United States v. McIntosh

14-1908(L)
United States v. McIntosh

1
2 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
4
5 SUMMARY ORDER
6
7 RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
8 SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
9 BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
10 WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
11 MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
12 NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A
13 COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
14
15 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
16 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
17 City of New York, on the 31st day of January, two thousand twenty-two.
18
19 PRESENT: JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
20 RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
21 Circuit Judges,
22 TIMOTHY C. STANCEU, *
23 Judge.
24 .
25 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
26 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
27 Appellee-Cross-Appellant,
28
29 v. Nos. 14-1908, 14-3922,
30 17-2623
31
32 LOUIS MCINTOSH, AKA Lou D, AKA Lou
33 Diamond, AKA G,

*Senior Judge Timothy C. Stanceu, of the United States Court of International Trade,
sitting by designation.

1
 1 Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appellee,
2
3 EDWARD RAMIREZ, AKA Taz, TERRENCE
4 DUHANEY, AKA Bounty Killer, TURHAN
5 JESSAMY, AKA Vay, QUINCY WILLIAMS, AKA
6 Capone, TYRELL ROCK, AKA Smurf, NEIL
7 MORGAN, AKA Steely,
8 Defendants.
9
10 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
11 APPEARING FOR APPELLANT: STEVEN YUROWITZ, Newman & Greenberg
12 LLP, New York, NY.
13
14 APPEARING FOR APPELLEE: SARAH KRISSOFF, Assistant United States
15 Attorney (Thomas McKay, Assistant United
16 States Attorney, on the brief), for Geoffrey S.
17 Berman, United States Attorney for the
18 Southern District of New York, New York,
19 NY.

20 Appeal from a ruling of the United States District Court for the Southern

21 District of New York (Sidney H. Stein, J.).

22 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

23 AND DECREED that the amended judgment entered on August 8, 2017 is in part

24 AFFIRMED and in part VACATED. The judgment of acquittal entered on

25 January 17, 2014 is REVERSED. The case is REMANDED to the district court for

26 resentencing.

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 1 Appellant Louis McIntosh appeals from a 2017 amended judgment of

2 conviction following a 2014 trial for several Hobbs Act robberies. The government

3 cross-appeals from a district court judgment of acquittal vacating two counts of

4 McIntosh’s conviction. McIntosh raises several issues for review, three of which

5 the government does not contest. McIntosh’s uncontested arguments are: first, that

6 his conviction on Count Two of the indictment was improper because conspiring

7 to commit Hobbs Act robbery is not a crime of violence; second, that he was

8 improperly sentenced because the district court did not take account of his firearm

9 mandatory minimum sentence when calculating his predicate offense sentences;

10 and, third, that the district court improperly found him jointly and severally liable

11 for the robberies’ proceeds.

12 In addition, McIntosh claims that he was improperly convicted of Counts

13 Seven and Eight because venue was not proper in the Southern District of New

14 York and because the robbery at issue did not have a connection to interstate

15 commerce. And finally, he argues that the forfeiture and restitution orders should

16 be vacated because he was not present when they were imposed and the amount

17 calculated was not proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In its cross appeal,

3
 1 meanwhile, the government argues that the district court erred when it ruled that

2 there was not enough evidence to convict McIntosh on Counts Five and Six.

3 This summary order addresses the above arguments. In addition, McIntosh

4 argues that his forfeiture should be vacated because the district court did not enter

5 a preliminary forfeiture order prior to sentencing, as required by Federal Rule of

6 Criminal Procedure 32.2. He also asserts that he was improperly convicted of

7 possessing firearms as a felon, Counts Twelve through Fourteen, because the

8 government did not prove that he knew that he was a felon. A separate opinion

9 issued concurrently with this summary order addresses these arguments.

10 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural

11 history, and arguments on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to explain

12 our decision.

13 I. McIntosh’s Uncontested Arguments

14 McIntosh first argues that his conviction on Count Two of the indictment

15 was improper. Count Two alleged that he violated 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) by carrying

16 firearms in furtherance of a conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery. Section

17 924(c) criminalizes the use of firearms in furtherance of “any crime of violence.”

18 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). We have since held, however, that conspiring to commit

4
 1 Hobbs Act robbery is not a “crime of violence” under § 924(c). See United States v.

2 Barrett, 937 F.3d 126, 127 (2d Cir. 2019) (“Davis precludes us from concluding, as

3 we did in our original opinion, that Barrett’s Hobbs Act robbery conspiracy crime

4 qualifies as a § 924(c) crime of violence.”) (citing United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct.

5 2319, 2324 (2019)). As a result, McIntosh’s conviction on Count Two is vacated.

6 McIntosh next challenges his sentence on the basis that the district court did

7 not consider the severity of the mandatory minimum sentence imposed by

8 McIntosh’s firearm convictions when calculating his sentence for the Hobbs Act

9 offenses. In doing so, the court followed our then controlling precedent. See United

10 States v. Chavez, 549 F.3d 119, 135 (2d Cir. 2008). Subsequently, however, the

11 Supreme Court held that a sentencing court is permitted to consider the

12 mandatory minimum resulting from such offenses, abrogating Chavez. See Dean v.

13 United States, 137 S. Ct. 1170 (2017). We remand the case for resentencing in light

14 of Dean.

15 Finally, McIntosh objects to being held jointly and severally liable for the

16 proceeds of the robberies. At sentencing, the district court ordered McIntosh to

17 pay $75,000 in forfeiture, the total amount stolen in the robberies, even though the

18 evidence suggests that he received only a portion of that amount. In Honeycutt v.

5
 1 United States, the Supreme Court held that a different forfeiture statute precluded

2 joint and several liability among conspirators. 137 S. Ct. 1626, 1632 (2017). We

3 conclude and the government now concedes that Honeycutt’s reasoning applies

4 with equal force to the forfeiture statute at issue here, 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(c).

5 Accordingly, the forfeiture order is vacated, and the issue is remanded to be

6 recalculated consistent with the understanding that Honeycutt prohibits joint and

7 several liability under 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(c). 1

8 II. McIntosh’s Contested Arguments

9 a. Counts Seven and Eight

10 McIntosh’s first contested argument is that he was improperly convicted of

11 Counts Seven and Eight, which allege the robbery of loan shark and wholesale ice

12 cream salesman Robert Rizzatti in Lynbrook, Long Island. McIntosh contends that

13 the Southern District of New York was not the appropriate venue for these counts

14 and that the prosecution failed to establish the robbery’s required connection to

15 interstate commerce.

1Given the government’s concession, “we need not here decide whether Honeycutt's reasoning applies
equally in all respects to forfeiture orders under 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C).” United States v. Gil-Guerrero, 759
F. App'x 12, 18 n.8 (2d Cir. 2018).

6
 1 Venue “is not an element of a crime,” and so it need only be proved by a

2 preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Rommy, 506 F.3d 108, 119 (2d Cir.

3 2007) (quotation marks omitted). For Hobbs Act robbery and related firearms

4 charges, venue is “proper in any district where interstate commerce is affected or

5 where the alleged acts took place.” United States v. Davis, 689 F.3d 179, 186 (2d Cir.

6 2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

7 In this case, the government sufficiently established venue. Rizzatti

8 purchased ice cream for his business from a distributor located in the Southern

9 District. The distributor, in turn, sourced the product from a factory in New Jersey.

10 A loss of capital likely affected Rizzatti’s future purchases, in turn affecting

11 interstate commerce. The government also introduced evidence showing that

12 McIntosh took substantial steps toward the completion of the Lynbrook robbery

13 in the Southern District, including meeting with and recruiting co-conspirators,

14 gathering weapons beforehand, and dividing the proceeds of the robbery. See

15 United States v. Davis, 689 F.3d 179, 190 (2d Cir. 2012) (holding that a defendant’s

16 telephone call to the Southern District to recruit co-conspirators contributed to

17 making the district a proper venue for prosecution for attempted robbery). Both

18 the effect on interstate commerce and the steps taken in the district are enough to

7
 1 establish proper venue in the Southern District of New York. Our precedent here

2 is well-established and binding, and we decline McIntosh’s invitation to have us

3 reexamine it.

4 McIntosh also argues that the government did not show an effect on

5 interstate commerce because it did not prove that the stolen money would have

6 otherwise been used by Rizzatti to purchase ice cream. By stealing his money,

7 however, McIntosh reduced Rizzatti’s available funds, which would have at least

8 marginally affected his ability to purchase ice cream in the future. Venue was

9 proper in this case.

10 In addition to his venue arguments, McIntosh asserts that the Lynbrook

11 robbery lacked a sufficient nexus to interstate commerce to satisfy the

12 jurisdictional element of Hobbs Act robbery. See 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). In a Hobbs

13 Act prosecution, the burden of proving a nexus to interstate commerce is minimal

14 and “may be satisfied by a showing of a very slight effect on interstate commerce.”

15 United States v. Angelilli, 660 F.2d 23, 35 (2d Cir. 1981). “[A]ll that need be shown is

16 the possibility or potential of an effect on interstate commerce, not an actual

8
 1 effect.” United States v. Needham, 604 F.3d 673, 680 (2d Cir. 2010) (abrogated on

2 other grounds).

3 The evidence shows that Rizzatti was engaged in two informal businesses

4 affecting interstate commerce: selling ice cream wholesale that was manufactured

5 in and purchased from New Jersey, and loaning money to people in New York

6 who used it for out-of-state contracts. McIntosh specifically sought to steal the cash

7 Rizzatti used in conducting these enterprises, thus depleting the assets and

8 affecting Rizzatti’s ability to purchase more ice cream manufactured in New Jersey

9 and to extend additional loans. See Needham, 604 F.3d at 680.

10 McIntosh responds that the government did not produce evidence that the

11 money robbed would have been used in the furtherance of either business. But a

12 “very slight effect” on one’s informal businesses is an inevitable result of

13 unexpectedly losing a significant amount of money. McIntosh also argues that

14 Rizzatti’s testimony that his ice cream came from out of state was inadequate

15 because he based this claim on a 1980s visit to a New Jersey manufacturing facility.

16 McIntosh analogizes this to cases holding that evidence of a time when federal

17 deposit insurance covered a bank could not be used to infer earlier or subsequent

9
 1 coverage. See United States v. Sliker, 751 F.2d 477, 484 (2d Cir. 1984); United States v.

2 Ali, 266 F.3d 1242, 1244 (9th Cir. 2001); United States v. Shively, 715 F.2d 260, 265

3 (7th Cir. 1983). Rizzatti testified, however, that he believed the ice cream was

4 sourced from New Jersey at the time of the robbery, and no contrary evidence was

5 introduced. In the cases cited by McIntosh no testimony was provided about

6 contemporaneous coverage. As a result, they are inapposite.

7 The government brought the Lynbrook robbery charges in a proper venue

8 and sufficiently established the interstate element. Thus, we affirm McIntosh’s

9 conviction on Counts Seven and Eight.

10 b. The Forfeiture and Restitution Orders

11 Finally, McIntosh advances three arguments for why the forfeiture and

12 restitution orders imposed as part of his final judgment should be vacated. In our

13 accompanying opinion, we deal with the third argument—that the district court’s

14 failure to comply with a procedural deadline prohibits entry of the forfeiture

15 order. McIntosh’s other two points are addressed here.

16 As the government points out, McIntosh’s argument that his presence was

17 required at the imposition of the orders is moot. This summary order remands the

10
 1 case for resentencing, and so he will be present for the imposition of the new

2 judgment. McIntosh also argues that the restitution and forfeiture amounts should

3 have been calculated beyond a reasonable doubt. McIntosh acknowledges,

4 however, that this argument is foreclosed by binding Second Circuit case law. See

5 United States v. Stevenson, 834 F.3d 80, 86 (2d Cir. 2016) (affirming that a forfeiture

6 amount need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt); see also United States v.

7 Bengis, 783 F.3d 407, 412 (2d Cir. 2015) (holding the same in the relevant restitution

8 context). We affirm the district court on this point.

9 III. The Government’s Cross Appeal

10 Counts Five and Six of the indictment charged McIntosh with attempting to

11 rob drug dealers at a dice game on Cliff Street in Yonkers and using a firearm in

12 the process. The jury convicted him on these counts, but the district court

13 overturned the verdict. The court determined that the evidence was insufficient to

14 establish that McIntosh had “intended to rob” the dealers, as opposed to just

15 assaulting them. The government contends that the evidence was sufficient and

16 that district court erred in acquitting McIntosh on these counts.

11
 1 When reviewing a verdict, we are required to uphold the jury’s finding if

2 “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

3 beyond a reasonable doubt.” See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). In

4 making this determination, “we must view the evidence in the light most favorable

5 to the government, crediting every inference that could have been drawn in the

6 government's favor, and deferring to the jury's assessment of witness credibility

7 and its assessment of the weight of the evidence.” United States v. Coplan, 703 F.3d

8 46, 62 (2d Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted).

9 Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding that McIntosh possessed

10 the required intent to rob the drug dealers. The jury heard testimony from three

11 witnesses directly supporting this finding. One witness, Terrence Duhaney, stated

12 that Ramirez and McIntosh “was [sic] saying the whole plan was to rob the dice

13 game.” J.A. at 355. Another, Hibah Lee, testified that McIntosh later told him that

14 he went to his truck “to get the shotgun to go in [Biggs’s] pocket and teach him a

15 lesson,” which meant to “rob him.” Id. at 372. And, finally, Edward Ramirez stated

16 that McIntosh was “talking about how . . . we went over [to Cliff Street] to catch

17 jerks, which in street terms means a robbery, and we didn’t get nothing.” Id. at 327.

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 1 The jury also received circumstantial evidence supporting the conclusion

2 that McIntosh planned to rob the dealers. First, the jury heard testimony that

3 McIntosh gave his co-conspirators a “look” during the dice game, which they

4 understood to mean that “it was going to be something.” Id. at 325. After the

5 “look,” his co-conspirators began discussing “who was going to rob who for

6 what,” suggesting that McIntosh intended more than an assault. Id. Second, the

7 jury received evidence showing that McIntosh initially went to Cliff Street to

8 commit a different robbery, but that attempt was abandoned because too many

9 people were inside the house. Although evidence of that planned robbery does

10 not, by itself, establish McIntosh’s intent to rob the dice game, it reinforces the

11 conclusion that McIntosh decided to seize an opportunity to rob the dice game

12 instead.

13 The district court, in finding this evidence inconclusive, emphasized that the

14 “look” and the initial plan to commit a different robbery are insufficient to

15 establish McIntosh’s intent beyond a reasonable doubt. The court also noted that

16 the section of Ramirez’s testimony quoted above could refer to the initial intention

17 to commit a different robbery. The district court then concluded that the testimony

18 of Duhaney and Lee, on its own, is not enough to establish McIntosh’s intent. The

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 1 district court’s analysis thus separated the individual pieces of evidence, reasoning

2 that no one piece meets the burden of proof. When reviewing a jury’s finding,

3 however, the court must take account of “the totality of the government's case”

4 and not restrict its analysis “to each element, as each fact may gain color from

5 others.” United States v. Riggi, 541 F.3d 94, 108 (2d Cir. 2008) (quotation mark

6 omitted). When assessing the evidence holistically, we believe that a rational trier

7 of fact could have found McIntosh guilty.

8 In his brief, McIntosh reiterates the district court’s reasoning and raises

9 several issues with the trustworthiness and consistency of the witnesses’

10 testimony. Such arguments, however, go to the credibility and weight of the

11 evidence, as to which we defer to the jury. See Coplan, 703 F.3d at 62. The district

12 court erred when it overturned the jury.

13 Anticipating this outcome, McIntosh also argues that the dismissal of Count

14 Six, using a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, must be affirmed because

15 the predicate offense, attempted robbery, is not a crime of violence. After the

16 briefing in this case, however, we held that attempted robbery was, in fact, a

17 categorical crime of violence. See United States v. McCoy, 995 F.3d 32, 55 (2d Cir.

18 2021) (“[A]n ‘attempt’ to commit Hobbs Act robbery . . . categorically qualifies as

14
 1 a crime of violence.”). Thus, this argument fails, and the district court is reversed

2 on Counts Five and Six.

3 * * *

4 McIntosh’s conviction on Count Two is VACATED. The district court’s

5 judgment dismissing Counts Five and Six is REVERSED. The district court is

6 AFFIRMED on Counts Seven and Eight. The district court’s forfeiture order is

7 VACATED as to the issue of joint and several liability. As explained in the

8 precedential opinion filed simultaneously with this order, the district court is

9 AFFIRMED on the issue of the deadline under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

10 32.2 and on Counts Twelve through Fourteen. The case is REMANDED to the

11 district court for resentencing consistent with Dean and this summary order.

12 FOR THE COURT:

13 CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court

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