The question- presented by this appeal is, whether the defendant, a corporation, may be examined as a party through Alexander Studwell, one of its directors, under section 870 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
Parties under the Code of Civil Procedure mean only such persons as are parties to the record, either as plaintiff or defendant. (§446, etc.) The term includes corporations. They are persons as against the opposite party. (La Farge v. The Exchange Fire Ins. Co., 22 N. Y. Rep., 352). In the absence of authority, it would seem plain that the term party would not include a director in a corporation. He is not the party to the record. He can make no admission to bind the corporation as a party. He is simply a witness. He may verify the pleading of the corporation, but this is by express statute. (IcL, 525.) He is permitted to verify the answer because he is an officer of the party, and the party is incapable of' making an affidavit.
The weight of authority is against the construction that the word party includes the officers of a corporation when they are not parties to the records In Woods v. De Figaniere (16 Abb. Rep., 1), it was held that “party,” under the old section of the Code, which was similar to the present section 870, included only parties to the record. This decision was made by the Supreme Court at General Term, and all the judges concurred in it. In Goodyear v. The Phœnix Rubber Co. (48 Barb., 522), it was held that under the old section a corporation defendant could not be examined as a party by its president and secretary. This decision was made at the General Term of the Supreme Court, and was concurred in by all the judges. The Court of Common *159Pleas, in the city of New York, have held the contrary. The court at Special Term, followed this case in the Common Pleas. Both decisions are based upon the assumption that the power to examine parties under the section in question, is a substitute for the old bill of discovery, and that it was permitted to make the officers and agents of the corporation parties for the purpose of discovery. Assuming this to have been the old practice as to bills of discovery, it furnishes no reason to give a signification to the word party in the Code, different from its real meaning. The Code term does not mean agent, director, or president of a party. Agents, directors and presidents of corporations, may be witnesses for or against a corporation, but they cannot be designated or examined as parties under §870 Code.
The order should be reversed with costs and disbursements, and the motion to vacate the order granted with costs.
Dyicman, J., concurred; Gilbert, J., not sitting.Order reversed with costs and disbursements.