A stakeholder has always the right where there are conflicting claims to money or property in his hands, to go into court and ask *58to deposit the money or property in court and leave the litigation of the questions to be carried on between the conflicting claimants.
The question which is presented upon this appeal is as to what it is necessary for the plaintiff to establish in order to show that there are conflicting claims. It is claimed upon the part of the plaintiff that all that is necessary for the stakeholder to establish is that suits have been brought or suits have been threatened by divers claimants to the same fund in order to entitle him to the protection of the court, and that the stakeholder is entitled to be removed beyond the shadow of risk in paying over the money where antagonistic rights are asserted. This view is undoubtedly sustained by the opinion of the court in the case of Atkinson v. Manks (1 Cow., 705), where the court say, in substance, that where a party had forbidden a stakeholder to pay over money to another and threatened him with a suit, the stakeholder was not bound to exercise any judgment upon the subject. This rule, however, does not seem to be the prevailing rule now in reference to this matter. As all business is conducted with some risk, as every holder of money in the payment of it over always does so at some risk, the courts have receded from the rule that all that it is necessary to establish is that some claim had been presented and have held that it is necessary, in addition, to prove that such claim had some reasonable foundation, and that there was some reasonable doubt as to whether the stakeholder would be reasonably safe in the payment over of the money. It is claimed that because the defendant, the assignee, came to the plaintiff with an asserted voluntary general assignment, made in the State of Indiana, that this related to a fact which the bank could not know, and that the bank could not know whether the assignment was a valid and voluntary assignment by the laws of Indiana, and that, therefore, the plaintiff was not required to take the risk of the existence of all those facts. It has been held by the courts of this State that a verbal assignment of a balance of account in bank was valid and the bank was liable to suit to recover such balance by the assignee, and that the bank was required to take the risk of the existence of facts, the evidence of which rested exclusively, perhaps, with the assignee and claimant. (Risley v. Phœnix Bank, 83 N. Y., 318.) And, as has been observed, no business *59can be conducted without hazard; the plaintiff, in the payment out of the money of its depositors upon their cheeks, takes a risk of the forgery of the check either in the maker’s signature or in the filling in of the amount; in its transactions with its customers it runs a risk that the indorsements of commercial paper may also be forged, and it get no title, and therefore, the courts seem to have inclined to the rule that a more pretext of a conflicting claim is not enough to show that the plaintiff is in any danger of loss from inability to determine to whom a debt should be paid. In the case of the Baltimore & Ohio Railway Company v. Arthur (90 N. Y., 234), it was held that the plaintiff, in an action of interpleader, must show that there is some question, as between the claimants to be tried, and that he will incur hazard in paying to either.
In the case of Dorn v. Fox (61 N. Y., 264) the court lay down the following rule: “ The rule requiring that in actions of interpleader the plaintiffs should be in doubt as to which of the claimants is in the right, must be construed in a reasonable manner. It, of course, excludes all cases where the rights of parries are clearly settled. On the other hand, so long as a principle is still under discussion * * * it would seem fair to hold that there was sufficient doubt and hazard to justify the protection which is afforded by the beneficent action of interpleader.”
It is not necessary to consider other authorities in order to show that the rule now is that a reasonable doubt must exist in order to justify the. bringing of an action of interpleader, and that any doubt is not sufficient as was said in the case of Atkinson v. Manks (supra.). We are, then, brought to the question as to whether there is any reasonable doubt as to the rights of the assignee of Kitzinger & Co., and of the attaching creditors of said firm, to said fund. It is the settled law of this State that the law of the place where a contract is made or to be performed is to govern as to the nature, validity, construction and effect of such a contract; and being valid in such place it is to be considered valid everywhere, with the exception of cases in which the contract is immoral or unjust, or in which the enforcing it in a State would be injurious to the rights, interests or convenience of such State or its citizens. (Andrews v. Herriot, 4 Cow., 510.) This rule is recognized in Guillander v Howell (35 N. Y., 657) and Warner v. Jaffray (96 id., 248). It *60is true that in the case of Guillander v. Howell it was held that an assignment made in the State of New York of property then being situate in New Jersey, which was void under the laws of New Jersey, carried no title to the property in New Jersey. This conclusion was arrived at because the assignment in question contained preferences which were contrary to the law of New Jersey, and that as the property was within the exclusive jurisdiction of New Jersey, and as that State protected and regulated it, and as the laws of New York had no force in New Jersey as laws, but were by comity only enforced as to a transfer of personal property situated in New Jersey, except when injurious to her own citizens, the laws of New Jersey, when in conflict with the laws of New York in respect to the transfer of such property must control. The same principle was recognized in the case of Warner v. Jaffray, and these are exceptions to the rule which has long prevailed that personal property has no locality, but must be governed by the law of the domicile of its owner, therefore, it seems to be established beyond a reasonable doubt that the property of Eitzinger & Co. held by the Nassau Bank passed to the assignee by the assignment made in Indiana on the 1st of February, 1886.
The next question to be considered is, has the sheriff or the attaching creditors acquired any rights by virtue of their attachments and the levy thereon ? The sheriff may collect and receive all debts, effects and things in action attached by him, and he may maintain any action or special proceeding in his own name, or in the name of the defendant, which is necessary for that purpose or to reduce to his actual possession an article of personal property capable of manual delivery, but of which he has been unable to obtain possession. This, however, gives neither the sheriff nor the attaching creditors any right to attack the assignment on the ground that it was made with intent to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors of the assignors. He can bring suits to collect debts and to reduce to possession personal property, the legal title to which is in the defendant in the attachment suit; but he cannot maintain ' an action to remove an obstacle to the attachment. (Gibson v. National Park Bank, 98 N. Y., 87; Moseley v. Moseley, 15 id., 334.) Title passes even by a fraudulent conveyance if executed, and, consequently, the title passed under the assignment in question *61to the assignee, even though it may have been a fraudulent conveyance. The sheriff, therefore, the assignment having been proved to have been executed according to the laws of Indiana, and to have been valid there, could not, in an action here in aid of an attachment, attack the same upon the ground that it was made with fraudulent intent. (Thurber v. Blanck, 50 N. Y., 80.)
It is necessary that such an action as respects personal property should be brought by the judgment creditor, after his remedies at law have been exhausted. But it is claimed that the sheriff, in the actions which he has brought against the plaintiff, might show that the assignment was invalid even in Indiana, and that, by the finding of the court in this action, he is not precluded from so doing. This suggestion seems to be answered by the proposition which has been heretofore discussed, namely, that in order to entitle it'to judgment in an action of interpleader, the plaintiff must show that there is reasonable ground to suppose that the title of one of the claimants is uncertain. There is no pretense in the proofs that there is any claim on the part of the sheriff that the assignment in question was not valid according to the laws of Indiana; and if there were such pretense, there is nothing whatever in the case to show that any such claim has the slightest foundation in law. The mere fact of what the sheriff may claim, or may not claim, does not raise the reasonable doubt required by the law, but such reasonable doubt must be supported by proof raising a question upon which the court may pass judicially.
The result, therefore, is that the judgment appealed from must be affirmed, with costs.
Brady, J., concurred in the result. Daniels, J.:The property in controversy in this aqtion consists oi an indebtedness of the plaintiff to the defendants Ketzinger in the sum of $5,956.03 and 230 shares of insurance stock, together with- three protested notes. This sum is the balance remaining owing by the plaintiff out of the proceeds of paper held as collateral by it, upon which a further sum had been collected sufficient to pay and extinguish the indebtedness owing to itself. This balance was a debt existing against the plaintiff, and when the attachments were issued,, *62which were mentioned in the complaint, it could be no otherwise seized than by the service of a copy of the attachments, with notice showing the property attached, as that was provided for by subdivision 3 of section 649 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The protested notes, if the creditors had been desirous of seizing them under the attachments, might have been actually taken by the sheriff; but as they do not appear to have been of any actual value no attempt was made to levy by the attachments upon them in that manner; neither did the sheriff attempt to make any actual seizure of the 230 shares of stock. But for the purpose of attaching this property, as well as the indebtedness of the bank, copies of the attachments, with the notices allowed to be served by this section of the Code, were served upon the plaintiff, and it is upon the judgments recovered in the actions in which the attachments were issued, and without any personal service of the summons upon the debtors, that the sheriff has brought his action against the plaintiff to recover this balance of the indebtedness and the other property mentioned.
But as the debtors themselves executed and delivered a general assignment of their property for the benefit of their creditors, in the manner in which that was authorized to be done by the laws of the State of Indiana, before either of the attachments had been issued, the indebtedness now in controversy did not become subject to the attachments. So much of the property as was capable of manual delivery was required to be taken into the sheriff’s actual custody to constitute an attachment or seizure of it by subdivision 2 of section 649 of the Code.’ No such seizure was made, either of the protested notes or of the shares of stock. As to those articles the sheriff accordingly acquired no lien upon them under the attachments, and he had no title whatever upon the facts, as they were made to appear beyond controversy, upon which he could maintain any action against the plaintiff. The attachments were likewise entirely inoperative upon the balance of the indebtedness owing by the bank to the debtors, for after an assignment of such an indebtedness has been made it is incapable of being seized under attachments issued against the assignor. This was considered very fully in Thurber v. Blanck (50 N. Y., 80), and it resulted in Ihe determination that property incapable of manual delivery, after its assignment, could not be reached by its seizure through the medium *63of an attachment, but that the remedy of the creditor to recover it was by a proceeding in equity to set aside the assignment or transfer when that might be done, after the recovery of a judgment, and the issuing and return of an execution upon it. The same view was adopted and maintained in Smith v. Longmire (24 Hun, 257), and it was so far also followed in Bates v. Plorisky (28 Hun, 112).
These authorities all agree in maintaining the inability of an attaching creditor to attach the property claimed to be that of his debtor, consisting of choses in action incapable of a manual delivery, when they have been previously assigned and transferred by him to another party, and being incapable of seizure under the attachments, the sheriff has no authority for bringing or maintaining an action against the debtor for the recovery of the amount of the debt, for-it is only when the debt itself may have been attached that the sheriff has been authorized to maintain an action for its recovery by virtue of subdivision 4 of section 708 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Neither as to the protested notes, inasmuch as they were not actually attached or taken into the sheriff’s custody, nor the shares of insurance stock which might have been seized in the same manner, nor the balance of the indebtedness due from the bank, did the sheriff acquire any right to recover in the action brought by him against the plaintiff. His inability to maintain the action, and his failure to secure a legal seizure of any part of the property or indebtedness in dispute, appear clearly and beyond controversy upon the face of his proceedings. As to the effect of what has been done by him no legal uncertainty remains under the construction which has been given to the provisions of the Code by the authorities which have been cited. The plaintiff was, therefore, in no legal danger whatever, and subjected to no possible risk from the proceeding or the action taken by the sheriff, and it accordingly was not in a position in which it could require either the sheriff or the creditors in the attachments to be interpleaded with the assignee under the general assignment for the determination of the right to or the disposition of this property.
The title of the assignee, as it has' been established and shown in the opinion of the presiding judge, is free from legal dispute, and neither the money or property can justly be withheld from him by *64the plaintiff as long as it so plainly appears that the adverse claim is entirely devoid of legal foundation. If the creditors represented in the attachments can maintain a paramount right to this indebtedness, that can only be done after judgments recovered by them against their debtors and the issuing and return of executions, and the successful impeachment of the assignment through the intervention of creditors actions. And as neither the debtors nor the assignee were within this State it follows that this remedy, even of the attaching creditors, must be pursued where personal service of process can be made upon them, or their appearance can otherwise be enforced in actions commenced against them. Until the title of the assignee shall be set aside or superseded in this or some other legal manner, or a lawful seizure shall be made, he is entitled to the balance of the indebtedness and property in dispute, and neither the attaching creditors nor the sheriff acting in their behalf have even a colorable claim upon which they can resist the right of the assignee to this balance and the property.
The judgment in the case, as directed by the presiding judge, in his opinion, should, therefore, be affirmed.
Brady, J., concurred in result.Judgment affirmed, with costs.