United States Court of Appeals,
Fifth Circuit.
No. 91-6330
Summary Calendar.
MEINEKE DISCOUNT MUFFLER, Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,
v.
Wesley JAYNES and Marion Jaynes, Defendants-Appellants/Cross-Appellees.
Aug. 30, 1993.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.
Before JOLLY, DUHÉ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:
A franchisor, Meineke Discount Muffler Shops, Inc. (Meineke), sued two of its former
franchise owners. The district court ruled in favor of Meineke finding that the franchisees, Wesley
and Marion Jaynes ("the Jaynes"), violated the licensing agreement, and that the Jaynes engaged in
a civil conspiracy to interfere with business and contractual relations. We affirm.
I. Prologue
The Jaynes purchased a Meineke franchise from Robert Strange in 1980. Strange had a
fifteen year licensing agreement with Meineke, valid by its terms until September 28, 1989, which he
sold to the Jaynes with Meineke's approval. The district court found, and the Jaynes do not contest,
that Meineke has performed all of its obligations under the licensing agreement. R. 3035, 3043.1
It is undisputed that before their licensing agreement with Meineke expired, the Jaynes entered
into an operating agreement with Autocare Distribution d/b/a Mike's Muffler and Brake ("Autocare").
The Autocare agreement called for the Jaynes to operat e a "Mike's Muffler & Brake" automotive
service center in the same location as their former Meineke franchise. On September 1, 1989,
pursuant to the Autocare agreement, the Jaynes began operating "Mike's Muffler & Brake Shop" at
1
The Jaynes did contest Meineke's representations regarding its trade and service marks.
These contentions are without merit, and are discussed infra at § V.
the same location. This business offered the same products and services as the Meineke
operation—installation and repair of automotive exhaust systems, brakes and shocks.
Meineke demanded that the Jaynes cease their activities, pointing out that the Jaynes were
violating provisions of the Meineke-Jaynes licensing agreement. When these entreaties went
unheeded, Meineke sued the Jaynes, alleging that they: (1) violated the licensing agreement's
"Covenant Not to Compete;" (2) conspired to interfere with contractual and business relations; (3)
engaged in unauthorized use of Meineke's protected trademarks; and (4) engaged in unfair
competition. R. 6-17. Meineke also sought attorney's fees under the terms of the licensing
agreement. Id.
The Jaynes answered Meineke's complaint, and also filed counterclaims and third party
claims.2 Following trial the district court concluded, inter alia: (1) The Jaynes breached the
Meineke-Jaynes' licensing agreement by entering into the agreement with Autocare, R. 3038; (2) the
Jaynes and Autocare conspired to interfere with contractual and business relations existing between
the Jaynes and Meineke, id.; (3) the Jaynes had no standing to seek cancellation of Meineke's
trademarks, id. at 3026; and (4) the Jaynes were unable to press their DTPA claims against Meineke,
id. at 3023. For conspiring to breach the licensing agreement during its term, the court assessed
actual damages of $4,420, and punitive damages of $6,000. The court awarded nominal damages
of $10 for the Jaynes' post-termination violation of the licensing agreement's covenant not to
compete, and for continuing to use the same telephone number for "Mike's Muffler & Brake" that was
used by the Meineke operation. Over $560,000 in attorneys' fees and costs were also assessed against
the Jaynes.
On appeal, the Jaynes raise a host of errors. We address each in turn.
II. Covenant Not to Compete
The district court held that the Jaynes violated the licensing agreement's covenant not to
2
The Jaynes have not appealed any judgments from their third-party claims. Consequently, we
do not address these matters.
compete.3 Paragraph 18 of the agreement prohibits the franchisee from operating another competitive
business during the duration of the agreement. The franchisee also agrees to not operate a competing
business "within the one (1) year period following the termination that is located within a radius of
twenty (20) miles" from the Meineke location. R. 43. The Jaynes-Autocare agreement, and the
operation of "Mike's Muffler & Brake" at the exact location of the Jaynes' former Meineke franchise
is a blatant violation of the licensing agreement . On appeal, the Jaynes do not contest the court's
findings as to their actions;4 rather, they attack the legal validity of the covenant not to compete.
We review this contract provision de novo. See Technical Consultant Servs., Inc. v.
Lakewood Pipe of Texas, Inc., 861 F.2d 1357, 1362 (applying Texas law). The starting point in our
analysis is Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.50 (Supp.1993):
[A] covenant not to compete is enforceable to the extent that it:
(1) is ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement...., and
(2) co ntains reasonable limitations as to time, geographic area, and scope of activity to be
restrained that do not impose a greater restraint than necessary to protect the goodwill or
other business interest of the promisee.
Id.; see also Ruscitto v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 777 F.Supp. 1349, 1354
(N.D.Tex.), aff'd, 948 F.2d 1286 (5th Cir.1991), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1994, 118
L.Ed.2d 590 (1992).
First, we agree with the district court that the covenant not to compete was ancillary to an
otherwise enforceable agreement, i.e. the franchise license.5 We next evaluate whether or not the
3
The Jaynes seem to argue that since the district court denied Meineke's request for a
preliminary injunction, the covenant not to compete is unenforceable. (The trial court initially
held that Meineke did not have any protectable trade secrets which would warrant injunctive
relief). This argument presupposes that the court's findings and conclusions after an abbreviated
hearing on a preliminary injunction are binding as the law of the case. Such an argument is
incorrect. See University of Texas v. Camenisch, 451 U.S. 390, 395, 101 S.Ct. 1830, 1834, 68
L.Ed.2d 175 (1981); Integrated Circuits Unlimited v. E.F. Johnson, Co., 875 F.2d 1040, 1043
(2nd Cir.1989).
4
We accept these findings as correct. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).
5
An agreement is ancillary to an otherwise enforceable agreement if "it is part of and subsidiary
to an otherwise valid transaction or relationship which gives rise to an interest worthy of
protection.... Examples of legitimate, protectable interests include business goodwill, trade
secrets, and other confidential or proprietary information." DeSantis v. Wackenhut Corp., 793
restrictive aspects of the agreement (time, geography, and scope) are reasonable. See Henshaw v.
Kroenecke, 656 S.W.2d 416, 418 (Tex.1983) (reasonableness of agreement not to compete is
question of law). The burden was on the Jaynes to prove that the restraints were unreasonable.
Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.51(b) (Supp.1993); see also Butts Retail, Inc. v. Diversifoods, Inc., 840
S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1992, writ denied) (placing burden of proof on
franchisee).6
The Jaynes argue at length that the covenant's prescriptions on time and geography are
unreasonable.7 As a diversity court we are Erie bound to apply Texas law, and using this benchmark,
we conclude that the one year/twenty mile restriction is not unreasonable as a matter of law. See
Ruscitto, 777 F.Supp. at 1354 (applying Texas law, one year prohibition on soliciting customers
reasonable); Isuani v. Manske-Sheffield Radiology Group, P.A., 805 S.W.2d 602, 606
(Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1991, writ denied) (one-year, fifteen mile limit tion reaso nable); Property
a
Tax Assocs., Inc. v. Staffeldt, 800 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso 1990, writ denied) (two
year, county-wide restraint reasonable); Posey v. Monier Resources, Inc., 768 S.W.2d 915, 918-19
(Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1989, writ denied) (salesman restrained from working in former sales
area for two years).
The restraints were reasonable considering Meineke's legitimate business interests. The
district court found that Meineke expended considerable resources to promote name-recognition for
products and services being offered by its franchises. R. 3037. The Appellants do not seriously
contest this finding, and we conclude that the restrictions placed on the Jaynes under the licensing
S.W.2d 670, 682 (Tex.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1048, 111 S.Ct. 755, 112 L.Ed.2d 775
(1991). The covenant not to compete was ancillary to the licensing agreement which created
mutually enforceable interests in the operation of a Meineke franchise.
6
Butts Retail, Inc. also negates the Appellants argument that the franchise agreement was a
personal service contract. See 840 S.W.2d at 773.
7
We fail to see how territorial restrictions placed on post-termination activities as a licensor or
franchisor are relevant to this dispute. The Appellants operated a single competing business in the
very same location as their former Meineke operation; they were not licensing or franchising any
other enterprises. They cannot ask this court to engage in speculation as to what might have
occurred had Meineke attempted to enforce the geographic limits of paragraph 18(b)(2).
agreement "do not impose a greater restraint than necessary to protect the goodwill or other business
interest of [Meineke]." Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.50 (Supp.1993).
The Appellants' second point of error is likewise unavailing. They contend that the court
erred by reforming the covenant, and then awarding damages. We have searched the record to
ascertain where (and how) the court reformed the covenant. We find no reference to this action, and
the Appellants' record cite does not support this argument.8 This point of error is without merit.9
III. Conspiracy to Interfere with Contractual and Business Relations
The district court held that the Jaynes conspired with Autocare to interfere with the
contractual and business relations between Meineke and the Jaynes. Initially, they contend that the
district court erred in refusing to direct a verdict in their favor at the close of Meineke's case-in-chief.
See Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(c) ("If during a trial without a jury a party has been fully heard with respect to
an issue ... the court may enter judgment as a matter of law against that party[.]").
The inquiry regarding a directed verdict request is the same on appeal as it is at the trial
stage: All inferences from the evidence are drawn in favor of the nonmoving party, and a verdict
should not be directed unless the facts point overwhelmingly in favor of the movant's position. See
Entente Mineral Co. v. Parker, 956 F.2d 524, 526 (5th Cir.1992) (citing Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411
F.2d 365 (5th Cir.1969) (en banc)).
The Appellants argue t hat the only evidence of a conspiracy was the Autocare-Jaynes
agreement, and that this failed to provide an adequate basis for the conspiracy claim. This argument
8
The Jaynes assert that Conclusion of Law No. 10, R. 3029, amounts to a reformation of the
covenant not to compete. This conclusion states:
The covenant not to compete is reasonable as to time, geographical area and scope
of activity. The restricted activity is only that which directly competes with
Meineke.
We read this passage as an affirmation of the validity of the covenant, not as a reformation
of it.
9
The Appellants also argue that the district court erred by using an unenforceable covenant not
to compete as a basis for awarding damages for conspiracy to interfere with contractual and
business relations. We held previously that the covenant was reasonable and enforceable under
Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 15.50 (Supp.1993). Therefore, the Appellants' third point of error is
without merit.
is without merit. There was sufficient evidence supporting the nonmovant's (Meineke) position; a
directed verdict would have been improper because the facts did not overwhelmingly stack-up in the
Jaynes' favor.
A claim for civil conspiracy has five elements: (1) two or more persons; (2) have an
objective to be accomplished; (3) a meeting of the participants' minds on the objective or course of
action; (4) one or more unlawful, overt acts; and, (5) resulting damages. Massey v. Armco Steel
Co., 652 S.W.2d 932, 934 (Tex.1983).
All elements are present in the instant case. There were at least two participants (the Jaynes
and Autocare). An objective was present (establish competing business in contravention of Meineke-
Jaynes licensing agreement). There was a meeting of the minds on this objective, as evidenced by the
Autocare-Jaynes agreement. An unlawful interference with the existing licensing agreement resulted
in damages to Meineke in the form of lost franchise and advertising fees. The district court found
these facts, and we conclude such findings are not clearly erroneous. Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). With the
factual predicate for this claim established, the court did no t err in its legal conclusion that an
actionable civil conspiracy between the Jaynes and Autocare resulted in damages to Meineke.
The Appellants argue that the conspiracy to breach the Meineke-Jaynes agreement "could only
have been based on those breaches that occurred after the termination of the License Agreement."
However, the Appellants incredulously gloss over the fact that they operated "Mike's Muffler &
Brake" at the exact location of their former Meineke franchise while t he Meineke-Jaynes license
agreement was still in effect. This in-term violation of the Meineke-Jaynes licensing agreement's
covenant not to compete was the basis for the civil conspiracy claim. R. 3038-39.
IV. DTPA Claim
The Jaynes contest the district court's denial of their claim under Texas' Deceptive Trade
Practices-Consumer Protection Act. Tex.Bus. & Com.Code Ann. §§ 17.41-.63 (Vernon 1987 &
Supp.1993). The DTPA does not apply to wholly intangible property rights. See Texas Cookie Co.
v. Hendricks & Peralta, Inc., 747 S.W.2d 873, 876 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ
denied). It has been applied to franchise situations where the collateral services provided to a
franchisee formed the basis of the DTPA claim. Id. at 877; see also Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett,
Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 539 (Tex.1981) (goods or services acquired must form the basis of DTPA
claim).
To proceed under the DTPA, a claimant must be a "consumer." Eckman v. Centennial Sav.
Bank, 784 S.W.2d 672, 674 (Tex.1990). To be a consumer, the DTPA claimant must (i) have sought
or acquired goods10 or services11 by purchase or lease, and (ii) show that these same goods or
services form the basis of the DTPA complaint. Schmueser v. Burkburnett Bank, 937 F.2d 1025,
1028 (5th Cir.1991); Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 539.
The Jaynes are not consumers for DTPA purposes. Their agreement with Meineke allowed
them to operate a Meineke franchise, and to receive all the accoutrements which accompany the
operation of a nationally recognized franchise operation. The Appellants' DTPA complaint focuses
on the validity of Meineke's ownership of its trademarks and service marks. See R. 63-64 ("Meineke
Discount represented that the trademark rights were fully established.... The representations by
[Meineke] were false, misleading, and deceptive...."). It is this intangible property right, and not any
equipment or services provided by Meineke, that formed the basis of the Jaynes' DTPA claim.
Because both prongs of the consumer status test are not met, the district court properly denied the
Jaynes DTPA relief. See Schmueser, 937 F.2d at 1028; Kennedy v. Sale, 689 S.W.2d 890, 893
(Tex.1985); Cameron, 618 S.W.2d at 539.
V. Trademark Claims
The Jaynes attempted to cancel Meineke's federally registered trademarks. They argued that
by failing to disclose to the United States Patent and Trademark Office the previous use of the
tradename "Bass & Meineke," Meineke fraudulently obtained protection under the trademark laws.
The Jaynes have no proprietary interest in "Bass & Meineke," which is the tradename for an auto
10
"Goods" are statutorily defined as "tangible chattels or real property purchased or leased for
use." Tex.Bus. & Com.Code § 17.45(1).
11
"Services" are defined as "work, labor, or service purchased or leased for use, including
services furnished in connection with the sale or repair of goods." Tex.Bus. & Com.Code §
17.45(2).
parts business that does not compete directly with Meineke. The Jaynes do not contend that they
were restricted in their use of the Meineke trademarks, logos or other sy mbols during the term of
their licensing agreement with Meineke.
The Meineke trade and service marks at issue were registered in 1982 and 1983. Because
they have been registered for over five years, they have become "incontestible," and can only be
cancelled if: (1) the mark has become generic; (2) the mark was abandoned; (3) the registration was
obtained fraudulently; or, (4) the mark was used to misrepresent the source of the goods or services.
See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1064, 1065 (Supp.1993); Park 'N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc., 469 U.S.
189, 197, 105 S.Ct. 658, 663, 83 L.Ed.2d 582 (1985); Selva & Sons, Inc. v. Nina Footwear, Inc.,
705 F.2d 1316, 1326 (Fed.Cir.1983). The Appellants assert that fraud was used to register the marks
under Meineke's ownership.
The evidence supporting this contention is a letter dated October 30, 1972 from Mr. Edward
Bass to Mr. Sam Meineke. R. 867. It confirms that Bass agreed not to use the name "Meineke" in
any fashion in any enterprise engaged in "the muffler shop business." This letter allegedly illustrates
that the Appellee falsely represented to the Patent Office that it was the first to use the "Meineke"
tradename.
The district court concluded that Meineke did not make false statements to the Patent Office
and did not obtain the challenged registrations by fraud. R. 3040. We agree. To succeed on a claim
of fraudulent registration, the challenging party must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the
applicant made false statements with the intent to deceive the licensing authorities. Money Store v.
Harriscorp Finance, Inc., 689 F.2d 666, 670 (7th Cir.1982). The 1972 letter indicates that Messrs.
Bass and Meineke reached an agreement regarding which party had the right to use the tradename
"Meineke" in connection with the automotive muffler installation and repair business. R. 867.
Consequently, in its application for trademark protection, Meineke truthfully stated that, in the realm
of automotive muffler specialists, it was in fact the first entity to use the trade name "Meineke." See
R. 161-62 (Nedell affidavit); R. 157 (letter from Patent Office stating that a search of the Office's
records failed to show that Meineke's proposed marks resembled any registered marks "when applied
to [Meineke's] goods and/or services....").
VI. Attorneys' Fees and Costs
The district court awarded Meineke $564,748 in attorneys' fees, costs and expenses. The
Jaynes contest this amount, arguing that Meineke has no basis from which to claim attorney's fees.
This is incorrect; Meineke has both a contractual and statutory basis from which it can claim
attorneys' fees and costs.12 The Meineke-Jaynes' licensing agreement provides that Meineke is
entitled to "all costs incurred ... including, but not limited to, the cost of all telephone calls, telegrams,
travel, correspondence, attorney fees and court costs." R. 45. Texas statutory law also provides for
the recovery of attorneys' fees when a party prevails on a contract claim. Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem.Code
§ 38.001(8) (Vernon 1986).
We are unpersuaded that the district court erred in assessing the amount of fees and costs.
Counsel for Meineke submitted detailed time sheets and expense records. See R. 3071-3329. The
Jaynes were able to lodge objections to these figures. See R. 3445-3471. The district court carefully
considered the factors for determining attorneys' fees announced in Johnson v. Georgia Highway
Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir.1974).
A recitation of the court's Johnson analysis is unnecessary, as the Appellants have identified
no error in the court's calculation of the fee amount, other than to point out that the fee award is
almost sixty times greater than Meineke's judgment damages. We are not unmindful of the disparity
of these amounts. However, this alone will not support a reversal of the district court's decision. See,
e.g., Estate of Borst v. O'Brien, 979 F.2d 511, 516 (7th Cir.1992) ("[A]n attorneys' fee award need
not be proportionate to the damage award."); Reneau v. Mossy Motors, 622 F.2d 192, 196 (5th
Cir.1980) ("[T]he ceiling on a client's recovery should not operate as an impenetrable barrier to
reasonable compensation.").
The court properly exercised its discretion, and guided by the Johnson factors, assessed fees
and costs against the Jaynes. We find no abuse of this discretion, and affirm. See Fogleman v.
12
See Tang How v. Edward J. Gerrits, Inc., 961 F.2d 174, 179 (11th Cir.1992) (Under
"American Rule," fees not recoverable absent statute or enforceable contract between the
parties.).
Aramco, 920 F.2d 278, 285 (5th Cir.1991) (reviewing cost award for abuse of discretion); Reneau,
622 F.2d at 195 (reviewing attorneys' fee award under same standard).
VII. Conclusion
The Jaynes clearly breached their licensing agreement with Meineke by operating a competing
business during the term of the agreement. They also violated the agreement's covenant not to
operate a competing business for a period of one year within a twenty-mile radius from the former
Meineke franchise after the termination of the Meineke licensing agreement. These are reasonable
restrictions on competition, and are tailored to protect Meineke's legitimate business interests. The
Autocare-Jaynes agreement evinced a civil conspiracy to interfere with contractual and business
relations between Meineke and the Jaynes. Finally, the award of attorney's fees and costs was proper.
We do not reach Meineke's conditional cross-appeal on the issue of amending the pleadings.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.