I infer from the case as presented to us, and from the opinion of the surrogate, that the question whether, since the passage of the married woman’s act in 1848, the provision of 3 Revised Statutes, (§ 39, 145), which declares that a “will executed by an unmarried woman should be deemed revoked by her subsequent marriage” is not repealed, and that married women may not, since the passage of the act of 1848, make a will relieved from the restriction imposed by the section cited, was not discussed before nor considered by the surrogate.
The counsel for the contestants have not mentioned it in their points, nor do I remember that they discussed it on the argument of the appeal. It would be improper under these circumstances to assume to decide that question until the counsel of the respective parties are heard upon it.
I shall assume, for the purposes of this case without discussion, the question that a married woman’s will, revoked by her marriage after its execution, may be revived by a codicil duly executed after *562her marriage. Such is the rule in England. (Williams on Executors, 185), and is also the law in this State. (Van Cortlandt v. Kip, 1 Hill, 590, and cases cited; Dayton on Surrogates, 142, 143.)
The codicil, in order to revive the prior will, must be executed with all the formalities prescribed by the statute for the due execution of a will. (Dayton on Surrogates, 53.)
The surrogate has held in this case that the codicil was properly executed, but refused probate to it and to the will itself, because a re-execution of the will itself was not proved; in other words he refused to admit the will to probate on the sole ground that the testatrix did not, at the time of the execution and publication of the codicil, declare that the instrument made up of the will and codicil was her last will and testament.
The evidence of the subscribing witnesses to the will, as to the execution of it taken at the time of the probate of the codicil, is defective for the reason stated by the surrogate, and unless that defect was cured at the time of the proof of the codicil, the decree of the surrogate is right and must be affirmed.
'Whittlesey, one of the witnesses to the execution of the codicil, testified, on the occasion of the attempt of proponents to prove the execution of the will and codicil, among other things, that a paper shown to him (being the codicil hi question), was in his handwriting, and he saw it executed on the day of its date.
It was signed by Mrs. Proctor in his presence, and in the presence of Huntington the other subscribing witness. Mrs. Proctor said it was a codicil to her last will — the will was lying on the table and was the will sought to be proved, and she requested the witness and Huntington to sign it as subscribing witnesses, and they did then and there and in her presence, and the presence of each other; he was requested to go to the office, where the codicil was signed, by Mr. Atkinson, who had been the agent of her father during the absence of the latter in Europe ; Atkinson said Mrs. Proctor wanted us to go to the office.
On the further examination of the witness he states what occurred at the time of the execution of the codicil more succinctly, as follows: “I told Mrs. Proctor as soon as we were all together that the formality of publishing this codicil must now be gone *563through, that we had sent for Mr. Huntington as a witness, for the reason that he was a witness to the original will; she then signed this instrument, this codicil in our presence. I then asked her to state what it was that she had been signing, and she replied it was a codicil to her last will and testament in republication and revival thereof.
The will before us was pointed out as the will to be republished and revived. She then, at my desire, stated what she wished us to do, as another formality was necessary. She replied that she wished us (Huntington and myself) to subscribe it as witnesses, which we then did. Before Huntington subscribed it I read over the attestation clause, which is my invariable practice, telling him if it was all true as there stated, to sign it; if not true, not to sign it. I called his attention to all the details necessary to the republication of the will, he read the clause and then signed it. * * * Mrs. Proctor was very careful to point out to us this identical will, and to say that she had it revived.
Charles W. Huntington, the other subscribing witness to the codicil, testified that the signature to the codicil of Mrs. Proctor’s will was his, and he saw it signed by her, and by Whittlesey and himself as witnesses. At a subsequent day Huntington was again called by the proponents, and testified that since his former examination he had talked with Whittlesey and reflected upon the matter so as to remember more distinctly than before what took place at the time of the execution of the codicil.
The first that occurred after going to Atkinson’s office, where the codicil was executed, was that Atkinson introduced him to Whittlesey, then Whittlesey read to him the last clause in the codicil. He said Mrs. Proctor wished him to act as a witness to the codicil, as he had been a witness to the will. He particularly referred him to the will that was lying on the table, and he told Mrs. Proctor they (the witnesses) were ready to sign it, just what he said he (witness) did not remember. Mrs. Proctor took Whittlesey’s seat and signed the codicil. Whit-tlesey told her it was necessary for her to ask us to sign it, as witnesses, which she then did ; he then made the remark that impressed itself on his mind that she must repeat it, as it was written in the clause ; and then she repeated it from the clause *564on tbe codicil, and sbe also said it was a codicil to ber last will and testament, and asked ns to sign it, and we did. One or two persons, wbo were present at tbe execution of tbe codicil, corroborate tbe subscribing- witnesses as to wbat occurred on that occasion.
Tbe due execution of tbe codicil was duly proved, and if its due execution revived tbe will, then tbe surrogate erred in refusing to admit to probate. It will not be claimed, I apprehend, that it was necessary to revive tbe will that tbe testatrix should re-sign it.
Tbe evidence given before tbe surrogate proved that tbe will was signed by tbe testatrix at tbe time of its execution. But that proof was not such evidence as established its due execution after it bad been revoked. There must be further evidence of execution, but all that was required further was a clear and distinct recognition of tbe existence and validity of tbe will, when tbe codicil was presented for px-obate. Tbe proof of tbe due execution of tbe will was not done away by tbe marriage, but as tbe will itself was revoked it ceased to be of any avail until tbe testatrix by tbe codicil and recognition of it gave it new life, and then tbe will and codicil became valid and operative instruments. A more unequivocal recognition of tbe will and intention to revive could not be made, than was made by tbe testatrix at tbe execution of tbe codicil.
Tbe mere act of executing a codicil and publishing it as such, implies tbe existence of another instrument which is called tbe will, and incorporates the will with the codicil, and tbe due execution of tbe .codicil is a due execution of the will. ■
In Williams on Executors (185) it is said a codicil will amount to tbe republication 'of tbe will to which it refers, whether tbe codicil be or be not annexed to the will, or be or be not confirmatory of it, for every codicil is in construction of law part of a man’s will, whether it be so described in such codicil or not, and as such furnishes conclusive evidence of tbe testator’s considering bis will as then existing. (See, also, note second to pages cited.)
It may be that the proposition just stated should be modified, yet to tbe extent that is necessary to sustain the rule, as we have stated it, it seems to me good law. It is doubtless true that tbe *565English statute, regulating the manner of proving wills, is in many respects different from ours, yet the end to be attained by both being the same, the practice under one should be substantially the same under the other, unless a positive enactment has prescribed a different practice.
I should have been better satisfied with the will under consideration had the testatrix made a more generous provision for her relatives, but being of sound and disposing mind and memory, and not under improper influence, it was her privilege to make such disposition of her property as she thought to be just and ' wise, and the court has neither the power nor the inclination to deprive the parties, to whom she has given the property, of any portion of it.
If the tendency of the ago is for owners of property to give to religious and benevolent purposes and institutions too large a share of it, to the prejudice of relatives having claims on their bounty, it is the province of the Legislature to interfere and prevent it. The courts have power only to see that the disposition of property to benevolent and religious purposes is made in conformity to the law. Their duty is to see that wills are duly executed, and to give effect to their provisions when in conformity to law.
The decree of the surrogate, refusing to admit the will and codicil to probate, is reversed, with costs, to be paid out of the estate, and the proceedings áre remitted to the surrogate of Monroe, with directions to admit the same to probate.
Present — Mullin', P. J. and Talcott, J. Smith, J., not taking any part in the decision.Decree reversed, with coste — the appellants to be paid out of the estate, and proceedings to be remitted to the surrogate of Monroe county, with directions to admit will and codicil to probate.