Mailing a circular of tbe kind described in tbe statement of facts ■was, in 1878, an indictable misdemeanor by the laws of this State (chap. 717, § 2, Laws 1872, since made a part of the Penal Code, §§ 318, 319), and by the laws of the United States (U. S. P. S. [2d ed.], § 3893). Charging a person with the commission of an indictable offense involving moral turpitude, is slander per se. (Young v. Miller, 3 Hill, 21; Towns. Sl. and Lib., § 154; Folkard’s Starkie on Sland. and Libel, chap. 2, § 14.)
We think it cannot be questioned that the commission of the offense charged involves moral turpitude. Aside from the denial that the words were spoken, the defense rests on the theory that the occasion upon which the words are alleged to have been spoken, ■as well as the words spoken, were prima facie privileged, and that the plaintiff, to recover, must establish that the accusation was made without probable cause, and in bad faith or maliciously.
It was the duty of the defendant, as principal of the institution, to lay before the trustees the evidence in his possession bearing upon the question as to whether the plaintiff did or did not commit the offense; -and it was the duty of the trustees to examine the evidence and determine whether she should be continued in the employ of the institution. For the purpose of making this investigation and determination, three of the executive committee met .at the office of the institution. The plaintiff and defendant were both before the committee, the evidence was examined and the plaintiff’s statement considered. During this investigation it is alleged that defendant said “he knew I (plaintiff) wrote and ■sent it.”
Persons vested with the control of public institutions created by law, and having quasi judicial duties to discharge in respect to the public, are, while acting within the limits of their functions, prima facie exempt from liability for publications which would otherwise be defamatory. (Bigelow on Torts, 60; Van Wyck v. Aspinwall, 17 N. Y., 190; Viele v. Gray, 10 Abb., 1; S. C., 18 How., 550; Towns. Sl. and Lib. [3d ed.], § 235 to 239.) The defendant was vested with the control of this institution and its employees, subject to the ultimate decision- of the board of trustees or its executive ■committee; and is within the class of persons whose communica*154tions, made to his superior in the discharge of a duty, are primen facie privileged.
The by-laws of the institution provide: “ The executive committee shall hold a meeting at the institution on the last day of each month, except when that day falls on Sunday, when it shall be held on the day following.” The fact that the meeting of the executive committee was not held on a day fixed by the by-laws did not render the occasion an unprivileged one. There is nothing in the by-laws prohibiting a meeting on any other day; and it would be a strange limitation of the powers of the governing body to hold that, however pressing an emergency might arise, that action must be delayed until the day appointed, and in the meantime, perhaps for a month, the affairs of the institution left to suffer. The ■trial court held, in effect, and properly, that the occasion was prima facie privileged.
The court was asked to hold that the accusation was prima facie privileged, and absolutely so, unless the plaintiff established that it was made without probable cause, and in bad faith or maliciously. This the court declined, and charged: “ I say that if he did on that occasion unnecessarily interfere and assert what was not true, that it would be a publication, in effect, of this slander, a publication which would be unjustifiable under any circumstances of the case.”' This was excepted to, and was error. The evidence did not justify an inference that the defendant unnecessarily interfered. He was-rightfully present, as an officer of the institution, and had the-undoubted right to express his belief, which cannot be properly characterized as an unnecessary interference, or left to the jury to infer that it was; and for this expression of belief he is not .liable if he had probable cause for entertaining it.
The fact (if it was a fact) that defendant said “ that he lenew I (plaintiff) wrote and sent it,” does not make the accusation absolutely an unprivileged one. The defendant could not have been understood to assert that he knew, of his own personal knowledge,, that defendant sent it, apart from the evidence before the executive-committee, but he must have been understood to mean that he knew, or believed from the evidence then presented, that she sent it. At least, it was error to charge, as matter of law, that defendant, by using the word “ knew,” intended to assert that he “ knew ” of *155his personal knowledge, apart from the evidence, that she sent it; and further, that if the jury found that the assertiou was made, and that in fact she did not send it, the defendant was liable; or, in the language of the charge, “ privileged communications extend no farther than it is reasonably necessary for the enforcement of the interests of justice or the protection of the rights of the community; and, therefore, I say that if he did on that occasion unnecessarily interfere and assert what was not true, that it would be a publication, in effect, of this slander, a publication which would be unjustifiable under any of the circumstances of the case.”
In Viele v. Gray (supra), the language was : “ He is the author of it (an obscene libel); I know it.” And it was said upon demurrer, that if the defendant had probable cause for making the charge, it was privileged.
When persons are so circumstanced that it is their right and duty to lay before a governing body of a public institution, rightfully acting in a quasi judicial capacity, accusations relating to the conduct and affecting the reputation of an employe amenable to the governing body, they do not lose immunity from liability by reason of general ill-will entertained by the accuser against the accused. If the specific act is an actionable wrong, the accuser is liable, but not without. General ill-will is not actionable, though sometimes evidence of it is admissible to enable a jury to infer that a specific act was prompted by malice. (Howard v. Sexton, 1 N. Y., 157, 161.)
When the accusation relates to a subject in relation to which the accuser has a duty to perform, and is made to a board of officers whose right and duty it is to act upon the accusation, the accuser is not liable if he had probable cause for making the accusation. (O'Donaghue v. McGovern, 23 Wend., 26; Viele v. Gray, 10 Abb., 1; S. C., 18 How., 550; Howard v. Thompson, 21 Wend., 319; Streety v. Wood, 15 Barb., 105; Cook v. Hill, 3 Sandf., 311; Blake v. Pilfold, 1 M. & Rob., 198; Towns. Sl. and Lib. [3d ed.], §§ 235-to 239.) Actions to recover damages for accusations so made, are analogous to actions for malicious prosecution; and a want of probable cause must be shown. (See authorities last cited.)
The court was asked to charge that if the defendant did not write, send or procure to be written or sent the communication, the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, which was refused and *156excepted to. The accusation was made on the communication, tiio circumstances under which it was received and upon the report of the expert in handwriting. The plaintiff was present, had made her denial and charged that the defendant mailed it to injure her. There was no conflict between' witnesses. The evidence upon which the accusation was made was before the court and uncontradicted. When the facts and circumstances on which an accusation is made are undisputed, the question of probable cause is a question of law for the court. The plaintiff’s theory was, that •defendant sent or procured the communication to be sent for the purpose of accusing the plaintiff and procuring her discharge, and unless this theory was established as a question of fact, the defendant was entitled to a verdict. Unless the defendant sent or procured this communication to be sent, we think the defendant had probable ■cause for the accusation. This was the judgment of the executive committee, who must be presumed to have been fair-minded men •of intelligence, desiring to discharge their duties to the public and persons interested. Probable cause has been defined to be : “ The ■existence of such facts and circumstances as would excite the belief in a reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person charged was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted.” (Wheeler v. Nesbitt, 24 How. [U. S.], 544; Mitchell v. Wall, 111 Mass., 492; Carl v. Ayers, 53 N. Y., 14.)
The judgment and order should be reversed, and a new trial ■granted, costs to abide the event.
Hardin, P. J., and Boardman, J., concurred.So ordered.