The questions presented by the motion under consideration are two : 1. Is there a description of interlocutory orders of the court of chancery clearly defined by the decisions of this court, from which no appeal lies, embracing the order appealed from in this case % and 2. If there be no such class of orders, can an appeal be sustained on the order in question, considering its character and object %
By the eighth section of the statute relative to this court, (1 R. L. 134,) the right of appeal is expressly given to all persons aggrieved by any sentence, judgment, decree or order of the court of chancery. In another section of the same act it appears conclusively that this right is not to be confined in its exercise to final decrees, but extends to interlocutory orders. The language of the statute seems to give an unrestricted right of appeal from all orders ; yet I believe that every member of this court, who has had occasion to speak with direct reference to this subject, has declared that there is a class of orders of the court of chancery which this court will not review on appeal. Efforts have been frequently made to establish the line of distinction between the two classes of orders. All have acknowledged the great difficulty of fixing definitely this line to any good purpose, and most *231who have labored to do it, appear to me to have retired from the task, with a conviction that it was impracticable.
As far as my examination has extended, it appears that this question was, for the first time, distinctly presented to this coui’t in 1800. In the case of Newkirk v. Willet, (2 Johns. Cas, 415,) the question was raised whether an appeal would lie from an order dissolving an injunction. It came up on the hearing of the appeal, and the court -waived it, and disposed of the appeal on its merits. Chancellor Kent, then a justice of the supreme court, observed, in relation to this question, that there was a line of distinction between that class of orders arising in the progress of a cause in the court of chancery, which may be reviewed on appeal, 'and the class of orders from which an appeal will not lie. He perceived the difficulty of drawing the line, and alleged the Want of time to make a proper examination into the subject, as an excuse for not then attempting it.
Taylor v. Delancey, (2 Caines’ Cas. in Err. 142,) was the next case in which the question arose as to the class of orders on which this court would refuse to sustain appeals. The judge of probates had selected one of several persons, next of kin in equal degree to the intestate, for administrator, and there was an appeal to this court from the order making the selection. This court decided that it was purely in the sound discretion of the judge of probates to take any one for administrator, to the exclusion of others in equal degree. On the point whether the court could relieve on appeal, if the discretion appeared to have been abused, Spencer, J, observed, that he was not disposed to say that there might not be cases where the exercise of a discretion in an unjust and illegal manner would not be examinable and relievable. Waiving the expression of an opinion upon the abstract question of the abuse of discretionary power, he decided that the case before the court did not present such a question for their consideration.
In 1808, the right of appeal from certain interlocutory orders of the court of chancery came under discussion here, in the case of the Trustees of Huntington v. Nicoll, (3 Johns. R. 566.) The chancellor had granted two orders in that *232case, from which there had been appeals. One was for as injunction staying the parties in a suit at law, from proceeding to trial at a particular circuit. Van Ness, J. in his opinion, admits that the statute seems to give an appeal from any order, but he thinks it cannot be denied that there are orders from which there can be no appeal. “ If it were practicable,” he says, “ it would be very desirable, by a decision of this court on some proper occasion, to establish a rule on this subject whereby the profession might hereafter be governed.” It will appear quite evident, from an examination of that case, that nothing was done in it towards enabling us to lay down the rule which was thought to be so desirable. It was conceded, that the power to grant injunctions is confided to the discretion of the court, and its exercise in that particular case did not affect the merits of the cause; and yet this court chose to put their decision upon the ground that the injunction was temporary, and the object of it had been attained long before the appeal came on to be heard. Mr. Justice Van Ness comes to the conclusion, that in all cases where an appeal is brought on an order of that description, this court should be satisfied that the order had been made clearly and palpably contrary to the equity of the case, and the rules and practice of the court.
Spencer, J. was against dismissing the appeal, and he disposed of the question as to the order being one from which an appeal would not lie, by the general declaration that the right was given by statute, and when the appeal was interposed, the order from which it was brought was an existing one.
Kent, Ch. J. said in relation to the order for the injunction, that the appeal from such an order was without precedent, and, as appeared to him, without sense or meaning. To reverse an order long since expired, he said was absurd. The other order was for the examination of the complainant’s guardians, as witnesses. All the members of the court who gave opinions, were in favor of dismissing the appeal as to that order, because the objection on that point should be to the testimony when taken, and an order made thereon would be the proper subject of an appeal, if the party was aggrieved.
*233In the case of McVickar v. Wolcott, (4 Johns. R. 510,) this court decided that an appeal lies from an order of the court of chancery, refusing to dissolve an injunction, and awarding costs against the defendants. The same question as to the distinction between orders from which appeals would or would not lie, that had arisen in the preceding cases, and which the court had declined to decide any further than became strictly necessary for the disposition of the cause before them, met them again in this case,"and found them as unprepared, and as much embarrassed with the difficulties attending it, as they had been on any former occasion. The learned judge who delivered the opinion of the court, expressly declined drawing the line of distinction. He merely decides that the refusal to dissolve an injunction directing it to be retained, and awarding costs to be paid by the party making the application, is an order within the terms of the statute.
The case of Buel and Street, (9 Johns. R. 443,) decides that an appeal does not lie from an order of the court of chancery, for an attachment to bring up a party for disobeying an inj unction. The question now under consideration was much discussed on the argument of that case, and considered in the opinions delivered by the judges. After alluding to the former decisions of this court, Yates, J. declares that it appeared to him impracticable to establish a definite rule on the subject. The chief justice thought the statute did not apply to a decree or order that did not involve a decision upon some matter touching the merits of the controversy. Spencer, J. declared that an appeal would lie where the order affected the rights of the parties, or imposed a grievance, but not on a mere practical order.
The case of Clason v. Shotwell, (12 Johns. R. 31,) name here on a writ of error from the supreme court, and the learned and able opinion given by the chancellor in that case, refers to the law as applicable to writs of error ; and he notes the distinction between these writs and appeals on orders of the court of chancery. He lays down and establishes, by authority and argument, the general rule, that error will not lie on a matter resting in discretion.
*234In the case of Travis and Waters, (12 Johns. R. 510,) where this question came again under consideration, Platt, J. observed, that he was not prepared to say .that an appeal would not lie in any case for costs only, and Spencer, J. intimates an opinion that an appeal would lie in such a case, under our statute.
I believe I have alluded to most, if not all of the cases wherein this court have had occasion to consider the distinction between orders, with regard to the question whether appeals may or may not be brought on them, and I have attempted to draw from them a general role to mark the two classes; but I must confess that I have closed the examination of them, with the same conviction which others have expressed, that it is exceedingly difficult, if not impracticable, to arrive at any satisfactory result. Each case, it seems to me, has been decided, in a great degree, with reference to its own characteristics, and without regard to the application of any principle classifying these orders. If this court shall now attempt to extract from the various positions laid down in these cases, a general role for the government of their proceedings, it is a matter of duty that they should not forget that they are fixing limits to a highly prized and valuable right, and that an unnecessary restriction upon its exercise may, and most probably would, interfere in an essential manner with the administration of justice.
On the argument, the rule laid down by the chancellor in the case of Clason v. Shotwell, relative to writs of error, was much urged upon our consideration. There is an evident distinction between writs of error, and appeals. If it had not been long established by unquestionable authority, the court would at once see the necessity of recognizing it. The discretionary powers confided to courts of common law, are few and unimportant, compared with the immense mass of them which surrounds, and, perhaps I might say, constitutes the very being of a court of equity. The power of issuing injunctions and attachments' is, so to speak, the right arm of the court of chancery, and the exercise of it, in almost every instance, is conceded to be a matter resting in discretion. To put every act of this power, be its consequences to par*235ties ever so serious, wholly beyond a review by the court of the last resort, would, in many instances, be a denial of justice, and the surrender of a long used and necessary portion of the jurisdiction of this court.
In the case of Taylor and Delancey, presenting, as nearly as any one could, the abstract question of the exercise of discretionary power, it was strongly intimated that this court would interfere and relieve, where the discretion had been exercised in an unjust manner. In the case of a temporary injunction to stay the party from proceeding to trial at law, one of the ablest judges that ever had a seat in this court, was in favor of sustaining the appeal from the order granting it. The question whether an appeal would or would no,t lie on an order dissolving or refusing to dissolve an injunction, a matter certainly resting as much in discretion as any that can come before the "chancellor, has been twice distinctly raised here. In the one case, (2 Caines’ C. in error, 296,) the court declined the question, and in the other, (4 Johns. R. 510,) it decided that an appeal would lie on an order refusing to dissolve an injunction, and alloxving costs for resisting" the application.
It is a familiar principle, that questions of costs are confided to the discretion of the chancellor, yet it has been decisively intimated, that an appeal would be sustained here on an order relating solely to costs. Enough has been shown, it appears to me, without going more at large into this matter, to satisfy us, that if we should adopt the broad rule that no appeal can be entertained here from an order made by the court of chancery, in the exercise of its discretionary powers, xve should come in conflict with several of the former decisions of this court, and depart from the settled construction of the statute securing the right of appeal.
But if we have the right to review the decisions of the chancellor depending on discretion, must we be necessarily carried as far as was proposed on the argument 1 Can we dismiss no appeal from any order whatever, which does in fact, or may by possibility affect the merits of the cause in which it was made 1 A rule as broad and undefined as this, would not, I apprehend, be worth formally setting up and recog*236nizing as a guide in our proceedings. Indeed, it would scarcely deserve the name of a rule, for it would regulate nothing. With it we could never venture to dismiss an appeal, without examining the merits of the order from which it was made, and ascertaining its connection with the merits of the cause in the court below; and without any rule on the subject, we have no occasion to do more.
When my attention was first turned to this question, I did suppose that a safe middle course might be found between a line of distinction which excludes too much, like that laid down by the counsel for the respondents, and one like that offered by the counsel for the appellants, which, as a rule calculated to produce any practical good, does not exclude enough; but I have not been able to trace it to my satisfaction.
I am convinced that the benefits of a rule on this subject are overrated, and the difficulties of establishing it have not been generally appreciated. This court has not yet been greatly oppressed with appeals on questionable orders. The reports of its proceedings for more than thirty years, furnish but few cases; nor does it appear that the house of lords in England, which is situated in relation to the equity courts of that country as this court is to our court of chancery, has felt the necessity of such a rule, to relieve itself from the bur-then of appeals from interlocutory orders.
Being unable to dispose of the motion before us by applying to it any general rule, it becomes necessary to consider ' the general character of the order on which the appeal is brought, and the object of the application denied by the court below, so far at least, as to determine whether this court ought to sustain the appeal. We ought not to send the appellants out of court unheard on the merits of their appeal, without being fully satisfied that they could have no relief here, in case they should show their situation to be such as they represent it.
We are then, for .the purpose of deciding this motion, to assume that the witness, in order to whose re-examination the defendants applied to the chancellor to have the proofs opened, had been cross-examined in a proper manner to *237draw out the facts which they now wish to prove by him; that since publication passed in the cause below, he has disclosed under oath, in a suit at law, facts which he did not disclose on his examination in chancery, material and pertinent to the defence of the appellants ; and that a seasonable application was made for his further examination. This is the case that the appellants declare they shall present to us on the appeal, ancT until we investigate its merits we cannot say that it is not what they represent it to be. I cannot doubt that an order refusing such an application would be a decision affecting the merits of the cause in which it should be made, and a matter of serious grievance to the party against whom it might be entered. If such a case exists, why shall not the aggrieved party find relief in this court 1 Not merely because the granting or refusing of the application to the court below was confided to its discretion; because we have seen that this court, in repeated instances, has refused to restrict itself by this consideration, and in several cases has sustained appeals on orders emanating from the discretionary powers of the courts in which they were made. Was the application below to the favour of the court 1 This is denied by the appellants, and on the assumption which this motion requires us to make, may well be denied. I regard it as a matter of right, that a party should have the full benefit of any defence he may have in a court of equity which he has not waived by his acts or forfeited by his negligence ; and if, from the peculiar circumstances of the case, the rules of proceeding adopted for ordinary cases stand in the way of making such defence, the party, I think, may claim of the court ex vigore juris, that it should conform its proceedings to the peculiar circumstances of the case.
I do not, I am confident, undervalue the importance of having established modes of proceeding in all courts of law and equity, and of enforcing an observance of them; but to withhold right by an undue regard to the forms by which it is obtained in common cases, is making the end subservient to the means, and would seem to be, in a court of equity, a renunciation of one of the acknowledged objects of its original institution; that of qualifying and tempering the rigor *238and sharpness of the common law in special cases, and of supplying that which is defective, and controlling that which is unintentionally harsh in the application of a general rule to a particular case. (1 Fonb. Eq. 6.)
Although I regard it as the duty of this court to entertain an appeal from an order in the court of chancery on a matter confided to its discretion, and touching the mode of its proceedings in the progress of a cause, I do not hesitate to say, that the case to which we will apply our correcting power must be of no equivocal character; it must appeal strongly to our sense of justice. The case which the appellants have put to us would, in my judgment, warrant our interference and require our correction. I am, therefore, for denying this motion and hearing the appeal on its merits.
Sutherland, J. concurred in the result of the opinion pronounced by Mr. Justice Marcy. He also had found the difficulty of proposing a general rule by which this court should be bound in determining the cases in which they would entertain appeals from interlocutory orders, considering the extremely broad and comprehensive language of the statute. The orders of the court of chancery are so numerous and various that it is in vain to attempt the laying down of a general rule ; but if practicable, he doubted the propriety of adopting such rule, when he took into view the phraseology of the statute giving the right of appeal. The question should be, whenever a motion is made to dismiss an appeal, is the order such as materially affects the merits of the cause? If it is, the appeal should be sustained, and the motion should be determined not by an enquiry into the merits of the cause, but on the abstract question, will the order appealed from probably affect the merits 1 In the present case, he said he could well conceive that the order appealed from might affect the merits, and he therefore was against granting the motion.
The Chancellor expressed his regret, that during the avocations of a stated term of the court of chancery, he had not been able to bestow that attention upon this question *239which its importance demanded. He had, however, arrived l ' at the same result with the justices of the supreme court. The case of appeals, he said, could not be likened to writs of error, which brought in review only th ejinal decision of the court below. The organization of the courts were different. Formerly, the governors were chancellors, and great jealousy existed towards them in the exercise of their chancery powers; to which might be traced the provision giving a right of appeal from interlocutory orders as well as final decrees. The true question, on motions to dismiss appeals, he conceived to be, is the order such as that the party may be aggrieved by it % The judges have attempted to mark a line of distinction between orders appealable and not appealable. For his part, he could not conceive of any order of the court of chancery which did not affect the merits of the case, either directly or indirectly. Initiatory orders possibly might be an exception; such as an order for the examination of one of several defendants as a witness, where all exceptions are reserved until the hearing. Of this character is the case in 9 Johns. R. 448. Where a party is aggrieved, or may be aggrieved, by an order made in chancery, he has the right to appeal. To deny the right, where the order is founded upon the exercise of the discretionary powers of the court, would be to abrogate appeals in most cases of interlocutory orders. He was of opinion that the appeal should be heard, and that the motion of the respondents ought to be denied.
Whereupon,^the motion was unanimously denied.
General Rule.
The nineteenth rule of this court was amended, so as to vead as follows: “ That all costs awarded by this court shall, in cases of appeal, be taxed in the court of chancery, and in writs of error in the supreme court, in the usual manner of taxing costs in such courts, and when thus taxed, shall be inserted in the judgment of this court sent down to said courts respectively ; for which costs, the supreme court, in *240cases of writs of error, shall award execution, according to the course of that court; and the payment of all costs awarded by this court in cases upon appeals, shall be enforced by the court of chancery, according to the practice of that court.”*
This amendment was proposed by Mr. Justice Sutherland, as declaratory of the law; the supreme court having felt itself obliged, he said, in 1 Wendell, 26, to decide that the rule, as it heretofore stood, must have been inadvertently adopted, as it clashed with the provisions of the statute, (2 R. L. 4,) relative to the taxation of costs.