The grounds upon which the plaintiff claims to hold the injunction in this case, are, first, that the acts of the defendant are in violation of his covenant; and, second, that the erection of the wooden shed is a public nuisance, or at least a purpresture, injurious to the private interests of the plaintiff.
The covenant alleged to have been broken is, that the defendant will not make any alterations in the demised premises; and it is claimed that the erection of the shed, being outside the building, is not an alteration in the building. But I think that too narrow a construction of the covenant. It appears that the structure rests upon and is secured to a cleat fastened or screwed to the front of the building, running along its entire front and side, and forming partly the support to the shed.
To sustain this cleat, the screws have necessarily been inserted into the front of the building, and to that extent, taken in a literal sense, it is an alteration in the building. But I think “in” is to be taken as including upon as well; so that the covenant may read, “ alteration in or upon,” and cover the erection which the defendant has annexed to it. Such undoubtedly was the intention of the parties ; otherwise, any alteration of the exterior of the building would be no breach ; and the tenant could remove the entire front of his *120store, and work serious injury to the building, under claim that it was not an alteration “in” the building. ■
The fair construction of the covenant, therefore, is" that the lessee shall not make any alteration of the premises, so as in any respect, to change them from the' condition they were in when he made his covenant, without first obtaining the consent of his landlord. Such a covenant is reasonable and proper. It is for the protection of the owner against any nuisance by his tenant, and in aid of his remedies for injury to his property.
Although I regard the acts of the defendant as violations of his covenant, yet I do not think them sufficient to authorize the exercise of the restraining power of the court.
The injury to the plaintiff’s rights or interests are not irreparable, or such as cannot be probably satisfied at law. The damages for the breach are, I think, capable of being ascertained, and a recovery of such damages at law would be a satisfaction, and would cover the continuance of the injury, as well as the-present damage.
But another remedy at law is provided. Under the-terms of the lease the lessor has reserved the right to. re-enter for covenants broken, and may maintain his action to recover possession of the demised premises.
Where the remedy or remedies at law are adequate,, a court of equity will not exercise jurisdiction.
The plaintiff, however, has shaped his case so as to-bring it within equity recognition, by alleging that the-structure is being erected by the defendant upon one: of the public streets of the city of Hew York, without, lawful authority, and is injurious to the private interests of the plaintiff.
It was conceded by the plaintiff’s counsel that the-erection of the shed or awning in question, if erected without lawful authority, would be a public nuisance ;. *121and if found ' to be injurious to any private rights, would be. amenable to the restraining power of the court, at the suit of such private person.
Conceding this, the defendant rests upon the permission derived' from the city authorities, which undoubtedly will justify his acts, if the power is vested in the city to give such permission.
A purpresture or even a public nuisance cannot be predicated of the exercise of lawful authority ; and this brings me to the consideration of the question involving the power of the municipal authorities of this city to allow or permit the erection and continuance of what, without the requisite power to permit, would be a public nuisance.
It is ci aimed that the authority is derived from the charter of 1870 (Laws of 1870, ch. 137), which provides that “the common council shall have power to make, continue, modify and repeal such ordinances, regulations and resolutions as may be necessary to carry into effect any and all the powers now vested in or by this act conferred upon the corporation, . . . and to make such ordinances ... in .the matters and for the purposes following: . . 1Ó. To regulate the use of the streets and sidewalks for signs, signposts, awnings, awning-posts, and horse-troughs.”
The Sixth-avenue and Forty-eighth-street, upon which these premises are situated, were taken by the city authorities, under the provisions of the act of 1813, which declares that the city “shall become and be seized in fee” of all such lands so taken (Valentine's Laws, 1198). But the seizin or title of the city is qualified, however, by the further provision, “ In trust, nevertheless, that the same be appropriated and kept open for, or as part of, a public street, avenue . . . forever, in like manner as the other public streets, avenues ... in said city are and of right ought to be.” In People v. Kerr, 27 N. Y., 188, this qualified *122or restricted fee in the city is said to be more than was supposed to be needed by the public in the case of ordinary roads. But the court say (p. 197), that “the interest or estate thus conferred upon the city is limited and not absolute—limited by the purposes of the grant, notwithstanding the broad language of the statute.” Again: “the grant is expressly upon trust, for a public purpose, that the lands may be appropriated and used for ever as public streets.”
The title conferred upon this public agent is wholly for public purposes, and not for profit or emolument of the city. . . . The city has neither the right nor the power to apply any such property to other than public uses, and those included within the objects of the grant.” This trust is for the benefit of the general public, not for the adjacent proprietors alone, nor [of the inhabitants or citizens of New York [alone, but of the whole people. In Drake v. Hudson River R. R. Co., 7 Barb., 508, this limitation of title is fully recognized.
The right to condemn private property to public use is one of the highest prerogatives of the sovereign power. It is conferred in all organic laws, and is inseparable from the functions of government. But its exercise is carefully controlled within the limits of a public necessity ; and hence when such public necessity for its exercise is apparent, everything in the name of private interest must yield. Salus populi suprema lex.
While, therefore, the, public necessities may incite the action of the sovereign power to condemn to its use the private-property of its citizens, it can only be done for the purposes required; and when such purpose ceases, or the public necessity no longer exists, the property taken may, and in some cases does revert to the original owner; as where land was taken under the railroad act of 1848, the railroad company acquired it only during the continuance of the corporation *123(Laws of 1848, p. 228, § 20 ; Mahon v. New York Central R. R. Co., 24 N. Y., 658). Whether in the event of the disuse of a public street in this city, which had been appropriated under the act of 1813, the land would revert to the original owner, or his assigns, it is not necessary here to inquire. It is enough, for the purposes of this question, that the city holds the fee in trust, and cannot, without the amplest authority, divert its use, or allow its use to be diverted from the exclusive public use.
The principle which inhibits or limits the exercise of the legislative power over private property, must necessarily carry us to the extent, that after having exercised the right for the purpose and in the manner prescribed by the constitution of the State, it cannot afterwards appropriate property thus taken, either wholly or in part to private uses. Such a right is not found in the organic law, and is opposed by its letter and spirit. The public necessity ceasing, the original right of the sovereign to repossess the lands would cease also; and the doctrine of reverter might well apply. So long as the public remain in the exclusive enjoyment of the franchise or property, the title acquired through the exercise of the right of eminent domain will of course continue; but whenever such exclusive enjoyment is interrupted by private use, however sanctioned, the purposes of the grant are defeated.
In Drake v. Hudson River R. R. Co., supra, the power of the corporation over the streets of the city was held to be such, that it could grant permission to a railroad company to use a portion of the streets for a railroad track.
But the decision rests wholly upon the ground that such use is not inconsistent with the common or public light. It was not, the court say, “incompatible with the trusts of public streets, and the simultanéous use of those streets by other carriages and vehicles, and for *124all tlie purposes to which streets are dedicated.” But the court fully sustains the right of the public to the full and free use of the streets, and of individuals whose tenements front upon them. There is nothing in this case which sanctions any use of the public streets for merely private purposes. Such use is distinctly repudiated and denied.
So far as the power of the corporation on the subject is sustained by that decision, it must be regarded as overruled by the two later cases of Davis v. Mayor, &c., 14 N. Y. [4 Kern.], 506, and People v. Kerr, 27 Id., 188. In the case of Davis it was held that use of a public street for a railroad was incompatible with the public use ; and in the Kerr case, although the inconsistency of use was denied, the court found no power in the corporation to make the grant, but sustained the grant by the legislature.
It is claimed that the power given by the charter to pass ordinances for the regulation of the use of the sidewalks for awnings, &o., necessarily implies a power to allow or permit the erection and continuance of awnings by individuals for private purposes.
The difficulty with this position is, that even if it was competent for the legislature to give such power, it is not given by any express terms, and being subversive of a clear public right, it cannot and should not be implied. It is, I think, very clear that a trust'created by law for a strictly public purpose, cannot be diverted from such purpose, and converted into a private use. But even if it can be at all, it must be done by express enactment, and never can be inferred from or as being incidental to other powers.
In Davis v. Mayor, &c., supra, the corppration had by resolution given authority to the railroad company to construct their railroad in .and upon the streets of the city. That resolution was passed under the charter of 1849, which did not contain the words found in the *125charter of 1870. Bat Judge Debio, after overruling Drake v. Hudson River R. R. Co., and holding that a railroad was distinguished from every other species of way, says (p. 517), that for such reason the establishment of such a road is not within the jurisdiction conferred upon the corporation over the roads and streets in that city, “and that, therefore, the resolution of the common council granting the right was without the scope of the powers of the corporation, and was wholly unauthorized and illegal.”
In People v. Kerr, supra, the court, while sustaining the power of the legislature over the subject, was compelled to adopt the principle decided in the Drake case, and to limit the decision in the Davis case to the single point, of authority in the common council to make the grant. And the court there held, that because the use by a railroad was not inconsistent with the public use, and further that as a railroad was, at least to some extent, a public use, the legislature might- lawfully allow its construction.
In the recent case of Kellinger v. Forty-second-street, &c. R. R. Co., (50 N. Y., 206), the plaintiff sought to restrain the company from using their track in front of his premises. In reviewing the several decisions, the court makes from them all the general deduction, that railroads being for a public use were within the uses to which the streets may be devoted. The court say: “ The fee being in the public, the legislative authority can lawfully consent ■ to modify, regulate or enlarge its uses for the benefit of the public.”
Whatever may be the conflict of decision as to the use by a railroad being inconsistent with the public use (and the following may be referred to as exhibiting such conflict: Drake v. Hudson R. R. R. Co., supra ; Davis v. Mayor, Id.; People v. Kerr, Id.; Baldwin v. Mayor, 2 Keyes, 387, 417 ; Craig v. Rochester C. & B. R. R. Co., 39 N. Y., 404), all the cases place their *126decisions, upholding the legislative power, upon the ground either that it is not an inconsistent use, or that it is a public necessity, and therefore a taking for public use. . Without one or the other of these elements, no case that I can find admits a power in the legislature, to legalize the use of a public street for private purposes.
In the case before me, the appropriation of a part of one of the public streets of the city, is for an exclusive private purpose.
The defendant and not the public will derive the benefit and advantage from the structure. He says it is needed to protect the goods in his store from injury by the sun ; but it does not appear that he does not intend to also use the sidewalk beneath it, as a mart for the exhibition and sale of his goods; nor does it appear that some other and less objectionable kind of, awning might not be used.
It cannot, therefore, be claimed that such use of the street is not inconsistent with the public use, or that it is for a public purpose. The corporation, holding the streets in trust for the public, have exceeded their powers in attempting to authorize such appropriation, and the erection and continuance of the structure complained of is, in my judgment, without authority of law.
Any use of a public street incompatible with the public use, if unauthorized by law, whatever may be its degree, is a public nuisance.
An appropriation of a part of a public river by'an individual, without grant, is a nuisance (Hart v. Mayor, &c., 9 Wend., 571.) So, a continued encroachment upon a street, though for the purpose of carrying on a lawful business is unjustifiable (People v. Cunningham, 1 Denio, 524 ; and see Moshier v. U. & S. R. R. Co., 8 Barb., 427; Hecker v. N. Y. Bal. Dock Co., 13 How. Pr., 549; People v. Vanderbilt, 24 Id., 301). In Irvin *127v. Wood (4 Robt., 138), an opening in a sidewalk (coal slide) for private purposes, was held to be a nuisance.
Any person who sustains a private injury from the erection or continuance of a public nuisance may maintain an action. In people v. Kerr, supra, the court say (p. 193), “any person who suffers a private and peculiar injury from the commission of a public nuisance, may maintain his own individual action for redress or prevention of the wrongand in Davis v. Mayor, &c., supra, it is said to be “well settled that when such an offense occasions, or is likely to occasion, a special injury to an individual, which cannot well be compensated in damages, equity will entertain jurisdiction of the case at his suit.”
The private and peculiar injury to the plaintiff, is, I think, sufficiently manifest. The effect of the structure erected by the defendant is, to deprive the plaintiff, in part at least, of the beneficial enjoyment of his property. And any unlawful interruption of, or interference with, the full and free enjoyment of an other’s property, by creating or continuing a public nuisance, renders such person amenable to an action.
It is not necessary that it should be hurtful to health or noxious to the senses ; if it interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or of property, it becomes a nuisance, abatable at the • suit of private persons.
It has been urged that an authority in the corporation can be found in its long and very frequent exercise of the power in different parts of the city. But judicially I cannot admit the force of this. If the corporation has not the power, the assumption of it, in any number of instances, will not create such power. It must be found to exist outside of its own practices and precedents.
It is also suggested that the process of injunction should be withheld, because, neither the owner of the *128fee nor the actual occupants complain. It is enough, I think, that the plaintiff is sustaining injury by the defendant’s unauthorized act. He has a right to com plain, and I think I have shown that he is not bound to resort to an action at law for damages.
The case in this court of Masterson v. Short, having been decided one way,' on the motion for an injunction (3 Abb. Pr. N. S., 154), and the other way, on the trial of the action (7 Robt., 299), it creates no embarrassment in the decision of this case.
A part of the relief sought is a compulsory judgment requiring the removal of the structure. Such relief could not be obtained at law.
My examination of the questions upon this motion has led to the conclusion, that the permission granted by the corporation of New York to erect the shed or awning upon one of the public streets of the city, is and was not authorized by law.
That being erected in such place, without sanction1 of law, it is a public nuisance and as such being injurious to the private interests of the plaintiff, he is entitled to a continuance of the injunction.
The fear expressed by the defendant’s counsel that a decision adverse to the defendant might disturb a very large number of similar structures, even if it was well grounded, could not influence the decision in this case.
But I do not think there is much ground for it. It is only by a person specially injured that an action will lie. Such cases are and must be very few.
Motion to continue injunction granted, with costs.