Haile v. Holder

FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LETEKIDAN UKABANIKIEL HAILE,  Nos. 06-74309
Petitioner,
09-70779
v.
 Agency No.
ERIC H. HOLDER Jr., Attorney A078-357-911
General,
OPINION
Respondent.

On Petition for Review of Orders of the
Board of Immigration Appeals

Argued and Submitted
May 10, 2011—San Francisco, California

Filed September 26, 2011

Before: Ronald M. Gould and Milan D. Smith, Jr.,
Circuit Judges, and Algenon L. Marbley, District Judge.*

Opinion by Judge Gould

*The Honorable Algenon L. Marbley, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.

18305
18308 HAILE v. HOLDER

COUNSEL

Ajai Mathew (argued), Law Office of Manpreet S. Gahra,
Berkeley, California, for petitioner Letekidan Ukabanikiel
Haile.

Paul F. Stone (argued), Office of Immigration Litigation,
Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.,
for respondent Eric H. Holder Jr. Tony West, Assistant Attor-
ney General, Civil Division, Washington, D.C., and Michael
P. Lindemann, Assistant Director, Office of Immigration Liti-
gation, Washington, D.C., were also on the brief.
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18309
OPINION

GOULD, Circuit Judge:

In these consolidated petitions for review, Petitioner
Letekidan Ukabanikiel Haile challenges two decisions of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). The first challenge is
to the finding that she was statutorily ineligible for asylum,
withholding of removal and protection under the Convention
Against Torture (“CAT”) in the form of withholding of
removal based on the terrorism bars in 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(v), and the second is to the finding that she
is not entitled to deferral of removal under the CAT. Because
we hold that the BIA’s conclusions that the ELF is a terrorist
organization and that Haile engaged in terrorist activities are
supported by substantial evidence and that we lack jurisdic-
tion to address other arguments raised by Haile, we deny in
part and dismiss in part those aspects of the petitions for
review. However, because the record compels the conclusion
that the Petitioner has demonstrated that it is more likely than
not that upon a return to Eritrea she will be tortured by or with
the acquiescence of the Eritrean government, we grant the
relief of deferral of removal under the CAT.

I

Haile is a native of Ethiopia and a citizen of Eritrea.1 She
entered the United States with a tourist visa in 1999 but
stayed beyond the authorized period. In 2000, Haile filed an
application for asylum but her application was denied, and the
Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated removal
proceedings against her on the charge that she had remained
in the United States without authorization. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(1)(B). In removal proceedings, Haile conceded
1
Haile was born in the city of Asmara within Eritrea in 1956, when Eri-
trea was part of Ethiopia. Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in
1991.
18310 HAILE v. HOLDER
removability and applied for relief from removal in the form
of asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
CAT.

According to Haile’s testimony, which the Immigration
Judge (“IJ”) found credible, she joined the Eritrean Liberation
Front (“ELF”) in 1977. The ELF is an organization that
fought for Eritrea’s independence from Ethiopia. Haile stated
that the ELF used violence and employed weapons (i.e., guns)
in the fight for independence and for the forcible overthrow
of the Ethiopian government. Haile had “heard about” mem-
bers of the ELF attempting to hijack an Ethiopian airline
flight, but denied knowing about other specific ELF activities.
DHS submitted a set of “incident profiles” from the website
of the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism
(“MIPT”) that described terrorist acts perpetrated by the ELF,
including kidnappings, hijackings of aircraft, shootings, and
car bombings. The incident profiles were admitted over the
general objection of Haile’s counsel.

As a member of the ELF, Haile “organiz[ed] women” and
“would gather and collect fund [sic] or contribute fund [sic]”
to the ELF. Using the funds she collected, she sent “provi-
sions like sugar, cigarettes, and shoes” to the ELF through a
contact. Haile also collected and passed on documents, the
precise contents of which she did not know, but she believed
that the documents contained information about how to attack
or target the enemy and that the documents would have had
a negative impact on the Ethiopian government. A letter from
an ELF official confirmed that Haile was “a member of the
under-ground cells” in Asmara and that she “was participating
in collecting informations [sic] of the enemy, gathering neces-
sary materials for the ELF army, and organi[z]ing Eritrean
women to join the organi[z]ation and struggle for their eman-
cipation secretly.”

Haile testified that, in 1978, she was arrested by members
of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (“EPLF”), a rival
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18311
pro-independence organization and detained for a month
under poor conditions. Haile was arrested again in 1979, this
time by agents of the Ethiopian government, and detained for
about a year. She was interrogated and subjected to brutal treat-
ment.2 A judge sentenced Haile to five years’ imprisonment,
and she served about three years of that sentence. Conditions
in prison were poor: there were mice and rats, few bathrooms
for many prisoners, and “criminals and crazy people” mixed
in with political prisoners. When she returned to Asmara, the
ELF “had left the area,” but she remained an ELF member
until 2002.

Haile fled Eritrea in 1999. A local official and EPLF mem-
ber named Mohammed Ibrahim had asked to marry her and
she had declined. He then showed her a list of members of the
ELF who were targeted for arrest, and the list had her name
on it. Haile believes that because she refused his marriage
offer, if she returns anywhere in Eritrea, Ibrahim would have
her killed. Haile testified that ELF members are arrested in
Eritrea for voicing their views. She also testified that soldiers
had taken her father from his home about ten months prior to
the removal hearing, and that her father was interrogated by
local officials about Haile and her escape from the country.
This account was in part corroborated by a letter from Haile’s
son that was admitted into evidence, although Haile blamed
Ibrahim for the arrest of her father while the letter referred to
“soldiers.” The letter said that Haile’s father died at home
from pneumonia after his three-day period of detention, dur-
ing which he was made to sleep on a cold cement floor.
Haile’s sister was also arrested, and Haile’s son was taken to
the police station because he accused the government of caus-
ing the death of Haile’s father. Haile also submitted support-
ive reports and articles regarding country conditions in
2
Her interrogators bound her hands and stomped on her back; stuffed
her mouth with bloody clothing; suspended her upside-down and beat the
soles of her feet with electric wire; and shot other prisoners in front of her.
The interrogation related to her involvement with the ELF.
18312 HAILE v. HOLDER
Eritrea, including information on human rights abuses and
treatment of political prisoners.

The IJ denied all relief and ordered Haile removed. After
reviewing all testimony and evidence, the IJ found, among
other things, that the ELF falls within the definition of a ter-
rorist organization, that Haile was a member of the ELF, and
that Haile had engaged in terrorist activities. The IJ concluded
that Haile was statutorily barred from eligibility for asylum,
withholding of removal, and CAT protection in the form of
withholding. The IJ denied CAT protection in the form of
deferral of removal because Haile did not show that it is
“more likely than not” that she would suffer torture upon
removal to Eritrea.

Haile appealed to the BIA, but to no avail because the BIA
dismissed the appeal, agreeing with the IJ that Haile was inel-
igible for asylum and withholding and that she did not demon-
strate entitlement to deferral of removal under CAT. The BIA
found no error in the IJ’s finding that the ELF was a terrorist
organization. While the IJ appeared to have found Haile ineli-
gible for relief because she had engaged in terrorist activities
under § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I), the BIA held that the IJ properly
found that Haile was ineligible based on her membership in
a terrorist organization, citing § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(VI).

After Haile filed an opening brief on appeal to us, the gov-
ernment filed a motion to reopen with the BIA. The BIA
agreed sua sponte to reconsider its decision and issued a sec-
ond decision supplementing its earlier decision. In its second
decision the BIA (1) reaffirmed its decision that the IJ cor-
rectly determined that the ELF was a terrorist organization;
(2) affirmed the IJ’s conclusion that Haile was barred from
relief for engaging in terrorist activities “based on her activi-
ties with and material support of ELF;” and (3) expanded its
reasoning with respect to the denial of deferral of removal
under CAT. Haile petitioned for review of the second decision
of the BIA.
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18313
II

We have jurisdiction over the petitions for review under 8
U.S.C. § 1252(a). See Khan v. Holder, 584 F.3d 773, 779-80
(9th Cir. 2009) (noting jurisdiction over similar claims and
recognizing that Bellout v. Ashcroft, 363 F.3d 975 (9th Cir.
2004), which held to the contrary, was decided before passage
of the REAL ID Act). Where, as here, the BIA conducts a de
novo review of the IJ’s decision, the court’s review is “limited
to the BIA’s decision, except to the extent that the IJ’s opin-
ion is expressly adopted.” Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d
953, 957 (9th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted). Questions
of law are reviewed de novo. Hamazaspyan v. Holder, 590
F.3d 744, 747 (9th Cir. 2009). We review factual findings and
determinations of mixed questions of law and fact for sub-
stantial evidence. Khan, 584 F.3d at 776. Findings of fact are
conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be com-
pelled to conclude to the contrary. § 1252(b)(4)(B); INS v.
Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 483-84 (1992).

III

[1] Aliens who have engaged in terrorist activities are pre-
cluded from seeking several forms of relief from removal,
including asylum, withholding, and CAT protection in the
form of withholding, but remain eligible for deferral of
removal under the CAT. See Khan, 584 F.3d at 777; see also
8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i) (stating terrorism-related grounds
of inadmissibility); 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(4)(B) (providing for
terrorism-related grounds of deportability by reference to
§ 1182(a)(3)(B), (F)); 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(v) (West
2004) (stating, in effect, that an alien who is inadmissible or
deportable on terrorism-related grounds is ineligible for asy-
lum); 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv) (same for withholding of
removal); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(d)(2) (same for withholding
under the CAT); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17 (directing that aliens eli-
gible for CAT protection but subject to terrorism-related bars
18314 HAILE v. HOLDER
be granted deferral of removal).3 “Thus, if an alien ‘has
engaged in a terrorist activity’ under § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) at
any time, he is ineligible for both asylum and withholding of
removal.” Khan, 584 F.3d at 777.

[2] The INA defines “engage in terrorist activity,” “terror-
ist activity,” and “terrorist organization” broadly. See id. The
definition of “terrorist organization” includes “a group of two
or more individuals, whether organized or not, which engages
in, or has a subgroup which engages in, the activities
described in subclauses (I) through (VI) of clause (iv).”4 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(III).

The term “engage in terrorist activity,” as applied to an
individual or an organization, includes the following: “to
gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity;”
“to solicit funds or other things of value for . . . a terrorist
activity” or “a terrorist organization described in clause
(vi)(III), unless the solicitor can demonstrate by clear and
convincing evidence that he did not know, and should not rea-
sonably have known, that the organization was a terrorist
3
The REAL ID Act, enacted on May 11, 2005, amended several of the
relevant statutes. REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat.
231. Haile filed her application for asylum before enactment of the REAL
ID Act, so the amendments to § 1158(b)(1) pertaining to burdens of proof
and credibility determinations for asylum applications and the amend-
ments to § 1158(b)(2) pertaining to the terrorism-related bars for asylum
do not apply. See Pub. L. No. 109-13, § 101, note 2 (2005) (“The amend-
ments . . . shall take effect on [May 11, 2005] and shall apply to applica-
tions for asylum, withholding, or other relief from removal made on or
after such date.”). However, the amendments to § 1182, which expanded
the definitions of terrorist organizations and terrorist-related activities,
were given retroactive effect. Thus, the post-REAL ID Act version of
§ 1182 applies to this appeal. See Khan, 584 F.3d at 778-79.
4
Organizations that meet this definition are also known as “Tier III” ter-
rorist organizations, by contrast to Tier I and Tier II terrorist organizations
that have been specially designated as such. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(3)(B)(vi)(I)-(III); Khan, 584 F.3d at 786 (Nelson, J., concur-
ring).
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18315
organization;” “to solicit any individual . . . to engage in con-
duct otherwise described in this subsection” or “for member-
ship in a terrorist organization as described in clause (vi)(III)”
(again unless the solicitor can demonstrate lack of knowl-
edge); and

to commit an act that the actor knows, or reasonably
should know, affords material support, including a
safe house, transportation, communications, funds,
transfer of funds or other material financial benefit,
false documentation or identification, weapons . . . ,
explosives, or training . . . to a terrorist organization
described in clause (vi)(III), or to any member of
such an organization, unless the actor can demon-
strate by clear and convincing evidence that the actor
did not know, and should not reasonably have
known, that the organization was a terrorist organi-
zation.

8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(III)-(VI).

A “terrorist activity” is:

any activity which is unlawful under the laws of the
place where it is committed (or which, if it had been
committed in the United States, would be unlawful
under the laws of the United States or any State) and
which involves any of the following:

(I) The highjacking or sabotage of any con-
veyance (including an aircraft, vessel, or
vehicle).

(II) The seizing or detaining, and threaten-
ing to kill, injure, or continue to detain,
another individual in order to compel a
third person (including a governmental
organization) to do or abstain from doing
18316 HAILE v. HOLDER
any act as an explicit or implicit condition
for the release of the individual seized or
detained.

(III) A violent attack upon an internation-
ally protected person (as defined in section
1116(b)(4) of Title 18) or upon the liberty
of such a person.

(IV) An assassination.

(V) The use of any—

(a) biological agent, chemical agent, or
nuclear weapon or device, or

(b) explosive, firearm, or other weapon
or dangerous device (other than for mere
personal monetary gain), with intent to
endanger, directly or indirectly, the
safety of one or more individuals or to
cause substantial damage to property.

(VI) A threat, attempt, or conspiracy to do
any of the foregoing.

8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iii).

The BIA held that the IJ correctly found that the ELF quali-
fies as a terrorist organization because “the group committed
a number of violent acts . . . including assassinations, kidnap-
pings, and hijackings,” which come within the definition of
terrorist activity under § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iii). The BIA also
upheld the IJ’s finding that Haile engaged in terrorist activi-
ties “based on her activities with and material support of ELF,
including recruiting members, collecting funds, passing along
documents, collecting information on the enemy, and provid-
ing materials and provisions to ELF.” The BIA expressly
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18317
cited subsections (III) through (VI) of § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv),
which refer to gathering information on potential targets;
soliciting funds for a terrorist organization; soliciting mem-
bership in a terrorist organization; and committing an act that
the individual knows or reasonably should know affords
material support to an individual who has committed or plans
to commit a terrorist activity or to a terrorist organization. The
BIA concluded that Haile was statutorily ineligible for asylum
and withholding because she engaged in terrorist activities.

A

[3] Haile asserts that two of the BIA’s central conclusions
—that the ELF is a terrorist organization and that she engaged
in terrorist activities—are not supported by substantial evi-
dence. We disagree.

1

[4] Substantial evidence in the record supports the BIA’s
finding that the ELF falls within the broad statutory definition
of a “Tier III” terrorist organization. There is documentary
evidence in the record, in the form of the MIPT incident pro-
files, that the ELF carried out several activities described in
§ 1182(a)(3)(B)(iii), including kidnapping, assassination,
bombing, and hijacking (as well as other attempts to carry out
these acts). Haile’s testimony was consistent with the docu-
mentary evidence: she testified that the ELF employed vio-
lence, including the use of guns, to fight for the overthrow of
the Ethiopian government, and that she had heard about mem-
bers of the ELF attempting to hijack an airplane.

Haile argues that the MIPT incident profiles are “hearsay
and bear no indicia of reliability or trustworthiness,” and that
the BIA’s reliance on them as evidence of ELF’s terrorist
activities violated due process.5 Haile misapprehends the evi-
5
Although the BIA did not expressly address Haile’s due process argu-
ment, which Haile framed as such for the first time in her brief before us,
the BIA’s explicit reliance on the MIPT reports demonstrates that it con-
sidered the evidence and deemed it reliable.
18318 HAILE v. HOLDER
dentiary rules governing proceedings in federal agencies such
as the BIA. “The sole test for admission of evidence is
whether the evidence is probative and its admission is funda-
mentally fair.” Espinoza v. INS, 45 F.3d 308, 310 (9th Cir.
1995). Haile has not “cast doubt on the probative value or
fairness of the evidence presented,” nor did she present “any
contrary evidence” to challenge the reliability of the incident
profiles. Rojas-Garcia v. Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 814, 824 (9th
Cir. 2003); see also Khan, 584 F.3d at 785 (relying in part on
newspaper reports of terrorist attacks to satisfy elements of
the statutory terrorism bars); Hussain v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d
534, 539 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing to the MIPT website in dis-
cussion of a terrorist organization’s activities). Under these
circumstances, the admission of the MIPT incident profiles
did not violate due process, and her hearsay challenges to the
MIPT reports are unavailing.

[5] Haile also contends that, to meet the definition of a ter-
rorist organization, DHS must show that the group in question
qualifies as a terrorist organization both at the time of the
removal hearing and during the period when the alien was
engaged in terrorist activities, and that the record in this case
does not support such a conclusion. We need not decide
whether Haile’s interpretation of the statutory term is correct,
because substantial evidence in the record supports that terror-
ist activities were perpetrated by the ELF from 1969 through
1991, including during the period when Haile was an active
member,6 and Haile testified that ELF was engaging in violent
activities for the overthrow of the government as late as 2002.
Haile does not direct us to any evidence in the record to
suggest—much less compel the conclusion—that the ELF
6
Haile argues that DHS did not meet its burden because the majority of
the MIPT incident profiles describe terrorist activities that occurred before
1977 and after 1979, and that profiles of incidents in 1977 and 1978
should be disregarded because the 1977 attempted hijacking might have
predated Haile’s involvement, and the 1978 incident profile is unreliable.
Haile’s parsing of the evidence in this manner does not compel a different
conclusion than that reached by the BIA.
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18319
ceased planning or perpetrating terrorist activities at some
point before the 2005 removal hearing. The record reasonably
supports the BIA’s finding that the ELF satisfies the statutory
definition of a terrorist organization, even under Haile’s inter-
pretation of its requirements.

2

Haile also challenges the BIA’s conclusion that she “en-
gaged in terrorist activities” with two principal contentions:
(1) that the record cannot support a finding that Haile’s activi-
ties constituted “material support” of a terrorist organization;
and (2) that the BIA did not properly consider whether Haile
knew or reasonably should have known that the ELF was a
terrorist organization. Both arguments fail in light of the
record in this case, and even were we to assume they had
merit, they are not dispositive of the petitions for review
because Haile does not challenge several other independent
statutory bases for the BIA’s decision that Haile engaged in
terrorist activities.

[6] Section 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI) states that the term “en-
gage in terrorist activity” includes “commit[ing] an act that
the actor knows, or reasonably should know, affords material
support” for a terrorist activity or to a terrorist organization,
and that “material support” includes “a safe house, transporta-
tion, communications, funds, transfer of funds or other mate-
rial financial benefit, false documentation or identification,
weapons . . . , explosives, or training . . . .” § 1182(a)(3)(B)
(iv)(VI). The BIA did not err in determining that Haile’s
activities, including collecting funds for the ELF, supplying
the ELF with provisions such as sugar, shoes, and cigarettes,
and passing along secret documents, amount in the aggregate
to “material support.” We have previously remarked on the
broad scope of the terrorism bars, Khan, 584 F.3d at 786, and
the definition of “material support” is broad enough to cover
Haile’s activities in this case. See Singh-Kaur v. Ashcroft, 385
F.3d 293, 299 (3d Cir. 2004) (noting that “material support”
18320 HAILE v. HOLDER
is a broad concept that is not limited to the enumerated exam-
ples and deferring to the BIA’s determination that the “provi-
sion of food and setting up tents” was within the definition of
“material support”); In re S-K-, 23 I & N Dec. 936, 943 (BIA
2006) (explaining the lack of “any legislative history which
indicates a limitation on the definition of the term ‘material
support’ ” and observing that “Congress has not expressly
indicated its intent to provide an exception for contributions
which are de minimis”). The BIA’s findings that Haile’s con-
tributions constitute material support of a terrorist organiza-
tion under § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI) survive substantial
evidence review.

Haile has not contested the BIA’s finding that she engaged
in terrorist activities in other ways apart from providing mate-
rial support. The BIA determined that Haile had engaged in
terrorist activities under subsections (III) through (VI) of
§ 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) because of her “activities with and mate-
rial support of ELF, including recruiting members, collecting
funds, passing along documents, collecting information on the
enemy, and providing materials and provisions to ELF.” The
BIA found that Haile collected and passed on information that
would be used by the ELF against the enemy, i.e., the govern-
ment of Ethiopia, satisfying subsection (III) on gathering
information on potential targets for terrorist activity; collected
funds for the ELF, satisfying subsection (IV) on soliciting
funds or other things of value for a terrorist activity or organi-
zation; organized and recruited members, satisfying subsec-
tion (V) on soliciting any individual to engage in terrorist
activity or for membership in a terrorist organization; and
provided material goods to the ELF and collected and passed
on information in support of its mission, satisfying subsection
(VI) on committing an act that affords material support to a
terrorist organization. Thus, whether Haile provided material
support to the ELF under subsection (VI) is not dispositive of
whether she engaged in terrorist activities.

The material support provision, as well as several other
portions of § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) outlining the definition of “en-
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18321
gage in terrorist activity,” provide for an exception if the actor
can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that he or
she did not know and should not reasonably have known that
the organization was a terrorist organization. Contrary to
Haile’s assertions, the BIA addressed whether Haile knew or
reasonably should have known that the ELF was a terrorist
organization in its first decision, stating, “The respondent
[Haile] has failed to demonstrate by clear and convincing evi-
dence that she did not know, and should not reasonably have
known, that the ELF was a terrorist organization.” Although
it did not provide extensive analysis of the issue, the BIA con-
sidered and decided that aspect of the statutory bar.

Haile had the burden to establish by clear and convincing
evidence that she did not know, and should not reasonably
have known, that the ELF was a terrorist organization, and the
BIA’s finding that she did not meet this burden is supported
by substantial evidence. Haile testified that the ELF used
armed violence against the Ethiopian government, and that
she had heard about ELF members hijacking an airplane.7
Haile did not present testimony or other evidence showing
that she had a different and mistaken understanding of the
nature of the ELF.

But even if that were not the case, Haile’s argument on this
point would fail because of the alternative grounds for the
BIA’s conclusion. The BIA relied on four different subsec-
tions of § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv) in finding that Haile engaged in
terrorist activities, and only three of those subsections have an
7
Although Haile’s testimony regarding the attempted hijacking might be
regarded as ambiguous, our review is limited to a determination of
whether the agency decision is “supported by reasonable, substantial, and
probative evidence on the record considered as a whole” and we are pre-
cluded from “independently weighing the evidence.” Gu v. Gonzales, 454
F.3d 1014, 1018-19 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted). Given her testimony as a whole, a reasonable factfinder would
not be compelled to conclude that Haile did not know that ELF members
attempted to hijack a plane.
18322 HAILE v. HOLDER
exception if the alien can show by clear and convincing evi-
dence that he or she did not know and should not reasonably
have known that the organization was a terrorist organization.
Subsection (III), which refers to gathering information on
potential targets for terrorist activity, does not contain such an
exception. As explained above, Haile does not challenge the
BIA’s reliance on subsection (III), focusing instead on the
question of whether she committed acts that afforded material
support to a terrorist organization. Because subsection (III)
does not contain a knowledge exception, Haile’s arguments
urging that the BIA inadequately addressed whether she knew
or reasonably should have known that the ELF was a terrorist
organization cannot support her request for relief in the form
of remand on the issue of knowledge.

[7] In light of the record as a whole and the facts as found
by the IJ, the BIA correctly concluded that Haile is ineligible
for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the
CAT in the form of withholding because she engaged in ter-
rorist activities in support of a terrorist organization, the ELF.

B

On account of her prior membership in the ELF, Haile is
statutorily barred from asylum and withholding of removal
under the INA. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i). Ordinarily an
alien may seek relief under the CAT, in at least these two
forms: (1) withholding of removal under 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.16(c) for aliens who are not barred from eligibility for
asylum and withholding of removal and (2) deferral of
removal under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a) for aliens entitled to pro-
tection but subject to mandatory denial of withholding. See
Aguilar-Ramos v. Holder, 594 F.3d 701, 704 (9th Cir. 2010);
see also Hosseini, 471 F.3d at 958-59. Haile, because she is
ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal as an alien
who engaged in terrorist activities, is only eligible for the
CAT relief of deferral of removal under 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.17(a).
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18323
[8] Haile contends that the BIA erred in denying deferral
of removal. We have jurisdiction over this claim because the
IJ denied Haile’s request for deferral of removal on the mer-
its. See Lemus-Galvan v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 1081, 1084 (9th
Cir. 2008). We review whether “substantial evidence” sup-
ports the BIA’s findings of fact. Silaya v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d
1066, 1070 (9th Cir. 2008). “Substantial evidence” means the
BIA’s determination is supported by “reasonable, substantial,
and probative evidence on the record.” Morales v. Gonzales,
478 F.3d 972, 983 (9th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted).

[9] To receive deferral under the CAT, an applicant must
establish that it is “more likely than not” he or she will be tor-
tured upon return to the country to which the alien is
deported. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.17(a). Torture is “any act by which
severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is inten-
tionally inflicted on a person . . . by or at the instigation of or
with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other
person acting in an official capacity.” 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.18(a)(1). The torture must be “inflicted by or at the
instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public
official or other person acting in an official capacity.” 8
C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1); see also Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d
940, 948 (9th Cir. 2007).

Neither of the BIA’s decisions denying CAT deferral in
this case was based on substantial evidence. The Board’s
decisions were based either on factual inaccuracies or hypoth-
esized assumptions not grounded in the record. After issuing
a cursory initial decision that flatly misstated key evidence,8
8
The BIA’s first decision for denial of CAT deferral provided the fol-
lowing: “[G]iven the objective evidence in the record, including the fact
that the current president of Eritrea was a former ELF member, and the
significant passage of time since the respondent faced any threats, the
Immigration Judge properly [denied relief].” The Department of Home-
land Security then alerted the Board that “[w]ith regard to the current pres-
ident of Eritrea, there is evidence that, in addition to being a former ELF
18324 HAILE v. HOLDER
the Board supplemented its reasoning with a decision that
includes a litany of suppositions that the BIA thought Haile
was making9 about future events which would have to come
to pass for Haile to be tortured or killed. This marshaling of
purported suppositions of Haile did not constitute due consid-
eration of the corroborated evidence that was presented by
Haile.

[10] “The regulations implementing CAT explicitly
require the IJ to consider ‘all evidence relevant to the possibil-
ity of future torture.’ ” Aguilar-Ramos, 594 at 705 n.6; see
also Hernandez-Velasquez v. Holder, 611 F.3d 1073, 1078-79
(9th Cir. 2010). This was not done here. Rather than point to
evidence to support its conclusion, the Board recast Haile’s

member, he became a member of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
(EPLF), which split off from ELF, and appears to have evolved into the
current ruling party.” Haile claims she fears persecution from the ELPF,
not her former associates in the ELF. By not recognizing in its initial deci-
sion that the ELPF was a wholly different political group from the ELF,
the BIA was entirely off the mark.
9
In the second decision, the BIA gave this list of suppositions to support
its denial:
[Haile’s] claim requires the following suppositions despite the
significant passage of time: (a) Mr. Ibrahim is still able and will-
ing to marry the respondent or is still disgruntled because she
never accepted his offer of marriage; (b) Mr. Ibrahim would be
able to track down the respondent upon her return to Eritrea; (c)
Mr. Ibrahim still holds a position in the government; (d) Mr. Ibra-
him has the authority to have the respondent added to the list; (e)
Mr. Ibrahim would have the respondent’s name added to the list;
(f) the respondent would be arrested; and (g) the respondent
would suffer torture while arrested. Given the number and specu-
lative nature of these suppositions, the respondent has failed to
establish that it is “more likely than not” she would suffer torture
upon her return to Eritrea. See Matter of J-F-F-, 23 I & N Dec.
912, 918 n.4 (A.G. 2006) (stating that “an alien will never be able
to show that he faces a more likely than not chance of torture if
one link in the chain cannot be shown to be more likely than not
to occur.”).
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18325
substantiated evidence as speculative “suppositions” and
stated that the significant passage of time rendered them
unlikely to reoccur.

[11] The BIA’s listed suppositions are each contradicted
by record evidence proffered by Haile. First, while the Board
posits that the “significant passage of time” since Haile left
Eritrea makes future persecution unlikely, it ignores the facts
recounted in a letter from Haile’s son that soldiers were still
harassing and arresting members of her family five years after
she left Eritrea, due in part to their helping her to escape. Sec-
ond, there is uncontroverted evidence from Haile’s credible
testimony that Ibrahim was responsible for the soldiers
harassing her family, ultimately leading to her father’s death
from his mistreatment in prison. See Kamalthas v. INS, 251
F.3d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 2001) (“The testimony of the appli-
cant, if credible, may be sufficient to sustain the burden of
proof without corroboration.”) (quotations omitted). Third,
Haile testified that Ibrahim held a position in the ELPF gov-
ernment, which was not contradicted or shown to be no longer
the case. There is also no dispute that Ibrahim possessed a list
of ELF members whom he was capable of having arrested and
that Haile’s name explicitly was on this list. There is substan-
tial, uncontroverted evidence that Haile has been targeted on
account of her ELF membership by a powerful government
official in Eritrea. Likewise, Haile has presented a strong
motive for why the local government will continue to pursue
her if she is returned.

The BIA also concluded that Haile did not present compel-
ling evidence that she could not relocate in Eritrea, as she did
shortly before her move to the United States. We are com-
pelled to disagree. Although the record shows that Haile relo-
cated twice—once for a few months to live with a friend and
once to stay with her uncle while awaiting a passport—in nei-
ther of these instances was Haile safe from the threat of
imprisonment and torture. Instead, the record shows that the
police searched her friend’s house while Haile was staying
18326 HAILE v. HOLDER
there and that she avoided detection by pretending to be a
deaf mute and hiding beneath her head covering. The authori-
ties also searched her uncle’s home, and she pretended to be
his maid and again pretended to be a deaf mute to avoid
answering their questions. Therefore, Haile has shown that
relocation in Eritrea will not change the likelihood of her
being subject to torture upon her return.

[12] Where Haile has made an allegation, she has sup-
ported it with facts in the record. This is especially so with
respect to the evidence she submitted about human rights
abuses in Eritrea, which the BIA dismissed as not indicative
of gross or mass human rights violations.10 But the evidence
of danger to political prisoners who are arrested, as Haile
would be if returned, is more than abundant. Even the BIA
acknowledged that “there is background evidence in the
record indicating that the Eritrean government has a poor
human rights record.” This, however, is an understatement,
and one likely to cause grave harm to Haile. See also Nuru v.
Gonzales, 404 F.3d 1207, 1218-19 (9th Cir. 2005) (describing
reports of human rights abuses in Eritrea by the police and
military). In 2003, the State Department reported that there
were numerous cases in which police had resorted to torture
and physical beatings of prisoners, particularly during interro-
gations. In 2005, Amnesty International reported that the Eri-
trean government arrested hundreds of people for their
political and religious beliefs and that, since a major crack-
down on political dissent in 2001, thousands of political pris-
oners were being held indefinitely without charge or trial,
many incommunicado and in secret detention places.
Although the BIA found this evidence insufficient, evidence
that is neither contradicted, rebutted nor impeached, while
10
The BIA’s reasoning is as follows: “[A]lthough there is background
evidence in the record indicating that the Eritrean government has a poor
human rights record, there is not evidence of gross or mass human rights
violations in Eritrea such that it is ‘more likely than not’ that the respon-
dent would be imprisoned and tortured upon her removal to Eritrea.”
 HAILE v. HOLDER 18327
supporting only one reasonable inference, satisfies the stan-
dard Haile was required to meet.

[13] The BIA improperly recast corroborated evidence as
“speculative.” The BIA did not give due account for record
evidence supporting Haile’s position or adequately explain its
denial of deferral. Substantial evidence does not support the
BIA’s conclusion that Haile did not establish that it is more
likely than not that she would be tortured if returned to Eri-
trea. Because the evidence Haile presents compels but one
conclusion and is unrebutted, there is no reason to remand in
this case—we hold that Haile is entitled to deferral of removal
under the CAT.

C

Haile raises other challenges to the BIA’s decision that we
either need not address or that fall outside of our jurisdiction.
As Haile concedes, we need not entertain arguments related
to the issue of whether Haile poses a “danger to the security
of the United States” because the BIA did not rely upon that
ground in affirming the IJ’s conclusion that Haile is ineligible
for asylum and withholding.11 Similarly, we do not address
Haile’s contentions with respect to the BIA’s finding, in its
first decision, that Haile is ineligible for relief based on her
membership in a terrorist organization. Because we hold that
substantial evidence supports the BIA’s subsequent finding
that Haile engaged in terrorist activities, we need not address
the prior finding of statutory ineligibility based on member-
ship in a terrorist organization.

Haile did not exhaust the claim that the terrorism-related
bars to eligibility for relief cannot be applied to her because
she was not charged as removable under the terrorism-related
11
An alien is ineligible for asylum if “there are reasonable grounds for
regarding the alien as a danger to the security of the United States.” 8
U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(iv) (West 2004) (amended 2005).
18328 HAILE v. HOLDER
provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(4)(B), so we do not have
jurisdiction over that claim. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d
674, 678 (9th Cir. 2004). We also lack jurisdiction to address
Haile’s request that we remand the case for consideration of
eligibility for a waiver under § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i) because the
waiver issue was not raised before the agency, and because
§ 1182(d)(3)(B)(i) provides that the Secretary of State or the
Secretary of Homeland Security, after appropriate consulta-
tion, “may determine in such Secretary’s sole unreviewable
discretion” whether to grant a waiver.12

The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

PETITIONS DENIED IN PART, DISMISSED IN
PART, AND GRANTED IN PART.

12
Although we lack jurisdiction over Haile’s claims related to the
waiver, nothing in our opinion would preclude Haile from pursuing such
a waiver, and nothing in our opinion would restrict the discretion that
might be exercised by the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Homeland
Security.