The correctness of the basis of distribution of the moneys derived from the sale of the mortgaged premises, depends upon a question of fact in dispute between the parties, litigated before and determined by the referee. The bank contends that the money loaned by it upon the paper, to which Moore is a party, was borrowed by him and he should be treated as the principal debtor and not as a mere surety for Church. Moore disputes this contention and claims that he occupies the position of surety as to those items of indebtedness, and became a party to the paper at the request of and for the accommodation of Church, and the National Bank was informed of his true relation to the transaction when the money was loaned and the original note and draft were received by the bank, of which those now in question are renewals. The referee has determined both of these questions in Moore’s favor.
On the original note and draft, as they were discounted by the bank, Church and Moore occupied the same position as maker and indorser, drawer and acceptor, as they do on the renewal paper now held by the bank. As these questions of fact are controlling of the case and support the order of distribution, if the report 'and order are allowed to stand, we have examined all the evidence with careful attention and find no reason for interfering with the referee’s conclusions. If Moore’s version of the dealings between him and Church, in the stock speculation, in which the money loaned by the bank was used, be received as truthful, then the report of the referee deciding the disputed questions of fact is fully vindicated. Moore *73stated, as a witness in bis own bebalf, that it was arranged between him and Church that he should aid Church in raising money, to assist him in buying and selling stocks, and that if any profits were realized in the transactions he was to have one-half of the same as a compensation for the loan of his credit, but that he was not to incur any hazard or risk, or suffer loss in any event. This statement is not denied by Church, but he, in his evidence, expressly admits that he was to indemnify Moore against all loss which he might incur in those transactions, and on the hearing Moore presented a writing, signed by Church, in which he made a promise to that effect. The letter written by Church to Moore at the time the $5,000 note was made and discounted, is also in confirmation of Moore’s evidence. All through the evidence circumstances are disclosed which indicate very clearly that the officers of the bank were informed, at the time the discounts were made, of the relation which Moore held on this paper as between himself and Church.
As to the $2,500 note made by "Warner and indorsed by Church, it appears that the bank discounted in the first instance a $5,000 note made by Church and indorsed by Warner for his accommodation, and the same was in that form several times renewed. Subsequently and by an arrangement made between Church and Warner, the latter, for a good consideration paid to him by Church, assumed the indebtedness and paid the note in part, and a note was then made by Warner, as maker, for the sum of $2,500, and indorsed by Church, and the note now held by the bank was given in renewal of the same. The referee has not passed upon the question, by making a direct finding on the subject, whether the note made by Warner and indorsed by Church was received by the bank in payment or in renewal of the • balance then unpaid on the original discount. For the purpose of determining the order in which the money realized on the sale shall be applied upon the several items of indebtedness we deem it unnecessary to determine that question for, however the fact may be, the order of distribution should not be changed. The insolvency of both Church and Warner is the cause of the controversy between the bank and Moore. If the order of distribution is sustained, then the. bank suffers a loss in a sum equal to the amount unpaid on the Warner .note after *74making the application as now provided. If the order is reversed and the bank is permitted to apply the funds in payment of that note in full in the first instance, then Moore must sustain an additional loss equal to that sum. The rule of law invoked by the bank in support of its position is the familiar one, that when a debtor makes a payment to his creditor of a sum of money to be applied upon his indebtedness and gives no direction whatever as to its application at the time of payment, the creditor is free to apply the money on any security which he may hold and select to be paid' out of such money. This as a general proposition is conceded. In a note to the case of Field v. Holland (1 Am. Lead. Cases, 362, 294 *), it is said : “ The principle adopted by the common law appears to be the reasonable one that the ownership of the money determines the right of appropriation. Before tne money is paid, that is, while it belongs to the debtor, he may direct any application that he pleases. But if he pays the money without directing any appropriation, the money becomes absolutely the property of the creditor, and being his own he may do with it what he will.” This rule also has its application in a case where a debtor assigns property to his creditor as collateral security for several debts, without direction at that time by the assignor as to the application of its proceeds. The creditor may apply the money realized to any of the notes that are due at the time the money is received. (Nat. Bank of Newburgh v. Bigler, 83 N. Y., 51, 64.)
But in applying this rule to particular cases, it is made to yield so as to guard and protect the intervening equities of other parties. In this case the debtor pledged his property as a collateral security for the payment of all his indebtedness to the bank, and the moment the mortgage was delivered and accepted by the bank, Moore, as an accommodation indorser and acceptor for Church, became interested in the preservation of the security, and has the equitable right to demand that the money realized on the sale of the mortgaged premises shall be applied as directed by his principal. The bank upon accepting the mortgage as a further security for the payment of its indebtedness, assumed an obligation in behalf of the surety to keep and preserve the mortgage lien for his benefit and protection, in case he was obliged to pay the debt for which he had become liable. The bank could not release the mortgage, or in any way *75impair it as a security, and thereafter hold Moore liable as an acceptor or indorser. If Moore had paid the debts for which he was liable as surety, before the mortgage was foreclosed, he would have had the undoubted right to be subrogated in the place of the bank. (Cory v. Leonard, 56 N. Y., 494; Hayes v. Ward, 4 Johns. Ch., 123; Mathews v. Aikin, 1 Comst., 595.) It is a well settled principle that a surety who pays the debt of his principal will, in equity, be substituted in the place of the creditor to all securities held by him for the payment of his debt. (3 Kent’s Com. 124.)
The security having been converted into money and brought into court, subject to its order, and Moore being a party to tbe action, it is just and equitable that-the money should now be appbed so as to completely protect bis interest. In view of tbe facts of the case it would be a clear invasion of Moore’s rights, to permit tbe bank to apply the funds in full payment of an item of tbe indebtedness upon which be is not bable, and thus increase tbe balance which would remain unpaid on tbe obligations where bis liabilities are those of an indorser only.
Tbe basis of distribution adopted by tbe referee is fully sustained by the case of Cory v. Leonard (56 N. Y., 494). In that case a bank was tbe bolder of several notes, separately indorsed by different persons. Tbe debtor executed and debvered to tbe bank, as eohateral security, a mortgage, for tbe purpose of seeming tbe payment of ab tbe notes upon which tbe indorsers were severally liable. Tbe indorser of one of tbe notes paid all of them in full to the “bank, and took from it an assignment of tbe indebtedness, and also of tbe mortgage. 'The assignee then sought to seeme from tbe other indorser the full payment of the note upon which be was tbe sole indorser, and to exclude him from participating in tbe money secured from tbe mortgage by applying tbe entire proceeds upon tbe notes on wbicb tbe assignee alone was liable as indorser. It was held by tbe court that it was ’the duty of tbe creditor to bold tbe mortgage security for tbe equal benefit of each of the indorsers, as their interest appeared, and that neither tbe bank nor its assignee could defeat or impair tbe interest of tbe other indorser. • In effect, the bank is seeking in this case to accomplish tbe same that was attempted by tbe bank and its assignee in tbe case cited. By tbe terms of1 tbe judgment as originally entered, Moore was *76deprived of the benefit of a security which his principal had placed in the hands of the bank for his protection; and the order of the Special Term corrects the error in this respect.
We are cited by the learned counsel for the appellant to the case of the National Bank of Newburgh v. Bigler (supra) in support of his argument. In that case it will be observed that the rights of the sureties were not involved, and that the rules of law applicable to a case like the one now before us were not considered by the court.
The respondent Moore has not appealed from the order, therefore he is in no position to urge upon the attention of the court the proposition, that in equity all the funds derived from the sale should be applied, in the first instance, in payment of the paper indorsed by him.
We have examined the exceptions taken to the reception of evidence, and fail to discover any error that should lead to a reversal of the order. The only question in dispute in the whole case is, whether Moore was a principal or a mere surety on the paper to which he is a party; and all the evidence received upon that subject appears to us to be competent.
The report and order of confirmation should be affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements
All concur.Order affirmed, with ten dollars costs and disbursements.