Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. v. Barham

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92-4235.

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION, Plaintiff,

Charles C. BARHAM, et al., Defendants,

C.A. REED, Jr., Defendant-Appellant,

Charles C. BARHAM, et al., Defendants & Third Party Plaintiffs-Appellants-Cross-Appellees,

FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant & Third Party Defendant-Appellee-Cross-
Appellant.

July 15, 1993.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.

Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge:

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") brought suit against certain former

directors and officers of First National Bank of Ruston ("FNBR"), alleging that the directors had

breached their fiduciary duty by authorizing imprudent loans. The directors subsequently filed suit

against their insurer, Federal Insurance Company ("Federal"), claiming that Federal had to pay any

losses resulting from the FDIC's claims. The district court granted summary judgment for Federal

on the issue of insurance coverage, 794 F.Supp. 187. Finding no error, we affirm.

In April 1986, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ("OCC") closed FNBR and

appointed the FDIC as the bank's receiver. In 1989, the FDIC brought suit against certain former

directors and officers of FNBR, accusing the directors of breaches of fiduciary duty and breaches of

contract resulting from improper management and lending practices. The directors thereafter filed

a third-party claim against their insurer, Federal, alleging that Federal's Director and Officers Liability

Policy ("D & O policy"), in effect from September 1981 through September 1984, should cover any
losses sustained as a result of the FDIC's claims.

The D & O policy between the directors and Federal is a claims-made policy, in the sense that

it covers only losses arising from actual or potential claims for specific wrongful acts reported to

Federal during the policy period or extended reporting period.1 The D & O policy contains the

following relevant provisions:

EXECUTIVE LIABILITY COVERAGE—INSURING CLAUSE 1

1.1 The Company shall pay on behalf of each of the Insured Persons all Loss, for which such
Insured Person is not indemnified by the Insured Organization, and which such Insured
Person becomes legally obligated to pay on account of any claims(s) made against him,
individually or otherwise, during or after the Policy Period for a Wrongful Act:

(A) committed, attempted or allegedly committed or attem pted by such Insured
Person(s) before or during the Policy Period and

(B) reported to the Company, in accordance with Section 4, during the Policy Period
or, if exercised, the Extended Reporting Period.

....

REPORTING AND NOTICE

4.1 A specific Wrongful Act shall be considered to have been first reported to the Company:

(A) at the time that any Insured first gives written notice to the Company that a claim
has been made against any Insured Person(s) for such Wrongful Act; or

(B) at the time that any Insured first gives written notice to the Company (1) of the
material facts or circumstances relating to such Wrongful Act as facts or
circumstances having the potential of giving rise to a claim being made against any
Insured Person(s) or (2) of the receipt of written or oral notice from any party that
it is the intention of such party to hold any Insured Person(s) responsible for such
Wrongful Act;

whichever occurs first.

4.2 The Insureds shall, as a condition precedent to their rights under this policy, give to the
Company written notice as soon as practicable of any claim made against any of them for a
Wrongful Act and shall give the Company such information and cooperation as it may
reasonably require.

4.3 Notice hereunder shall be given to the Company at 51 John F. Kennedy Parkway, Short
Hills, New Jersey 07078.

1
The declarations page of the D & O policy states: "THIS IS A CLAIMS MADE POLICY.
Except as otherwise provided herein, this policy covers only Wrongful Acts reported to the
Company during the Policy Period. Please read carefully." See Record Excerpts for
Directors tab. 9, at 1 (emphasis in original).
....

DEFINITIONS

9.1 When used in this policy:

....

Insured(s) means the Insured Organization and/or any Insured Person.

....

Insured Organization means, collectively, those organizations designated in Item 6
of the Declarations.2

Insured Person(s) means any of those persons designated by Item 7 of the
Declarations.3

Loss means the total amount which any Insured Person(s) become legally obligated
to pay on account of all claims made against them for Wrongful Acts with respect
to which coverage hereunder applies....

....

Wrongful Act means any error, misstatement or misleading statement, act or
omission, or neglect or breach of duty committed, attempted or allegedly committed
or attempted by an Insured Person, individually or otherwise, in the discharge of his
duties to the Insured Organization in his Insured Capacity, or any matter claimed
against him solely by reason of his serving in such Insured Capacity.

Record Excerpts for Directors tab. 9, at 2-4, 7 (emphasis in original).

Both the directors and Federal filed motions for summary judgment on the issue of insurance

coverage. Finding no ambiguity in the terms of the D & O policy and no dispute as to the underlying

facts, the court concluded that the directors had failed to comply with the reporting requirements of

subsection 4.1 and 4.2 of the policy—i.e., that the directors had failed to give Federal written notice

during the policy period of a specific wrongful act giving rise to an actual or potential claim, and that

the directors had failed to provide written notice of a claim "as soon as practicable." The court

2
The named insured organization on the declarations page is FNBR. See Record Excerpts for
Directors tab. 9, at 1.
3
The named insured persons on the declarations page are the directors and officers of FNBR.
See id.
therefore granted summary judgment for Federal. The directors filed a timely notice of appeal.4

We review the district court's grant of a summary judgment motion de novo. Davis v. Illinois

Central R.R., 921 F.2d 616, 617-18 (5th Cir.1991). Summary judgment is appropriate if the record

discloses "that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The underlying facts of this action are not

disputed. Therefore, we are left with determining whether the district court erred, as a matter of law,

in interpreting the terms of the D & O policy to deny the directors coverage. See Guaranty Nat. Ins.

Co. v. North River Ins. Co., 909 F.2d 133, 135 (5th Cir.1990) (holding that the "[i]nterpretation of

an insurance policy is a question of law").

The directors contend that the district court erred in concluding that they failed to meet the

reporting requirements of the policy. See Brief for Directors at 20-40. Applying Louisiana rules of

construction,5 we are mindful that "[a]n insurance policy is a contract and, as with all other contracts,

it constitutes the law between the parties." Pareti v. Sentry Indem. Co., 536 So.2d 417, 420

(La.1988). "If the policy wording at issue is clear and expresses the intent of the parties, the

agreement must be enforced as written." Id. We further note that although we must construe any

ambiguity in contractual terms against the insurer, we "have no authority to alter the terms of policies

under the guise of contractual interpretation when the policy provisions are couched in unambiguous

language." Id.; see also Gulf Island, IV v. Blue Streak Marine, Inc., 940 F.2d 948, 952 (5th

Cir.1991) (citing Pareti ).

We read the D & O policy to be unambiguous in its terms. The policy states that the directors

must comply with the reporting provisions of section 4 to be covered under the policy, including, but

4
The directors appealing summary judgment are: Charles C. Barham, Roland W. Dobson,
John J. McHale, Jr., J. Samuel O'Donnell, III, C.A. Reed, Jr., the estate of Robert W. Sharp,
M.D., and Joe D. Waggonner. Reed filed a separate appellate brief, raising the same arguments
on appeal as the other directors.
5
We apply Louisiana laws of construction to this diversity suit since Louisiana is the forum
state. See Ideal Mut. Ins. Co. v. Last Days Evangelical Ass'n, Inc., 783 F.2d 1234, 1238 (5th
Cir.1986) (applying substantive law of forum state to diversity suit); see also Record Excerpts
for Directors tab. 8, at 2 (stating that FNBR's principal place of business was Louisiana).
not limited to, subsection 4.1.6 See Record Excerpts for Directors tab. 9, at 2-4. Pursuant to

subsection 4.1, a specific wrongful act is considered to have been reported to Federal if: (1) the

directors gave written notice to Federal that an actual claim had been made against them;7 (2) the

directors gave written notice to Federal of the material facts and circumstances relating to a specific

wrongful act as facts and circumstances having the pot ential to giving rise to a claim; or (3) the

directors gave written notice to Federal of another party's intent to hold the directors responsible for

a specific wrongful act. See id. at 3-4.

Regarding the first reporting method, the directors allege that Federal's agent, Vic Stewman,

discovered a 1982 Letter of Agreement ("1982 letter") between FNBR and the OCC,8 in which

FNBR agreed to "adopt and implement policies and procedures to prevent future violations of law

and regulation." Directors' Mem.Supp.Summ.J.Ex. 2, at 2. The directors argue that the 1982 letter

constituted a "claim," which Federal received notice of during the policy period. See Brief for

Directors at 22-29.

Even assuming arguendo that constructive notice could satisfy the reporting requirements

of section 4 of the policy,9 we disagree that the 1982 letter constituted notice of a claim, as that term

6
Because we conclude that the directors failed to comply with subsection 4.1 of the policy, a
prerequisite to coverage under the policy, we need not address whether the directors also failed to
comply with subsection 4.2, which requires that the directors give Federal written notice of any
claim "as soon as practicable."
7
In addition, written notice had to be sent to Federal's New Jersey address. See Record
Excerpts for Directors tab. 9, at 4 (subsection 4.3 of policy).
8
Stewman discovered the 1982 letter while conducting an insurance risk survey of FNBR. See
Directors' Mem.Supp.Summ.J.Ex. 8.
9
As far as we can tell, Louisiana courts have not yet determined whether constructive notice
may satisfy the reporting requirements of a claims-made policy. We nevertheless point out that
according to Louisiana law, "[a]bsent conflict with statute or public policy, insurers may by
unambiguous and clearly noticeable provisions limit liability and impose such reasonable
conditions as they wish upon the obligations they assume by contract. In these circumstances,
unambiguous provisions limiting liability must be given effect." Breaux v. St. Paul Fire & Marine
Ins. Co., 326 So.2d 891, 892-93 (La.App. 3 Cir.1976). The policy unambiguously limits Federal's
liability to losses for wrongful acts reported to Federal in accordance with section 4. See Record
Excerpts for Directors tab. 9, at 2. Specifically, the directors themselves had to provide written
notice of any wrongful acts giving rise to an actual or potential claim, and such notice had to be
mailed to Federal's New Jersey office. See id. at 3-4. We do not find, and the directors do not
argue, that these provisions violate public policy. Thus, allowing constructive notice to satisfy the
is used in the policy. According to Louisiana law, words used in an insurance policy "are to be

understood in the[ir] common and usual significa[nce]," Harmon v. Lumbermens Mut. Casualty Co.,

247 La. 263, 277, 170 So.2d 646, 651 (1965), when read in the context of the policy itself.10 See

Jensen v. Snellings, 841 F.2d 600, 616 (5th Cir.1988) (applying Louisiana law) (reading undefined

term in the context of the policy itself, to define "claim" to mean "an actual demand for something

on the ground of a right"). When read in the context of the D & O policy, the term "claim"

unambiguously refers to a demand which necessarily results in a loss—i.e., a legal obligation to

pay—on behalf of the directors. See Record Excerpts for Directors tab. 9, at 2 (subsection 1.1) ("The

Company shall pay on behalf of each of the Insured Persons all Loss, ... which such Insured Person

becomes legally obligated to pay on account of any claim(s) made against him...."). We think it clear

that a demand for regulatory compliance does not rise to the level of a claim, as that term is used in

the policy. See California Union Ins. v. American Diversified Sav., 914 F.2d 1271, 1274-1277 (9th

Cir.1990) (construing similar policy language to hold that "[t]he term claim should not be interpreted

so broadly as to include a regulatory agency's request of the insured to comply with regulations

where, as here, the agency did not directly threaten [the insured] with liability"), cert. denied, 498

U.S. 1088, 111 S.Ct. 966, 112 L.Ed.2d 1052 (1991); MGIC Indem. Corp. v. Home State Sav. Ass'n,

797 F.2d 285, 286-88 (6th Cir.1986) (construing similar policy language to hold that "the only kind

reporting requirements of section 4 would effectively "read-out" these unambiguous provisions.

The directors' reliance upon Reagan v. Mid-Continent Underwriters, Inc., 150
So.2d 75 (La.App. 4 Cir.1963), is misplaced, as that case stands for the proposition that
constructive notice may satisfy an insurance policy's notice requirements, where the policy
is an "occurrence" policy. Here, the D & O policy is a "claims-made" policy. Because
notice of a claim or potential claim defines coverage under a claims-made policy, we think
that the notice provisions of such a policy should be strictly construed. See Driskill v. El
Jamie Marine, Inc., 1988 WL 93606 (E.D.La. Sept. 7, 1988) ("In occurrence policies, the
notice requirement is merely to "aid the insurance carrier in investigating, setting, and
defending claims,' but in claims-made policies, the notice requirement is as important as
the requirement that the claim be asserted during the policy period. It is the transmittal of
notice of the claim that invokes coverage."); FDIC v. Continental Casualty Co., 796
F.Supp. 1344, 1351 (D.Or.1991) (stating that "[c]ourts typically enforce the notice
requirements in claims-made policies strictly").
10
The term "claim" is not explicitly defined in the policy. See Record Excerpts for Directors
tab. 9.
of "claim or claims' that could trigger the insurer's obligation to pay would be a demand for payment

of some amount of money"). Because the 1982 letter makes no reference to a loss which FNBR may

sustain as a result of its failure to comply with certain banking regulations, we conclude that no claim

was reported to Federal during the policy period.

We find equally unavailing the contention that the directors satisfied the second reporting

method. Pursuant to subsection 4.1(B)(1), the directors had to give Federal written notice "of the

material facts and circumstances relating to such [w]rongful [a]ct[s] as facts and circumstances

having the potential to give rise to a claim." Record Excerpts tab. 9, at 4 (emphasis added). We

interpret this language to mean that the directors had to give written notice of the specific acts they

considered to have claim potential. Cf. California Union, 914 F.2d at 1277-78 (construing policy

language providing that "[i]f ... the insured[ ] shall become aware of any occurrence which may

subsequently give rise to a claim being made," to mean that insured had to give notice of anything it

considered to be a potential claim). The directors concede that they did not give Federal written

notice of any specific wrongful acts they believed to have claim potential, and therefore did not

literally comply with subsection 4.1(B)(1). See Brief for Directors at 29-41. They instead argue that

Federal received constructive notice of the facts and circumstances with claim potential, through

Stewman's investigation, and that such notice, as a matter of law, should be held to satisfy subsection

4.1(B)(1)'s directives. See id.

Even assuming arguendo that constructive notice could suffice,11 we find that Federal's

knowledge of general bad practices did not, in fact, satisfy subsection 4.1(B)(1)'s requirement that

Federal receive notice of the "facts and circumstances [relating to specific wrongful acts] having the

potential to give rise to a claim." Federal, at most, possessed information that regulators had

disapproved and criticized some of FNBR's banking relationships and loan transactions. See Brief

for Directors at 35-36. This information did not identify which specific acts by FNBR had claim

potential. We therefore hold that the information Federal may have received through Stewman's

insurance risk survey was not effective notice of a potential claim. See American Casualty Co. of

11
See supra note 9.
Reading Pa. v. FDIC, 944 F.2d 455, 460 (8th Cir.1991) (holding that general information of

wrongdoing will not satisfy requirement in claims-made policy that notice of potential claims be

specific); see also California Union, 914 F.2d at 1277-78.

Concerning the final reporting method, there is nothing in the 1982 letter or insurance risk

survey suggesting that Federal received notice of another party's intention to hold the directors

responsible for a specific wrongful act. See Record Excerpts for Directors tab. 9, at 4 (subsection

4.1(B)(2)). The directors therefore did not satisfy the reporting requirements of subsection 4.1 of

the claims-made D & O policy. Because coverage under the D & O policy was dependent upon the

directors satisfying these requirements, we find no error in the district court's entry of summary

judgment for Federal on the issue of insurance coverage.

III

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.