Whether the Millennium Challenge Corporation Is Subject
to the Open Meeting Requirements of the Sunshine Act
The Millennium Challenge Corporation is not an “agency” for purposes of the open
meeting requirements of the Sunshine Act.
May 3, 2013
MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE
VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL
MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE CORPORATION
Section 552b of the Government in the Sunshine Act (the “Sunshine
Act” or “Act”) provides that, with certain exceptions, “every portion of
every meeting of an agency shall be open to public observation.” Pub. L.
No. 94-409, sec. 3(a), § 552b(b), 90 Stat. 1241, 1241 (1976) (codified at
5 U.S.C. § 552b(b) (2006)). 1 You have asked whether the Millennium
Challenge Corporation (“MCC”), a government corporation established
“to provide United States assistance for global development,” 22 U.S.C.
§ 7701(1) (2006), is exempt from the open meeting requirements of the
Sunshine Act on the ground that it is not an “agency” within the mean-
ing of the Act. Letter for Virginia A. Seitz, Assistant Attorney General,
Office of Legal Counsel, from Melvin F. Williams, Jr., Vice President
and General Counsel, Millennium Challenge Corporation, Re: Request
for Formal Opinion—Applicability of Sunshine Act to Millennium Chal-
lenge Corporation at 1 (Apr. 9, 2013) (“MCC Letter”). Under the Act,
an “agency” is “any agency, as defined in [5 U.S.C. § 552(f ) 2], headed
by a collegial body composed of two or more individual members, a
majority of whom are appointed to such position by the President with
the advice and consent of the Senate.” 5 U.S.C. § 552b(a)(1). As you
acknowledge, all nine members of the MCC Board of Directors are
1 These and the other requirements in section 552b we refer to collectively in this
memorandum as the open meeting requirements of the Sunshine Act.
2 The text of 5 U.S.C. § 552b(a)(1) says “as defined in section 552(e) of this title,” but
section 552(e) was redesignated section 552(f ) by section 1802(b) of Public Law 99-570,
100 Stat. 3207, 3207-49 (1986). See 5 U.S.C. § 552b note (2006).
27
37 Op. O.L.C. 27 (2013)
PAS 3 appointees. In your view, however, the MCC should not be con-
sidered an “agency” because five of the nine directors are not appointed
directly to the Board, but rather serve as members of the Board ex offi-
cio. MCC Letter at 6.
We agree that the MCC is not an agency for purposes of the Sunshine
Act. Our longstanding position has been that an ex officio board member
is not “appointed to such position by the President with the advice and
consent of the Senate” under the Sunshine Act. 4 5 U.S.C. § 552b(a)(1)
(emphasis added). Although an argument could be made that an ex offi-
cio board member is appointed “to such position” when he is appointed
to the underlying position, we have thought that the more natural reading
of the statute requires a direct PAS appointment to a board or other
“collegial body.” Here, under 22 U.S.C. § 7703(c)(3) (2006), five of the
nine directors are members of the Board by virtue of their appointments
to other federal offices: the Secretary of State (appointed PAS pursuant
3 We use the shorthand “PAS” to refer to positions appointed by the President with the
advice and consent of the Senate.
4 See, e.g., Letter for Harold D. Kessler, Acting Executive Director, Federal Labor
Relations Council, from Leon Ulman, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal
Counsel at 2 (Oct. 27, 1976) (“Ulman Letter”) (“Each of the three members of the [Feder-
al Labor Relations] Council was appointed to his basic position by the President with the
advice and consent of the Senate. . . . However, membership on the Council is an ex
officio responsibility; and with respect to such membership, there is no ‘appointment’
subject to the advice and consent of the Senate. It follows that the Council is not an
‘agency’ within the meaning of 5 U.S.C.A. 552b(a)(1).”); Letter for Henry Rose, General
Counsel, Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, from Mary C. Lawton, Deputy Assistant
Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel at 2 (Dec. 28, 1976) (“The [Pension Benefit
Guaranty Corporation] Board of Directors is made up of the Secretary of the Treasury, the
Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Commerce. . . . Each of those officials is appoint-
ed to his basic position by the President subject to confirmation by the Senate. However,
membership on the Board of Directors is an ex officio responsibility, and with respect to
such membership, there is not the requisite form of appointment.”); Letter for Henry L.
Judy, Vice President and General Counsel, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation,
from Mary C. Lawton, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel at 1
(Feb. 15, 1977) (“Our office has considered application of the Sunshine Act to certain
bodies composed of the heads of several separate agencies, i.e. persons appointed to their
basic position by the President with Senate confirmation, but serving ex officio on the
body in question. Regarding these bodies, we relied upon the ‘appointed to such position’
element of the Sunshine Act’s definition and concluded that the ex officio bodies were not
covered.”).
28
Whether the Millennium Challenge Corporation Is Subject to the Sunshine Act
to 22 U.S.C. § 2651a(a)(2) (2006)); the Secretary of the Treasury (PAS,
31 U.S.C. § 301(b) (2006)); the United States Trade Representative
(PAS, 19 U.S.C. § 2171(b)(1) (2006)); the Administrator of the United
States Agency for International Development (PAS, 22 U.S.C. §§ 2384(a),
6592 (2006)); and the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) of the MCC
(PAS, 22 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2)(A)). The President appoints the remaining
four members, with the advice and consent of the Senate, directly to the
Board. 22 U.S.C. § 7703(c)(3)(B). Accordingly, a majority of the MCC
directors have not been appointed “to such position[s]” by the President
with the advice and consent of the Senate.
This interpretation is supported by the one published court of appeals
decision on the subject, Symons v. Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee
Board, 670 F.2d 238 (1981). In that case, the D.C. Circuit held that a
government corporation with all five board members designated ex officio
was not an “agency” under the Sunshine Act, notwithstanding the board
members’ PAS appointment to their respective underlying positions. The
court concluded in Symons that the plain meaning of the phrase “appoint-
ed to such position” (emphasis added) excluded ex officio designees. Id.
at 245. The court found no warrant in the legislative history to read the
phrase “to such position” out of the statute; to the contrary, it noted that
Congresswoman Bella Abzug, one of the sponsors of the Sunshine Act,
had testified that “agencies whose members serve in an ex officio capacity
would not be subject to the Sunshine Act.” Id. at 242. 5 The court also
cited advice given by this Office to the Federal Labor Relations Council,
in which we stated that the Council was not an “agency” subject to the
Sunshine Act, because all three of its members serve in that position ex
officio. Id. at 243 & n.7 (citing Ulman Letter, supra note 4, at 2). Finally,
the court noted that one agency had concluded in regulations implement-
5 Specifically, Congresswoman Abzug testified that the National Security Council
would not be covered by the Sunshine Act because its members are “not appointed to that
position by the President”; rather, “they are appointed to other positions and . . . are ex
officio members” of the Council. Government in the Sunshine: Hearings on H.R. 11656
Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Law & Governmental Relations of the H. Comm. on the
Judiciary, 94th Cong. 16 (1976).
29
37 Op. O.L.C. 27 (2013)
ing the Sunshine Act that it was not covered by the Act because a majority
of its board members occupied their positions ex officio. Id. 6
One member of the panel in Symons dissented, pointing out that the
phrase “to such position” could be read to refer to any position in which
an individual will serve ex officio by virtue of an appointment, since at
the time of appointment he would automatically assume the ex officio
position as well. 670 F.2d at 246–47 (Wald, J., dissenting). Before Sy-
mons, the Comptroller General endorsed this same interpretation in de-
termining that Amtrak, as then constituted, was an “agency” for purposes
of the Sunshine Act. See Printing by Government Printing Office for
National Railroad Passenger Corporation, 57 Comp. Gen. 773, 774–76
(1978). As the Symons majority held, however, this reading would render
the phrase “to such position” “mere surplusage,” “violat[ing] a fundamen-
tal rule of statutory interpretation—that in construing statutes courts
should give effect, if possible, to every word used by Congress.” 670 F.2d
at 241–42 (citing Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S. 330, 339 (1979)). It
is also worth noting that the committee reports on the Sunshine Act con-
6 This agency was the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) within the Federal
Reserve Board. 42 Fed Reg. 13,300, 13,300 (Mar. 10, 1977) (codified at 12 C.F.R.
§ 281.2 (1978)) (“The FOMC’s membership is composed of the seven members of the
Board of Governors [of the Federal Reserve System] and five representatives of the
Federal Reserve Banks who are selected annually in accordance with the procedures set
forth in Section 12A of the Federal Reserve Act, 12 U.S.C. § 263(a). Members of the
Board of Governors serve in an ex officio capacity on the FOMC by reason of their
appointment as Members of the Board of Governors, not as a result of an appointment ‘to
such position’ (the FOMC) by the President. Representatives of the Reserve Banks serve
on the FOMC not as a result of an appointment ‘to such position’ by the President, but
rather by virtue of their positions with the Reserve Banks and their selection pursuant to
Section 12A of the Federal Reserve Act. It is clear therefore that the FOMC does not fall
within the scope of an ‘agency’ or ‘subdivision’ as defined in the Sunshine Act and
consequently is not subject to the provisions of the Act.”).
A second agency, a review board within the Department of Defense, has also taken
this position with respect to the Sunshine Act. DoD Directive 1000.20, 44 Fed. Reg.
11,220, 11,221, 11,223 (Feb. 28, 1979) (indicating that the Department of Defense
Civilian/Military Service Review Board is not subject to the open meeting requirements
of the Sunshine Act because its members—“one representative each from the Office of
the Secretary of Defense and the Departments of the Army, Navy and Air Force, and
the Department of Transportation when cases involve groups claiming active Coast
Guard service”—might be PAS in their underlying positions but would not be appoint-
ed in that manner to the Review Board).
30
Whether the Millennium Challenge Corporation Is Subject to the Sunshine Act
tained lists of agencies that were expected to be covered by the definition
in the Act. Those lists, prepared in consultation with the Department of
Justice, did not appear to include any agency that had a majority of its
members designated ex officio. See H.R. Rep. No. 94-880, pt. 2, at 13–14
(1976); S. Rep. No. 94-354, at 15–16 (1975).
We have adhered to the interpretation adopted by the D.C. Circuit in
Symons ever since the Sunshine Act was enacted. See supra note 4.
Symons remains good law, and we are aware of no subsequent contrary
authority. Following Symons and our prior advice, we conclude that the
ex officio members of the MCC Board of Directors are not “appointed to
such position” by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate
and that the MCC therefore should not be considered an “agency” subject
to the open meeting requirements of the Sunshine Act.
In reaching this conclusion, we have considered specifically whether
the MCC should be distinguished from the entities considered by our
prior advice, either because all of the directors who are appointed
directly to the Board receive their appointment by the President, with
the advice and consent of the Senate, or because the four private sector
directors together with the CEO of the MCC constitute a majority of the
Board. Neither of these features persuades us to reach a different con-
clusion. First, we believe that all members of the Board, including ex
officio members, must be included when assessing whether a majority
of the Board has been appointed “to such position” directly by the
President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. As the Sunshine
Act states, to be subject to the open meeting requirements of the Act, an
agency must be “headed by a collegial body composed of two or more
individual members, a majority of whom are appointed to such position
by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552b(a)(1) (emphasis added). “[W]hom” refers to the entirety of the
collegial body. Thus, a majority of the members of the collegial body
that heads the agency—and not just a majority of the members of the
collegial body left over after the ex officio members are subtracted—
must be PAS appointees. It does not matter here that a majority of the
non-ex officio members (all four) of the MCC Board are PAS appoin-
tees. The denominator in the equation is the nine members of the Board
as a whole, of whom only four are PAS appointees.
31
37 Op. O.L.C. 27 (2013)
Second, we believe that the CEO of the MCC is properly regarded as
one of these ex officio members, because by statute the CEO is appoint-
ed to a separate office and serves on the Board by virtue of that separate
office. The MCC statute declares in one subparagraph (22 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(2)(A)) that “the Chief Executive Officer shall be appointed by
the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate” and
then declares in a separate subparagraph (id. § 7703(c)(3)(A)) that “[t]he
Board shall consist of . . . the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the
Treasury, the Administrator of the United States Agency for Internation-
al Development, the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, and the
United States Trade Representative.” That the office of the CEO is
distinct from the Board is underscored by the fact that the CEO “shall
report to and be under the direct authority of the Board.” Id.
§ 7703(b)(3).
For all these reasons, we agree with you that the MCC should not be
considered an “agency” subject to the open meeting requirements of the
Sunshine Act.
VIRGINIA A. SEITZ
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
32