Several questions have arisen upon this accounting as to the proper disposition to *552be made of the fund jet remaining in the hands of the executors and trustees for distribution. The persons presenting adverse claims have been represented by numerous and able counsel, who have passed their views upon the court with great force and ability, and have submitted numerous briefs, evincing great, industry and research in the law pertaining to the questions in dispute. The questions involved are substantially questions of law only. I shall consider them in the order of their statement.
The first question is as follows: Is Ida A. Vedder. (a legatee under the will of said deceased to the amount of $8,000) entitled to interest upon her legacy from the death of the testator to the death of testator’s widow, Nancy A. (Vedder) Hartshorn, which occurred some ten years thereafter ?
The facts pertaining to this question are briefly these : Ida Angelí, termed in the will Ida A. Vedder, was taken from an institution in the city of /New York, when about three and a half years of age, by MV and Mrs. Vedder, for the purpose, as appears, of. receiving her into their family, and rearing her as their own child; they having no children of their own. A few months after receiving her, the institution (reciting that it had the authority to do so) entered into a formal agreement in writing under seal with Mr. and Mrs. Vedder, by which she was indentured to them as an apprentice until she reached the age of eighteen years, on certain terms and conditions therein mentioned ; and it was especially provided in said instrument by the parties thereto that it was the intent and meaning thereof that Ida should be re*553ceived into the family, maintained, clothed, and educated and treated with like care and kindness as if she was in fact the child of Mr. and Mrs. Vedder. The evidence clearly shows that she was so received, educated, clothed, and maintained during the lifetime of the testator, and "at his death she continued a member of the family of Mrs. Vedder, and received the same treatment down to the time of her death. A legacy to Ida of $8,000 was given by the codicil to testator’s will, made shortly after she became a member of his family. By this codicil he revoked items 9 and 11 of his will, which contained two items aggregating $8,000, which were legacies to adult persons, the interest and income of which was to be paid to his wife, Nancy, during her lifetime, and gave the same to Ida.' He terms Ida, in the codicil to his will, his “adopted daughter,” but makes no other provision for or mention of her in his will.. The income the entire estate, real and personal, including the portion given to Ida, was given to his wife during her lifetime, and there was no provision for the payment of any legacies to anybody, or for the payment of any money for any purpose, prior to her decease; and the entire estate was disposed of by the terms of his will.
The question presented under this state of facts is: “Did the testator intend the legacy of $8,000 to be a provision for the maintenance of his adopted daughter, and that interest be paid her thereon during the lifetime of his wife ? ” The question is one of intent. The rule is well settled in the construction of wills that the intention of the testator, if not contrary to *554law, will, when ascertained by the courts, be enforced. The right of testator to dispose of his property by his will, when, not contrary to the provisions or policy of the law, is as well settled as his right to dispose of the same during his lifetime. The legal obligation of a testator to support one as to'whom he is in loco parentis, or even his own child, continues only during his life. Brown v. Knapp, 79 N. Y. 142. It is a well-settled rule of law that legacies draw interest only from the time when either by law—which is one year from death of testator—or by the express terms of the will, they are payable. Lupton v. Lupton, 2 Johns. Ch. 626-628; Bradner v. Faulkner, 12 N. Y. 472.
But there is a well-settled exception to this rule, which is laid down as follows by the learned and accomplished author of Redfield on Wills: “ Where a legacy is given by a parent to his child, or by one in loco parentis by way of maintenance, and the possession of the principal deferred, it is held that the legatee is entitled to interest from the death of the testator. But this rule will not apply where the maintenance of the child is otherwise provided for by the will or any other mode.” 2 Redf. Wills, p. 566. In Williams on Executors, at page 1429, (marginal paging,) the rule is in these words: “ If the legatee be not an adult, interest on the legacy shall be allowed as a maintenance, and from time of death of testator, if there be no other provision for that purpose; ” and the rule in the language above quoted from Williams on Executors is stated with approval by Davies, C. J., in Cooke v. Meeker, 36 N. Y. 19.
*555The counsel for the guardian ad litem of the infant challenges the correctness of the rule as above stated, and insists that the will alone is to be looked to, and that interest upon a legacy, the payment of which is deferred must, where the legatee is the child of the testator, or one to whom the testator stood in loco parentis, be paid from the death of testator, where there is no other provision made in the will for the maintenance of such infant legatee. In his view it is immaterial how ample a provision has been made and enjoyed by the infant from any other source; in other words, that nothing will defeat the payment of interest on the legacy to the infant, under such circumstances, but a provision in the will for its support. I am unable to assent to this view of the law, and I think no well-considered case can be found to sustain that position. The language of two or three cases in this state, when considered apart from their facts, lends some support to the doctrine. The cases of Lupton v. Lupton, supra, Brown v. Knapp, 79 N. Y. 141, and Thorn v. Garner, 113 N. Y. 202, are cited in support of the contention of the guardian ad litem. But each of these cases, when carefully examined, will be found to state only what is termed the general rule in the construction of wills respecting the payment of interest upon legacies to infants. In each of the cases it is stated in general terms that the rule is that, where there is no provision made in the will for the maintenance of such infant legatee, interest will be allowed from the death of testator by way of maintenance. This rule, as we understand, when taken in connection with the reason upon which it is *556based, is to be applied when looking at the will alone, interpreting it by its own terms. Neither of the cases holds or professes to decide that where ample provision is found outside of the will for the maintenance of the infant, whether from the bounty of the testator or otherwise, that the legacy will draw interest from the death of the testator. There is nothing, therefore, actually decided in the cases cited by the counsel for guardian ad litem, in conflict with the rule as laid down by Judge Redeield. Indeed, the courts expressly say in case of Brown v. Knapp, supra, that the rule is based upon the presumption that the testator in such a case must have intended that the legatee in the meantime should be maintained at his expense. And in the case of Thorn v. Garner, supra, Judge Peckham says: “ The fact that the legacy was payable to" an infant child,.....and there is no other provision made in the will for the maintenance of such legatee, has been regarded as a fact sufficiently indicative of the intention of the testator to authorize the payment of interest from his death, although such direction was not found in the will.”
The fact that in such a case no other provision is found in the will for the maintenance of the infant creates the presumption only that the testator intended that interest should be paid upon the • legacy-from his death. But this presumption may be overthrown not only by the import and terms of the will itself, but also by evidence extrinsic to the will. In the case of Brown v. Knapp, the court, after having stated that the absence of a provision for maintenance *557created the presumption that the testator intended the legacy to draw interest, adds that “ this presumption is not overthrown by the language [of the will] used in the bequest to his daughter; ” thus clearly implying that it was at last simply a question of intent; that the presumption raised upon the one hand in favor of interest is not conclusive, but might be overthrown if a contrary intent appeared in the will. In the case of Thorn v. Garner, the court considers in detail a large amount of evidence extrinsic to the will, for the purpose of ascertaining whether the testator intended the legacy (in that case of $1,000,000) should draw interest from the death of the testator or from the time fixed by law, (one year thereafter,) and reaches the conclusion that, from the evidence furnished by the terms of the will itself and the evidence extrinsic to the will, the testator did not intend the legacy to draw interest until it was payable, and reversed the decision of the court below, which had allowed interest under the rule cited by the learned counsel for the guardian ad litem. In the case of Lyon v. Association, 52 Hun 359, the very point under consideration here, namely, as to whether the court could look outside of the will for the purpose of ascertaining whether the infant had a provision for its support, was carefully considered, and the court expressly held: “ If the fact exists that the legatee is not dependent, then no presumption exists that the testator intended the postponed legacy to draw interest; and it is immaterial whether or not there is other provision in the will for the legatee.” And the court adds: “We are not unmindful of the fact that the expression had been used in many cases *558where interest has been allowed, that no other provision was allotted by the will,’ seeming to imply that the will alone can be looked to to determine the question; but, as I have before remarked, if we go outside of the will to make a case for claiming interest, no reason exists for not going outside to defeat interest.”
The result of the authorities appears to be to establish this rule : that, where .a parent gives a legacy to an infant, and no other provision is found in the will for its support, the legacy presumptively draws interest from the death of the testator, but that the absence of such provision creates a presumption only, which may be overthrown by evidence in the will itself of a contrary intention, or the presumption may be repelled by evidence extrinsic to the will that the infant had other means of support.
First. In the present case it seems clear from the very terms of the will that the testator did not intend said legacy should draw interest from his death, for (1) in express terms he gives to his wife the interest and income of his entire estate, real and personal, leaving no room for inference that he intended interest upon this legacy to be paid to his daughter Ida, year by year, after his decease, during the life of his widow; and (2) he provided in his will no means from which the same could legally be paid, for he specifically devoted his entire estate to other purposes. Thus the presumption is overcome effectually, by the terms of the will itself, that he did intend such payment, and this is fatal to the claim.
Second. The extrinsic evidence is even still more *559clear, for from it we learn that Mrs. Vedder had become, with her husband, the guardian of Ida, and upon his death there devolved upon her the legal duty, as well as the moral obligation, to furnish Ida maintenance and support. And it further appears that, mindful of this obligation, Mrs. Vedder did care for her as for her own child, educating and clothing her, and affording her all the advantages which her large income and her station in life enabled her to do during her life.
Third. And it can hardly be doubted but that the testator, in making this ample provision for his wife of the entire income of his large estate, with no one to enjoy it except Mrs. Vedder and the child, Ida, contemplated that he was making a most ample and generous provision for the child of their mutual affection; and the result shows that his expectation was not disappointed, for she received a support in comparison with which the income from the $8,000 would have been a pittance. It is quite common in wills to provide thus indirectly for the education, maintenance, and support of children by simply providing the wife and mother with means for such purpose. Such a provision is usually effectual, while at the same time placing the children under such restraint as experience has shown to be wholesome.
In conclusion upon this point, we think it will hardly be claimed that at any time during the lifetime of Nancy A. Vedder this infant would have been heard in court to compel the payment of this interest for her support. A sufficient answer would have been—First, that she was not dependent, but was in *560receipt-of ample maintenance; secondly, that there was no fund provided by the will for the payment of such interest, and consequently none was intended; and, thirdly, that, as the legacy was not intended for her maintenance, no interest was payable upon it until it became due.
The second question presented for decision is: “Are the personal representatives of Nancy A. (Vedder) Hartshorn entitled to receive as profits, under the terms of the will, the increase in the value of the securities held by the executors and trustees of Nicholas S. Vedder, deceased, since 1882,—the time of the .entry of the decree upon the first judicial settlement of said estate by the Surrogate; or 'should such increase be held to be a part of the principal sum, and be divided among those entitled to receive the same ? ” These securities were inventoried, and constituted the greater portion of the estate of said testator. His widow received the income therefrom during her lifetime. After her death the executors converted them into money, and realized by their sale an advance of $10,200. The second item of the will provides as fol-lows: “ I give and bequeath’to my said wife, Nancy A. Vedder, the income and profits of all my other estate, [the first item of the will gave her goods valued at $1,000,] both real and personal, of which I shall die seised or possessed, for and during her natural life.” The testator died possessed of both real and personal property to a large amount. The will authorized the executors, in their discretion, to sell the real estate, and convert the same into money. The personal representatives of Mrs. (Vedder) Hartshorn insist that, since *561under the terms of the will she is entitled to receive the “ income and profits ” of the estate during her lifetime, she should receive as income of the real and personal estate the rents and interest, and also something beyond that, namely, the profits, and that the accretion to said securities, which is assumed to have accrued during her lifetime, is such profits. Unquestionably, if the testator intended that his wife should receive whatever of increase in value accrued to his estate during her lifetime, and had so stated in his will, there is no legal principle that could be successfully interposed to prevent its receipt by her, if ascertained in her lifetime, or by her personal representatives after her decease.
First. The first question then is; did the testator so intend and provide in his will ? The word “ profits,” when applied to trade or business, means “ the advance in price of goods sold beyond the cost of purchase.” Bouv. Law Diet. The word “ profits,” when applied to real estate, means “ the produce of lands,' ’ and is, as used in the phrase “rents, issues, and profits,” synonymous with “rents.” Burrill, Law Diet., p. 344. “Rents and profits” of real estate means “ the sum annually yielded” by the same. Delaney v. Van Aulen, 84 N. Y. 23. The testator died seised of a large amount of real estate, which, for aught that appears, produced or was capable of producing, an income; and, as the testator left it to the discretion of his executors when to sell the real estate, it may be fairly inferred that the word “ profits ” was used by the testator with reference to such rents as might be received by the executors from the *562real estate during the life of his wife. Indeed, it seems to us that the meaning of these terms, in the connection used, is too clear to require construction.. Certainly the words used are apt to express an intent by the testator, if entertained by him, to give to her the use and income of his estate, real and personal, and that alone ; and it may be worthy of note that the Supreme Court, in construing the will, used the phrase “income and profits” as synonymous with “ use and income.”
Second. We find no evidence in the remaining provisions of the will, nor in the surrounding circumstances, from which it may be inferred that the testator intended to give his wife any sum greater than the annual income or interest and the rents of his estate.
Third. Since there is nothing in the terms of the will itself nor the surrounding circumstances indicating any specific intent on the part of the testator that his widow should receive the increase in the value of his estate during her lifetime, the claim of her personal representatives, if any, must be based upon the legal proposition that the advance or increase in value of the estate or of the securities, under the circumstances here disclosed, belonged to her as life-tenant, without reference to any specific intent on the part of the testator to give her the same. This proposition, we think, cannot be successfully maintained. This very question has been repeatedly before the courts, and it is now Settled by numerous and authoritative adjudications. The.rule, as settled, may be stated broadly to be that an increase from natural causes in the value of real and personal estate *563held as an investment does not constitute profits, and go to the life-tenant, but such increase becomes principal, and goes to the remainder-men. In Matter of Gerry, 103. N. Y. 450, a case much in point, the court say: “ The theory of the will did not contemplate any traffic in securities by the trustees, but a. permanent investment in interest-bearing obligations, subject to be sold or exchanged when the exigencies of the trust required it to be done.” And the court adds: “ If the will had required the trustees to invest in real estate, the rents, incomes, and profits of which were made payable to the life-tenant, with a remainder over, it cannot be questioned but that any increase in the value of the lands from natural causes would have been an accretion, and inured to the benefit of the remainder-men.” Perry, Trusts, § 545, p. 486; Cogswell v. Cogswell, 2 Edw. Ch. 231, 440. “ And we cannot see any difference in principle between this [an increase in value of securities] and. the one supposed, [an increase in value of real estate.] ” The court further says: “ The question here presented was up in the case of Townsend v. U. S. Trust Co., 3 Redf. 222; Whitney v. Phoenix, 4 Redf. 180, before the Surrogate of New York, and it was there held that an enhancement of the value of United States bonds, held in trust, went to the remainder-men, and not the legatee for life. These decisions accord with our views.” See, also, Clarkson v. Clarkson, 18 Barb. 646; Scovel v. Roosevelt, 5 Redf. 121; Matter of Pollock, 3 Redf. 114; Matter of Kernochan, 104 N. Y. 618.
Finally. If the term “ profits ” could, in view of *564the law, be held to include the difference between the inventoried value of these securities in 1882 and the price for which they were sold after the death of Mrs. Hartshorn, in 1890, still she would not be entitled to the profits as such, since there was no sale or realization during her lifetime. It is well settled that until the securities are actually sold and the transaction completed, there are no profits. Increase in value becomes profit only when realized by sale; and in this case, there having been no actual realization or receipt of profit during the life of Mrs. Hartshorn, neither she nor her personal representatives are entitled to it. Jennery v. Olmstead, 36 Hun 536, affirmed 105 N. Y. 654. It follows that the increase in the value of these securities must be held to belong to the principal, and be distributed as a portion of the same.
The third and remaining question is: Are the grandchildren of testator’s deceased sister, namely, Willard Brooks, Walter Brooks, and Belle Smith, entitled to share as heirs at law in that portion of testator’s real estate as to which, according to the decision of the Supreme Court, the testator died intestate ; or must the entire estate, real and personal, be distributed as personalty to the widow and next of kin of said deceased ? After the death of his widow, the testator, by his will, gives certain legacies to the different persons therein named, and finally of the entire remainder of his estate he gives, devises, and bequeaths one half to the Troy Orphan Asylum, and the other half to the trustees of the Troy Conference. Shortly after the death of the testator the executors *565brought suit against the widow, legatees named in the will, the heirs at law and next of kin of said deceased, for the construction of said will, and all parties appeared and answered. The executors alleged in their complaint that they were advised that certain provisions of said will for the benefit of the Troy Orphan Asylum and Troy Conference were, under the facts stated by them, invalid under the laws of this state, and asked the judgment of the court thereon. The court held and decided that the gifts to the Troy Orphan Asylum and the Troy Conference, so far as they exceeded one half of the testator’s estate, were prohibited by law, and were void; and that as to the remainder of the estate the testator died intestate, and the same must be distributed according to the laws of distribution applicable to cases of intestacy. The court further held and decided (the question having been directjy raised by the pleadings) that “ said will provided for the conversion by the executors of the real estate left by the testator into personal property, and that the whole estate must be considered to be and be treated as personal ■ property.” And the judgment in the case provided, in terms, “ that such excess belongs to the widow, said Nancy A. Vedder, and the next of kin of said Nicholas S. Yedder, to be divided among them in the manner provided in the statute regulating the distribution of personal property among the widow and next of kin, as in case of intestacy.”
The testator left no children, but nephews and nieces, and the grandnephews and grandniece above named. The right of these grandnephews and the *566grandniece to a portion of the testator’s estate is now only in question. As to the personal property of the deceased these grandnephews and grandniece have no claim, (2 Rev. St., p. 97, §75, subd. 11,) but of the real estate they would ordinarily take their portions with the nephews and nieces as heirs at law in case of intestacy, (Id., § 75, subds. 8, 9.) It is conceded that the testator left sufficient personal property to pay all his debts and legacies, including the portion of the estate to which the Troy Orphan Asylum and the Troy Conference are by law entitled. It is insisted by the counsel for the said heirs at law that, as the testator died intestate as to the remainder of his property, after payment of debts and legacies, a considerable portion of which is real estate, and as a large ' portion of that remaining to be distributed upon this accounting is the proceeds of the sale of real estate, the heirs at law are entitled to share in the distribution of the proceeds of said real estate. And it was further insisted by said counsel that, notwithstanding the court held by its judgment that by reason of the power of sale to the executors the whole estate left by the testator became converted into personalty, yet such conversion into personalty, was only for the purpose of the will; and that, if any estate or interest in the fund arising from the sale is not legally and effectually disposed of by the will, there is a resulting trust or interest in favor of the heirs at law. In other words, the claim is that it is settled as a matter of law that, where there is a partial failure of the objects of the conversion, the undisposed portion of the surplus, where it is real estate, *567will result to the heirs, and that this is always so where there is no “ out and out conversion,” such as follows a peremptory direction to the executor to sell; and a number of authorities are cited in support of such position. We are inclined to think, although the earlier authorities are not altogether uniform, that the later authorities support this contention of the counsel for the grandnephews and grandniece of the testator.
In the case of Chamberlain v. Taylor, 105 N. Y. 185, Judge Huger, speaking for the court, says: The legal right of an heir to the real property of a deceased person cannot be defeated except by a valid devise of the property to another; and, although a testator may have intended a conversion of his real estate, this does not affect the transfer of title unless the intention is manifested in the mode and language required by the statute.” And the learned judge adds: The authority given the executor to sell the real estate did not work an equitable conversion, as there was no necessity for such conversion to satisfy the valid provisions of the will.”
But the heirs at law (grandnephews and grandniece) have not overcome the chief obstacle to their recovery. Let it be conceded that the equitable conversion of the estate was only for the purposes of the will, and that its purposes have all been met without recourse to the real estate, and that said heirs at law are entitled to share therein under the laws of descent, there still remains the judgment of the Supreme Court construing said will, to which the heirs at law and next of kin were parties, where the issues were *568specifically and definitely framed to obtain a decision from the court upon the very question raised here.
It is not contended by the counsel for the heirs that the court did not have jurisdiction of the subject-matter and of the parties; in other words, that the executor was not authorized to seek the direction of the .court as to the construction of the will or of the several provisions of the will as to which question was raised by the pleadings. But it is insisted by the learned counsel for the heirs that, “ so far as the suit or action asked the court to decide as to whether that portion of the estate as to which the will was ineffectual went to the heirs at law or next of kin, it went beyond the proper object and scope of such suit;’ and any adjudication upon the question was, therefore, not binding upon the parties in a proceeding like this, to determine who is entitled to the real estate now in the hands of the executors, and remaining for distribution.” Numerous authorities are cited, holding, in effect, that the rights and interests of parties to actions which were not the proper subject-matter of such action or within its scope and object are not conclusively disposed of by the judgments therein. Rathbone v. Hooney, 58 N. Y. 463; Outram v. Morehood, 3 East, 346, 357. We do not think that doctrine applies here. It was within the “proper object, purpose, and scope” of the action for the construction of the will that the executors should have determined—First, if there was any portion of the estate as to which the testator died intestate; secondly, (as it was the right at least, if not the duty, of the executor under the power of sale to convert *569the real estate into money for the purposes of their trust,) to obtain the direction of the court as to rvhat ultimate disposition should be made of the proceeds after the death of the widow. This was a question proper to be raised and decided by the court to enable the executors to perform their duty. It was answered by the court, whether right or wrong, (presumptively it was right, since no appeal Avas taken by the heirs,) that the whole property, real and personal, was, under the terms of the will, converted into personalty; and that the whole of that portion as to which the testator died intestate must be distributed among the widow and next of kin as personal property, under the statute of distribution.
The decisions are ample that such an adjudication, made in the construction of a will, is binding upon all partiesen any litigation which may thereafter arise between any of them concerning any of the provisions of the will directly passed upon in construing the same.
The general rule is well settled that a final judgment or decree of a court of competent jurisdiction is conclusive in every other suit between the same parties as to all matters and questions therein properly determined, or which might or ought to have been determined therein. Doty v. Brown, 4 N. Y. 71; Demarest v. Darg, 32 N. Y. 287; Brown v. Mayor, 66 N. Y. 391; Chamberlain v. Taylor, 105 N. Y. 185; Leavitt v. Wolcott, 95 N. Y. 222; Chamberlain v. Chamberlain, 43 N. Y. 424. Also that infants represented by a guardian ad litem are bound to the *570same extent as adults. Walsh v. Walsh, 116 Mass. 377; Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Schwaner, 36 Hun 373.
That this rule applies' to this case we think there can be no doubt. If so, the grandnephews and grandniece of testator are, much as we must regret the result, excluded from all participation in the fund solely by reason of the judgment in the suit for the construction of the will. Let it be conceded that they, as heirs at law of testator, immediately upon his death took, under the law, title as tenants in common with the nephews • and nieces to that portion of the real estate as to which the testator died intestate, the fact still remains that a suit was properly brought, in which they were parties, and in which the question was squarely presented as to whether any portion of the estate as to which the testator died intestate should, upon a proper application of the rules of law applicable to the construction of the terms of the will, go to the heirs at law; and the court decided that the whole estate was by the terms of the will, under the circumstances, equitably converted into personalty, and must go to the widow and next of kin, and not the heirs at law.
The application of the doctrine of res adjudicata to cases involving the construction of wills is not a matter of reasoning alone. In the case of Chamberlain v. Taylor, 105 N. Y., supra, which was an action of ejectment from certain real estate which had passed. under a will, the construction of which had been determined by the court between the same parties in a former action, brought especially for that purpose, (Chamberlain v. Chamberlain, 43 N. Y. *571424,) the court say in substance that, as all the parties to this suit (ejectment) were before the court when the will under which the real estate passed was construed, either party can now be heard, whether the ejectment was right or wrong, to call in question the construction then given to the provisions of the will. See, also, cases of Leavitt v. Wolcott, supra; Bowers v. Smith, 10 Paige, 193. The case of Bowers v. Smith holds that, although the decision of legal questions, such as title to real estate in construction of wills, belongs exclusively to courts of law, yet such questions may, when they incidentally arise, or where the court has obtained jurisdiction for some other purpose, be conclusively determined upon the construction of wills in a court of equity. The case of Demarest v. Darg, supra, holds that the rule of res adjudicata applies, although the adverse parties were nominally defendants in suit in equity; since they have in such suit ample opportunity to assert their rights not only as against the plaintiffs, (executors,) but against each-other. These considerations lead to a denial of the right of the grandnephews and grandniece, as heirs at law of said deceased, to participate in the distribution of the fund.
Let a decree be prepared and submitted in accordance with the views herein expressed.