The domicil of this decedent at the time of his death was in New Jersey, and it was there that, in March, 1880, he died. He left assets in that state, of the value of $200 and upwards, and other assets of greater, value in the city of New York. Soon after his death, his widow collected the New Jersey assets and brought them into the State of New York, and within the jurisdiction of this court. In April, 1880, she obtained letters of administration from the Surrogate of New York county. On January 13th, 1880, one Daniel S. Hardenberg, of Jersey city, N. J., applied to this court iof an order directing the administratrix to pay him the amount of a judgment for about $225, which he had recovered in the Supreme court of the State of New York. Harden-berg alleged in his petition that that judgment was for medicine, medical attendance, etc., etc., which he, as a physician, had furnished the decedent in New Jersey, on the occasion of decedent’s last illness, and that by the statute laws of that state he was entitled to be preferred over general creditors in the administration of this estate.
It was claimed in his behalf that whatever priority *439would be accorded him under New Jersey laws, should here be recognized, at least so far as regards the disposition of the assets brought from that state into this, which assets were admittedly of greater value than the amount of the petitioner’s claim.
The administratrix filed an answer to the Harden-berg application, and therein alleged, among other things, that decedent’s estate was hopelessly insolvent (which is admitted on all hands). She denied that the petitioner was entitled to preference as a creditor of the estate, and alleged that one Florence M. Manning was so entitled, she having recovered a judgment in this State against the decedent, in his lifetime, for about $500. The administratrix also alleged that the assets which would remain in her hands, after paying expenses of administration, would not suffice to pay the creditor so entitled to priority, and prayed that the Hardenberg petition should accordingly be denied.
An application was made to the Surrogate on January 27th, 1886, for an order directing the payment of the Manning- judgment. The administratrix filed an answer alleging, among other things, the pendency of the proceedings brought by Hardenberg, and the consequent uncertainty whether the Manning judgment could be paid without injuriously affecting the interests of the other creditors.
These two petitions and answers give rise to certain delicate and perplexing questions.
Shall the New York judgment creditor, whose claim is, by New York law, superior in dignity to that of a physician seeking his compensation for attendance upon the decedent in his last illness, be allowed pri*440ority in respect to the entire assets of this estate ? or shall the New Jersey creditor have preference so far as concerns the assets from that state ? Or if neither of these schemes is worthy the sanction of the court, what other scheme should command its approval ?
It is convenient to consider, at the outset, whether Dr. Hardenberg has lost any right of priority- that he may have originally possessed by putting his claim into judgment. His judgment, as such, having been recovered, not against the decedent himself, but against the respondent administratrix, is, of course, inferior to the Manning judgment which was recovered against Mr. Rowland in his lifetime (E. S., part 2, ch. 6, tit. 3, §§ 27, 28; 3 Banks, 7th ed., 2298). But is Dr. Hardenberg’s demand so “ drowned in the judgment ” that his original cause of action cannot here and now be taken into consideration ?
■ The general doctrine of merger which this administratrix invokes is subject to exceptions in cases where its technical operation would work manifest hardship (Freeman on Judgments, § 217). In Betts v. Bagley (12 Pick., 572, 579), Shaw, C. J., said : “ When the essential rights of parties are influenced by the nature of the original contract, the court will look into the judgment for the purpose of ascertaining the nature of the original cause of action.” To similar effect, see Rawley v. Hooker (21 Ind., 144); Owens v. Sprigg (2 Md., 457); Wyman v. Mitchell (1 Cow., 316); Dresser v. Brooks (3 Barb., 429); Clark v. Rowling (3 N. Y., 216).
Judge Comstock’s syllabus of the case last cited is *441in these words: “A judgment upon a contract technically merges the demand, but not in so complete a sense that the courts may not look behind the judgment to see upon what it is founded, for the purpose of protecting the equitable rights connected with the original relation of the parties.”
Upon the authority of these cases, and in view of certain facts and circumstances that will presently be the subject of comment, I hold that any right of priority which petitioner Hardenberg may have had at decedent’s death remains unimpaired, notwithstanding his recovery of judgment against this administratrix.
The statute upon which he relies is in these words: “Judgments entered of record against the decedent in his lifetime, funeral charges and expenses, and the 'physician s hill during the last sickness, shall have preference and be first paid ” (Laws of N. J., Revision of 1877, vol. 2, p. 764, § 58).
The phraseology of this statute provokes a query whether the Manning judgment would be treated by the courts of New Jersey as equal in dignity to the claim of Hardenberg, or as inferior, and whether, In case such claim shall be found worthy of any priority as regards the New Jersey assets, it should or should not share such priority pro rata with the former. This is a matter which will be hereafter considered. For present purposes, I shall assume that the Harden-berg claim would rank in the New Jersey courts above any judgment recovered against the decedent outside the limits of that state.
Now, if that assumption be correct, should the claim in question be here accorded, as regards the *442New Jersey assets, the priority which would be accorded it in the New Jersey courts ? Its title to such priority is challenged upon this ground: that property accounted for in a particular jurisdiction by an administrator appointed by that jurisdiction should be distributed (so far as regards conflicting demands of creditors) according to the law of the forum ; and that, as by the law of this State the claim of a physician for attendance upon a decedent in his last illness is inferior in rank to that of a judgment creditor of such decedent, the Hardenberg petition should be wholly denied.
There is a multitude of reported cases in which questions have arisen as to the proper mode of marshalling the assets of a decedent’s estate when a portion of such assets has fallen under the control of one state or country and another portion has fallen under the control of another. Most of these cases differ ° from the case at bar in this respect: that they have concerned the conflicting claims of administrators appointed in different jurisdictions, while this estate has no representative at the place of decedent’s domicil. The problem does not seem to me, however, to be complicated by this circumstance. Now, if all the assets of this estate had been situated within this county at the time of the decedent’s death, if a domiciliary administrator had been appointed in New Jersey, and if, after such appointment, letters had here been granted (whether to the same person holding the New Jersey letters or to another, and whether principal or ancillary in form), the scheme of administration that our courts would have been bound to *443adopt as between creditors is that which is provided by the statutes of New York. Such preferences would have been entitled to recognition as those statutes establish, and the preferences recognized by the lex domicilii would have been ignored. The claim of one who had recovered a judgment against the decedent in his lifetime would have been entitled to be paid in priority over that of a physician who had attended the decedent in New Jersey in his last illness, and whose demand would, in that state, be accorded the higher rank.
Upon this subject Mr. Wharton says (Conflict of Laws, § 624): “ Which law is to decide—the law of decedent’s domicil or the lex rei sitce f No doubt the tendency of the Roman jurists is to enforce that of the domicil. But in America the decisions are positive that the law of the situs is to prevail, which, of course, when situs and domicil conflict, is that of the ancillary administration granted at the spot where the property in question lies. In other words, funds in Massachusetts, belonging to a deceased person whose domicil was English, are to be distributed according to the law of priority in Massachusetts.”
Judge Story says (Conflict of Laws, 8th ed., p. 742, § 524); “ The established rule now is that, in regard to creditors, the administration of assets of deceased persons is to be governed altogether by the law of the country where the executor or administrator acts, and from which he derives his authority to collect them, and not by that of the domicil of the deceased.”
At page 743, § 525, Judge Story states, as the *444ground of this doctrine, “ that every nation, having a right to dispose of all the property actually situate within it, has a right to protect itself and its citizens against the inequalities of foreign laws which are injurious to their interests.” “ The rule,” adds the learned commentator, “ of preference or of an inequality in the payment of debts (whether the one or the other course is adopted) is purely local in its nature, and can have no just claim to be admitted by any other nation which, in its domestic arrangements, pursues an opposite policy. In a conflict between our own and foreign laws, the doctrine avowed by Huberus is highly reasonable that we should prefer our own.” “ In tali conflictu magis est ut jus nostrum, quamjus alienum, servemus.”
The proposition that the assets left by this decedent in New York county should be administered by New York law is also supported by Harrison v. Sterry (5 Cranch, 289, 299); De Sobrey v. Delaistre (2 Har. & J., 191); Carson v. Oates (64 N. C., 115); Moye v. May (8 Ired. Eq., 131); Fellows v. Lewis (65 Ala., 343); Findley v. Gidney (75 N. C., 395); McElmoyle v. Cohen (13 Pet., 312); Union Bank v. Smith (4 Cr. C. C., 21); Miller’s Estate (3 Rawle, 312).
A different doctrine may well prevail as regards the administration, in a jurisdiction other than that of a decedent’s domicil, of assets removed from his domicil after his decease, especially if such assets have been removed without authority and brought irregularly into the foreign jurisdiction. The distinction between the two classes of cases is clearly pointed out by *445Westlake in §§ 102 and 108 of his treatise on Pri vate International Law (ed. of 1880):
(1) “ Every administrator, principal or ancillary, must apply the assets reduced into possession under his grant in paying all the debts of the deceased .....in that order of priority which is prescribed by the law of the jurisdiction from which the grant issued. This rule is an immediate consequence of the maxim of private international law that the priorities of creditors in a concursus are determined by the lex fori or lex concursus—which indeed is almost an inevitable maxim, for if twro debts were contracted under different laws, and each by the law under which it was contracted would be prior to the other, how shall their order of priority be determined if not by the law of the forum where they meet ? ” but
(2) “ If, through the submission of a foreign administrator or otherwise, foreign assets are being judicially administered in England, the court will apply them as the foreign representative should have done—that is, will assign to the creditors as against any particidar assets that order of priority which is prescribed by the law ” (that is—the foreign law) “ under the authority of lohich those assets were reduced into possession” (citing, among other cases, Cook v. Gregson, 2 Dr., 286, and Pardo v. Bingham, L. R., 6 Eq., 485).
In Cook v. Gregson it was held, in accordance with the principle last stated, that where a person had died domiciled in Ireland, leaving property both in Ireland and in England, and the same executors in both countries, the holder of an Irish judgment had a right to *446be paid in priority over English simple contract creditors out of Irish property remitted to England by the executors and being there administered. Kindersley, V. C., declared that the assets so remitted should be administered precisely as if they had remained in Ireland, and in accordance, therefore, with the scheme of priority in force in the latter country.
In Pardo v. Bingham (supra), Lord Romilly, M. R., held that, where an English decedent residing, but not domiciled, in Venezuela had there contracted a debt with a citizen of that country, the creditor was not, by reason of a preference under the laws of Venezuela, entitled to claim in the English courts priority in payment of his debt out of a fund which by the English law was equitable assets for the benefit of all the creditors, but that such fund should be distributed according to the law of England. But Lord Romilly very distinctly intimated that if the decedent and his creditor had both been domiciled in Venezuela, and if the assets had been legal assets, located in that country at decedent’s death, he would have reached a different conclusion.
• I have discovered, after careful search, no American decisions that are in conflict with the doctrine of Cook v. Gregson. Its correctness was substantially recognized by Gibson, C. J., in Miller’s Case (supra). It wras there a matter of contention whether a decedent at the time of his death was domiciled in Pennsylvania1 or in the country of Mexico. Letters of administration had been issued in Pennsylvania, upon the theory that he was domiciled in that state. At the time of his death he was a member of a firm engaged *447in business in Mexico. His surviving partners wound up the business and transmitted the decedent’s share therein to the Philadelphia administrator. These assets were claimed by simple contract creditors domiciled in foreign countries, whose demands amounted to much more than the total value of the estate in the administrator’s hands, and were also claimed by the assignees of a specialty creditor who contended for a preference. Debts under a specialty were by the Pennsylvania law entitled to be paid in priority. It was held that the decedent was domiciled in Pennsylvania, and that the law of that state should control the administration.
In referring to the demand of one of the unsuccessful creditors who had asserted a right to preference under the law of Mexico, the court observed (Gibson, C. J.) that, if the claimant had been himself a Mexican, a different judgment would have been pronounced. “ Perhaps our courts,” said the learned Judge, “ would direct a portion of the assets sufficient for the demand to be returned to the proper officer in that country; certainly they would not compel payment to be made in a way to deprive him of any advantage he could claim by its laws, or suffer him to be prejudiced by an irregular abduction of the assets from its jurisdiction.”
It will be noted that, in the case at bar, the claimant Hardenberg is a resident of New Jersey, and was such resident at the time of rendering the services for which he now seeks to be paid. When it is further considered that the decedent had his domicil in that state, and that the assets with which we are here *448concerned were there situate at the time of his death, it seems to me that the sequestration of those assets for the use of the New York judgment creditor would be an act of flagrant injustice.
I am confirmed in this view by certain observations of Andrews, J., pronouncing the opinion of our Court of Appeals, in Matter of Hughes (95 N. Y., 55). It was held in that case that, though the only assets in the hands of an administrator of a decedent’s estate holding letters granted by the Surrogate of Kings county, N. Y., were assets that had been irregularly brought from Pennsylvania, where the decedent Avas domiciled at his death, distribution should, nevertheless, under the circumstances disclosed by the evidence, be decreed by the Surrogate of Kings county. But in the course of his opinion, Judge Andrews says : “ The removal by the appellant of the assets from Pennsylvania was illegal. The jurisdiction over the assets of an intestate is local, and upon his death their care devolves of necessity upon the sovereignty of the country where they may be, until a legal representative of the intestate is appointed Avho shall be entitled to their custody. The right of the domestic sovereignty over vacant assets pending the appointment of an administrator, besides being founded upon necessity, arises also from the general duty of the state to guard the interest of domestic creditors and claimants. Where assets so situated have been illegally removed from the jurisdiction of the domicil, to the prejudice of domestic creditors or others interested in the estate, it would, we conceive, be the plain duty of the courts in another jurisdiction, where they *449were found, to direct their return to the jurisdiction of the domicil. This course would be alike demanded by a sense of justice and the comity of states. A removal under such circumstances would rightly be considered an act of usurpation, to which courts would not lend their sanction.”
It is impossible in the present case to transmit to the jurisdiction of this decedent’s domicil the assets which were brought thence into this county, as the estate has there no legal representative. This court must, therefore, as regards those assets, take the course which it would pursue if sitting in New Jersey. Now it is not suggested by the respondent that there are in that state any persons who have claims against these assets superior or equal to those of Dr. Harden-13 erg. I think, therefore, that but for the necessity of making provision for defraying administration expenses, it would be proper to direct the immediate payment, not of the judgment, but of the original claim of Dr. Hardenberg. For it is true as regards the payment of a decedent’s debts, no less than as regards- the division of a surplus among his next of kin, that it is a matter, not of jurisdiction, but of judicial discretion, dependent upon the particular circumstances, whether a court will or will not decree distribution of the assets within its jurisdiction among all persons having an interest therein (1 Story’s Eq. Jur., 13th ed., § 589). The administratrix is correct, however, in insisting that her right to be reimbursed for the just and reasonable expenses .of her administration is paramount to the claims of any creditor of *450the estate (R. S., part 2, ch. 6, tit. 3, § 58; 3 Banks, 7th ed., 2303).
The accounting of the administratrix is now proceeding before the referee. When it shall have terminated and when the court shall have ascertained what amount is or should be in the hands of the administratrix for distribution among creditors, it will appear whether all, and if not all what part of, the Hardenberg claim can be satisfied. To the discharge of that claim the entire amount of the New Jersey assets, less such contribution as they must make to the payment of administration expenses, "will be held applicable. Such claim ranks, as to such assets, above the Manning judgment, the same not having been recovered in the state of New Jersey, and being unentitled therefore to preference in that state (Cameron v. Wurtz, 4 McCord, 278; McElmoyle v. Cohen, 13 Pet., 312; Brown v. Public Administrator, 2 Bradf., 103).