The estate for distribution among the creditors amounts to about $2,400. There are two classes of creditors: lsi, those whose claims are conceded to be individual, and which amount to about $2,100, and, 2nd, those who are alleged to be creditors of the firm of G-ray & Lockwood, of which the deceased was a partner, whose claims amount to over $4,000. The individual creditors seek to exclude the firm creditors from participation in the assets of the estate, until they have been paid in full; while the *517firm creditors claim to be entitled to share, pro rata, with the individual creditors in the distribution.
The matter has been complicated by a judgment of the Supreme court, entered upon the report of a referee in a reference under the statute, relating to disputed claims. The greater part of the so-called firm debts are held by a Mrs. Lockwood. Her claim was disputed by the administrator, and the claim was referred. On this reference the question of Mrs. Lockwood’s right to share equally with other creditors in the distribution of the estate was submitted to the referee, and passed upon by him. He decided that she was. It is, however, now claimed that that decision is not binding upon the other creditors of the estate. I will, therefore, direct my attention first to that question. •
The provision in the judgment is very general in its terms, but when taken in connection with the opinion and report of the referee, it is clear that the Supreme court, by the judgment, directs the payment of Mrs. Lockwood’s claim piro rata with those of individual creditors. The proceeding in which that judgment was rendered is a statutory one, and only such matters could be submitted for determination as are provided for by the statute. “ If the executor or administrator doubt the justice of any claim,” then provision is made for a reference, “ and the judgment of the court thereupon shall be valid and effectual in all respects, as if the same had been rendered in a suit commenced by the ordinary process ” (2 R S., 88, 89, §§ 36, 37). No provision is made by the statute for determination of any other matter than the justice of *518the claim ; anything else, to he properly passed upon, must he incident and necessary to the determination of that question.
In this case, the referee had to determine whether Mrs. Lockwood’s claim was a just one against the estate of Charles B. Gray, deceased; and, to do that, he had to ascertain whether this claim was against Charles B. Gray individually, or against the firm of Gray & Lockwood; and if the latter, then, that there were no partnership assets or solvent surviving partner so as to make it a claim in equity against the individual estate of the deceased partner. The referee, however, not only did all this, but he also decided how the claimant should share the estate with the other creditors. Now, did the administrator in that proceeding represent the individual creditors, so as to give the court jurisdiction over them ? If he did, did the referee have jurisdiction of the subject matter, so as to have the power to determiné the rights of the different classes of creditors in the distribution of the assets ? If the answers to these questions are in the affirmative, then the judgment is conclusive, and cannot be questioned on this settlement; the only means of review being by appeal (Fisher v. Hepburn, 48 N. Y., 53).
But a court may enquire into the jurisdiction of' any other court where the proceedings of the latter are relied upon, and brought before the former by the party claiming the benefit of such court’s action. “ Where a court has jurisdiction, it has a right to decide every question which occurs in the cause, and whether its decision be correct or otherwise, its judg*519ment, until reversed, is regarded as binding in every other court. But if it act without authority, its j udgments are nullities ” (Elliott v. Peirsol, 1 Peters,, 511; Wilcox v. Jackson, 13 Peters, 511). “ Jurisdiction is the power to hear and determine the subject matter in controversy between the parties to the suit ” (State of R. I. v. State of Mass., 12 Peters, 718). Jurisdiction does not relate to the rights of the parties, as between each other, but to the power of the court ” (Peo. v. Sturtevant, 9 N. Y., 263).
The Supreme court would have had.jurisdiction, in an action brought for that purpose, to have determined the rights of the parties on a settlement in this estate; but I do not think it has, in such a proceeding as the one in which this judgment was entered. Mowry v. Peet (88 N. Y., 456) is a case showing the limited power of the court in such proceedings. There, judgment had been entered in favor of the administrator, against the claimant, for the excess of the claim of the deceased over that of the claimant. It was held not to be within the scope of the statute, and that neither referee nor court had power to render such affirmative relief.
I will, therefore, now consider the nature of Mrs. Lockwood’s claim. Upon the Farnum note of $2,000, Mrs. Lockwood was an accommodation maker, or surety. She signed as joint maker with Gray & Lockwood, for their accommodation, and with a full knowledge of the facts, including the fact that the money was being borrowed on the note for the use of the firm of Gray & Lockwood in their jewelry business. When she so signed the note, a contract was *520implied or raised on the part of her co-makers to indemnify her, or refund to her the amount she might have to pay in the transaction. Her right of action against .them is not based upon the note she had paid to Farnum, for the note had answered the purpose for which it was drawn, and has been paid and can-celled, and she now holds it only as a voucher to be used in settlement with the other makers for whose .accommodation she had signed (Edwards on Bills, 3rd ed., §§ 722, 723, 764). And her right of action against them is subject to any equities between them, —in other -words it has not the characteristics of commercial paper, and does not entitle her, by subrogation or otherwise, to the rights which belonged to Farnum, as holder of the note.
The five other notes held by her, and which make up the rest of her claim, bear date in the years, 1881 and 1882. In these, she is payee and endorser, and they are signed by Gray & Lockwood with their individual names. They were all given in renewal of other notes, the originals of which were given some time prior to 1876, when the firm was dissolved, signed in the firm name, payable to and endorsed by her, to be discounted at the bank for the accommodation of the firm. The aggregate amount of them being at first more than at present, these original notes, as they became due, were paid in part by other notes of the same parties, which were in turn paid in like manner, until the notes now held by Mrs. Lockwood were paid and taken up by her. Does' she now hold them as joint and several liabilities of the makers, as they, on their face purport to be, or do they still *521retain their original character as firm debts of Gray & Lockwood ?
In Jackson v. Cornell (1 Sandf. Ch., 348), it was held that an assignment, made by one partner of his individual property, by which he preferred the firm creditor, was fraudulent and void as to his individual creditors. In Kirby v. Carpenter (7 Barb., 373), where a surviving partner had paid the firm debts, and claimed to be an individual creditor to the amount due him on account of such payments, it was held that the nature of the debts was not changed, that the surviving partner stood in the place of the original creditors. In Ganson v. Lathrop (25 Barb., 455), the claimants held notes, signed “ J. Ganson & Co.,” by which the makers jointly and severally promised to pay, etc. The court held that the claimants were partnership, and not individual creditors. While these cases dó not decide the character to he given the notes in this case, they do show a purpose of the courts to give that character to a debt which it originally had. In other cases, it is doubted whether it is in jjhe power of the debtor to change the character of the debt to the prejudice of debtors of another class.
I think there can be little doubt but that all of Mrs. Lockwood’s claims retain the character of partnership debts, so as to be capable of being enforced against partnership assets, if any existed, and I fail to see how they can at the same time, as against individual creditors, have the character of individual debts;—in the one case, by reason of the implied promise of the individual partners to pay what she. *522might suffer by reason of her having signed, for the benefit of the firm, the $2,000 note, and in the other cases by their having renewed old partnership notes, after the dissolution of the partnership, signed in their individual names. I, therefore, conclude that all of Mrs. Lockwood’s claim is made up of old debts of the firm of Gray & Lockwood.
At law, the partnership creditor may pursue both the joint and separate estates of the partners for the satisfaction of his debt, which at law is considered both joint and several. On the death of one of the partners, the legal right ceases against the deceased partner, and survives only against the surviving partner. A court of equity will, however, decree to joint (and partnership) creditors satisfaction of their claims, as against the representatives of the deceased partner,, when, by reason of the insolvency of the firm and of the surviving partner, no other remedy exists (Pope v. Cole, 55 N. Y., 124). But, as against the individual creditors of the deceased partner, when the estate of the latter is insufficient to pay both classes of claims, equity gives the individual credijjprs the prior right. For it is a general rule that partnership debts must be first paid from the partnership assets, and individual debts, in like manner, are to be first paid from the individual assets; and where there are insufficient partnership assets to pay the partnership debts, the partnership creditors can only look to the surplus of the individual assets, after the individual creditors have been satisfied. In the English courts, an exception has been established in cases where there is no joint estate and no solvent partner; *523—then the joint creditor is not postponed, but is permitted to come in ratably with the individual creditors. But this exception is not recognized by the courts of this State (N. R. Bank v. Stewart, 4 Bradf., 254, and cases there cited; Voorhis v. Childs, 17 N. Y., 354).
The case of Pope v. Cole (supra), upon which the counsel for Mrs. Lockwood relies, does not sustain his position, for in that case the effect of insufficient individual assets to pay individual creditors is not discussed. The court there decides what is necessary in order to maintain an action against the representatives of a deceased partner.
In distributing the assets of the deceased, in the hands of the administrator, the decree will, therefore, provide for the payment of the individual creditors first, in full, and after that, the balance to be distributed pro rata among the firm creditors, including Mrs. Lockwood. The expense of the reference allowed in the judgment must, however, be paid in full, before any distribution (Columbian Ins. Co. v. Stevens, 37 N. Y., 536; Shields v. Sullivan, 3 Dem., 296).