This is an action for seduction. The plaintiff .is the grandfather of the female seduced. When seduced she was an infant eighteen years old. Her father died when she was fourteen months old, and her mother died two months afterward. Her mother, shortly before she died, requested the plaintiff to take the infant and take care of her. Accordingly the plaintiff brought the infant home, and she remained in his family as a daughter from that time onward until she became fifteen years old. She then began going out to service with the assent of the plaintiff, still, however, treating the plaintiff’s house as her home, and returning to it when not engaged elsewhere. At the time of the seduction she was in the defendant’s employment as a servant. • Her wages which she received for her services away from the plaintiff’s house were appropriated by her to her own use. At the trial the plaintiff was nonsuited. The *577question which we have to decide is, whether a grandfather who has assumed the obligations of a parent in respect to the care and maintenance of an infant female, can maintain an action for her seduction, although she was living away from him, and was in the service of the defendant, at the time the injury occured.
No doubt the father, or after his death the mother, of the infant might maintain the action under such circumstances. That has often been adjudged in favor of the father, and the rule, as to him, is conclusively settled. In Clark v. Fitch (2 Wend., 459), it was held that a father liable to a third person for the expenses of the lying-in of a daughter, who had been seduced, might maintain the action, although the daughter was the servant defacto of another, and the father had permitted her to leave his house, had relinquished all claim to her services, and had incurred no actual expense. In Mulvehall v. Millward (1 Kern., 343), a recovery by a father was allowed where the daughter left her father’s and went to work for the defendant, and was seduced by him while in his employment, and remained absent from home until after her confinement and recovery, and the father incurred no expenses on her account. The principle of these cases was emphatically approved in Gray v. Durland (51 N. Y., 424). The Court of Appeals has, also, recently established the same right in favor of the mother, after the father’s death. (Furman v. Van Sise, 56 N. Y., 435.)
This right is put upon the general ground that the parent is entitled to the services of the child, and the injury occasions a loss of that service; in other words, that the legal relation of master and servant subsists between them, and that for an injury to the servant, which disables her from rendering to the master that service which is his due, the master can recover. (Cases, supra.)
Persons, whether blood relatives or not, who stand in loco parenUs to the infant, with whom the infant lived at the time of her seduction, have the same right; e. g., an aunt (Manvell v. Thomson, 2 C. & P., 303), a step-father (Bracy v. Kibbe, 31 Barb., 273), and a foster-father. (Irwin v. Dearman 11 East, 23.) The principle of these eases is approved in Gray v. Durland (supra).
In Lampman v. Hammond (3 N. Y. S. C. [T. & C.], 293), the same right was accorded to a mother who had remarried. In England, however, if a daughter seduced did not, at the time of *578the injury, reside with her father, but was living away from home, in the service of another person, the father has no ground of action, unless the person with whom she was living inveigled her away from home, for the very purpose of seducing her. (Dean v. Peel, 5 East, 47; Blaymire v. Haley, 6 M. & W., 55; Thompson v. Ross, 5 H. & N., 16.) But this rule has been exploded in this State. (Mulvehall v. Millward, supra.) Whether absence in the service of another bars the right of recovery of persons who are not parents, but merely stand in loeo parentis to the infant, has not yet been determined in this State, to my knowledge. That is really the question before us. The case of Bartley v. Richtmyer comes nearest to an adjudication of that question, but is not in point. The plaintiff in that case was the stepfather of the female seduced. He had discarded her, and she had left his house without, as the court assumed, any animus revertendi. He did not, therefore, stand in loeo parentis to her. The right of the plaintiff to maintain the action, if the infant female had been a member of his family at the time of her seduction, being established, did such right continue while the infant was away from home in the service of the defendant ? Why should it not, as well as that of a father and of a widowed mother % It is said that the right of a grandfather,' who, upon the death of both parents of the infant, has stepped into the father’s place, and assumed all his .duties and obligations, ceases when the infant leaves his house and engages in the service of another. We cannot assent to that. Viewed in the light of justice and common sense, his right is certainly as strong as that of a widowed mother. The same considerations which support the right of one are equally cogent to maintain a claim of the same right by the other. Indeed, I can imagine no sufficient reason for applying to the plaintiff, who became practically a father by his adoption of the infant, any different rule in an action of this kind than would have been applied to the natural father himself. The only reason suggested is, that the plaintiff has no legal right to the services of the* infant, because he is under no legal obligations to provide for her care and maintenance. He may not be under the same obligations to the State, but we are not willing to concede, that he is not quoad the infant herself. But the better answer is, that the right of the *579natural father to the child’s services is founded, not upon a positive legal obligation to furnish her with care and maintenance, but solely upon his duty as a parent to do those acts. The father’s right to the services of his child has always been recognized and enforced by the common law, although by the same law no positive legal obligation was imposed on the father to maintain the child, but that duty was left to be enforced by those impulses of affection which nature has implanted in the breast of every father toward his offspring. Such obligation was first declared by a statute passed for the indemnity of the public only. (43 Eliz., ch. 2, § 6.) This statute imposed no obligation upon the parent which the child, personally or by a next friend might enforce, nor does a similar statute of our own. (1 R. S., 614, § 1.) Each forms a part of a system whereby provision is made for the maintenance of the poor, by rendering children liable for expenses incurred by the State in the maintenance of parents, as well as by imposing a similar liability on parents; the only object of them being the protection of the State against the expense of supporting paupers. The duty of the father to maintain the child, however, is and always has been recognized in some way, and in some degree, in all civilized countries. The infant cannot support herself; others must supply her with the means of subsistence; and the only question has ever been, whether the State shall do this or her parent. No doubt it is the duty of the parent to do it, but the duty is not made a legal obligation by the common law. The cases not founded upon the statute, in which the duty has been enforced, rest upon the ground of agency. (1 Pars. Cont., hk. 1, ch. 17, § 2.) Broom, in his Commentaries on the Laws of England, remarks: “ It has by some been thought that there is a legal obligation imposed upon every man to provide for his children; but the common law of England seems never to have afforded any meads of enforcing such duty, if it existed.” (1 Broom Com. Law, 551.) Blackstone says this duty is a principle of natural law. (1 Com., 447; see also, Mortimore v. Wright, 6 M. & W., 482; Shelton v. Springett, 11 C. B., 452 ; Cromwell v. Benjamin, 41 Barb., 558, 561; Raymond v. Loyl, 10 id., 483; Chilcott v. Trimble, 13 id., 502.) In these eases it was held that, at common law, there is no legal obligation on a parent to maintain his child. It is obvious that it would be *580scarcely possible for a court of law to interfere with the details of the father’s management, unless it should be cruel or immoral. The obligation, if it existed, could not be practically enforced, except for the public indemnity, by any better means than by permitting others to supply necessaries for the child, when the father had abandoned his duty, and compelling the father to pay for them upon the ground of an implied authority given to the child. The same reasons which render the father liable in such a case, have been held sufficient to establish the same liability against a stepfather, where he takes the wife’s child, and the father of a bastard, where he takes the illegitimate child into his own house, for by that act he holds the child out to the world as part of his family, and is considered as standing in loco parentis. (Stone v. Carr, 3 Esp., 1; Cooper v. Martin, 4 East, 82, per Lord Ellenborough ; 2 Kent Com., 192.) Upon this principle, the infant in this case, while living with the plaintiff, no doubt might have made him liable for necessaries.
The right to the services of a child, then, results not from any positive obligation imposed by the common law on the person claiming such right, but from the moral duty enjoined by the law of nature; which duty the common law recognized by giving to third persons an action to recover for necessaries furnished the child. Whenever the same duty of furnishing maintenance enjoined by equivalent sanctions exists, the correlative right to the services ought to be awarded. It was upon that principle, that courts have sustained an action by a father for the seduction of a child who was above age, and of a child who was married. (Lipe v. Eisenlerd, supra ; Harper v. Luffkin, 7 B. & C., 387.) For if there can be no loss of service unless a legal obligation to maintain the child exists, these cases were wrongly decided. We are not at liberty to say that. We think the sensible rule is the one already intimated, namely, that he who has assumed and faithfully performed the duties of a father, is entitled to the rights which the law gives to the father. Such was the principle decided in many of the cases cited.
The plaintiff should be allowed to maintain this action upon another ground. In Furman v. Van Sise (supra), it was held that the mother was entitled to maintain the action because she took *581care of and provided for her daughter during her confinement, in performance of the obligation imposed upon the mother by law. The plaintiff did the same acts for his granddaughter during her confinement, in performance of the obligation which he had assumed as her foster-father. The pecuniary injury in this respect, resulting from the seduction, was as direct in one ease as in the other. So long as the right to maintain an action for seduction shall be permitted to rest upon the flimsy fiction of a loss of service, it seems to us that no just distinction can be made between a parent and a grandfather who adopted the child in infancy, after the death of both her parents, and who then assumed, and has always performed the duties and obligations of a parent. (Williams v. Hutchinson, 3 N. Y., 321.)
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to abide the event.