy to arbitration agreements to arbitrate their disputes. (See Greenwich Mar. v. S. S. Alexandra, 225 F. Supp. 671, affd. on other grounds 339 F. 2d 901; Instituto Cubano De Estabilizacion Del Azucar v. T/V Golden West, 128 F. Supp. 754 [U. S. Dist. Ct., S. D., N. Y., 1955], affd. 246 F. 2d 802 [C. A. 2d, 1957], cert. den. 355 U. S. 884 [1957]; Industria E. Comercio De Minerios v. Nova Genuesis Societa, 172 F. Supp. 569, affd. 310 F. 2d 811 [C. A. 4th, 1962]; Matter of A/S Ganger Rolf v. Zeeland Transp., Ltd., 191 F. Supp. 359 [U. S. Dist. Ct., S. D., N. Y., 1961]; also Prima Paint v. Flood & Conklin, 388 U. S. 395, 405 [1967]; Matter of Rederi [Dow Chem. Co.], 31 A D 2d 372.) In any event, the relinquishment of rights to complete judicial scrutiny incident to an agreement to arbitrate and the drastic restriction of judicial scrutiny of an award in arbitration, pursuant to the provisions of article 75 of the CPLB., require strict adherence to the provisions of the agreement under which .such rights are relinquished, particularly where it appears that a substantial right would be prejudiced by enforced consolidation.
*14Accordingly, we would reverse .on the law and on the facts, with costs and disbursements, and deny movant’s petition, grant the cross motion, and direct the petitioner to appoint an arbitrator on its own behalf and proceed to arbitration with the respondent Snare.