United States v. Moya-Breton

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit

September 27, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 11-4116
v. (D. Utah)
ALFONSO MOYA-BRETON, (D.C. Nos. 2:10-CV-00801-TC and
2:06-CR-00672-TC-2)
Defendant - Appellant.

ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *

Before KELLY, HARTZ, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

Defendant Alfonso Moya-Breton filed a motion for relief under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255 in the United States District Court for the District of Utah, claiming that

he had received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. The court

denied the motion and Defendant’s request for a certificate of appealability

(COA) to appeal the denial. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B) (requiring COA to

*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order is not binding
precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
appeal denial of relief under § 2255). Defendant now seeks a COA from this

court. Because he fails to make “a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right,” id. § 2253(c)(2), we deny his application for a COA and

dismiss this appeal.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Defendant’s conviction on drug and firearm charges was affirmed on direct

appeal. See United States v. Moya-Breton, 329 F. App’x 839 (10th Cir. 2009).

The issues before us relate only to Defendant’s alleged interactions with his trial

counsel. In an affidavit submitted with his § 2255 motion, he asserts the

following: He met with his trial counsel four times before trial. On the first visit,

counsel discovered that Defendant did not speak English. Counsel returned for a

second visit with a Spanish translator. During that visit, counsel informed

Defendant that the government did not have much evidence against him. On the

third visit, counsel reiterated that the government had little evidence implicating

Defendant. When Defendant asked counsel if the government would release him,

counsel explained that unless the government dismissed the charges, which was

unlikely, Defendant would have to proceed to trial and be found innocent.

Counsel further explained that if Defendant was found guilty at trial, he would

face a maximum penalty of 17 years in prison. Upon hearing this information,

Defendant asked counsel to negotiate a “fair plea” because “proceeding to trial

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seemed risky.” R., Vol. 1 at 72. Counsel stated that he would speak with the

government about a “reasonable plea offer.” Id. On the final pretrial visit,

Defendant immediately asked counsel about a plea bargain. Counsel responded

that the government had not returned his calls. Defendant asked counsel to

attempt to “obtain a plea for (10) years, or anything close to that[,]” id., and

counsel said that he would try. Defendant told counsel “to just get me a good

plea bargain, because I don’t want to proceed to trial unless I just have no other

choice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Counsel reiterated that the

government had little evidence against Defendant and that Defendant would face

a maximum sentence of 17 years. Defendant next met with counsel on the first

day of trial, when he asked counsel about any potential plea offers. Counsel

responded that “apparently the government is not interested in making a plea deal,

because they did not return [my] phone calls.” Id. at 73 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

The jury convicted Defendant on multiple counts, and he was sentenced to

360 months’ imprisonment. According to Defendant’s affidavit, after the district

court pronounced sentence he turned to his trial counsel and asked about the

alleged maximum sentence of 17 years, but counsel said that he did not know

what had happened.

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 B. Procedural History

On appeal Defendant’s sole issue was prosecutorial misconduct during

closing argument. See Moya-Breton, 329 F. App’x at 841. We affirmed, and the

Supreme Court denied Defendant’s petition for a writ of certiorari on October 5,

2009. See Moya-Breteon [sic] v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 279 (2009).

On August 13, 2010, Defendant filed his § 2255 motion. The motion and

supporting brief raised four claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: (1) that

trial counsel “fail[ed] to negotiate, secure, and/or disclose a plea offer with the

government where the evidence demonstrated overwhelming guilt,” R., Vol. 1 at

48 (full capitalization omitted); (2) that trial counsel “grossly misadvised [him] of

applicable laws, statutes, and potential sentencing exposure,” id. at 51 (full

capitalization omitted); (3) that trial and appellate counsel “fail[ed] to object [to]

an . . . inapplicable weapon enhancement,” id. at 54 (full capitalization omitted);

and (4) that trial and appellate counsel “fail[ed] to investigate, discover, and

exploit false testimony given by the government’s primary witness during trial,”

id. at 56 (full capitalization omitted). The motion also requested an evidentiary

hearing. Along with the § 2255 motion, Defendant moved for discovery of

communications between the government and his attorney and of records relating

to the government’s principal witness at trial. It does not appear that the district

court ever ruled on the motion.

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 On March 30, 2011, the district court denied Defendant’s § 2255 motion on

the merits. On June 30 Defendant moved the court to reconsider its denial. But it

denied the motion for lack of jurisdiction because Defendant had already

appealed.

II. DISCUSSION

Reading liberally Defendant’s application for a COA, see Erickson v.

Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), Defendant appears to challenge the district

court’s ruling on the following grounds: (1) that he was denied effective

assistance of trial counsel (he appears to have abandoned his claims of

ineffectiveness of appellate counsel); and (2) that the court violated his right to

due process by not ruling on his discovery motions, his request for an evidentiary

hearing, and his request for appointed counsel to represent him.

“A certificate of appealability may issue . . . only if the applicant has made

a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2253(c)(2). “Where a district court has rejected the constitutional claims on the

merits,” the prisoner “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the

district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.”

Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). We recognize that in determining

whether to issue a COA, a “full consideration of the factual or legal bases

adduced in support of the claims” is not required. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S.

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322, 336 (2003). Instead, the decision must be based on “an overview of the

claims in the habeas petition and a general assessment of the merits.” Id.

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Defendant alleges three instances of ineffective assistance of counsel.

First, he contends that his counsel failed to inform him that the government had

extended a plea offer, and that this failure denied him his right to choose whether

to accept or reject the offer. Second, he contends that his counsel failed to advise

him properly on how to plead. Third, he claims that counsel did not know the law

applicable to his case and provided inaccurate information regarding his potential

sentencing exposure.

To establish that counsel was ineffective, Defendant must show both “that

counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness” and

that he was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984). Our review of counsel’s performance is “highly

deferential,” to avoid the distortion of hindsight; and we presume that counsel

was effective unless the defendant shows otherwise. Id. at 689–90. Because

reasonable jurists would not find the district court’s denial of Defendant’s

ineffective-assistance claims debatable or wrong, we deny his request for a COA

on these claims.

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 1. Failure to Communicate a Plea Offer

Although defense counsel has a duty to convey plea offers to the client,

Defendant failed to allege any facts that would support his speculation that his

trial counsel violated that duty. As the district court noted in its decision,

Defendant’s § 2255 motion conceded that he did not know whether the

government had made any plea offers to his counsel and that his counsel had told

him that the government had not returned his calls regarding a plea bargain.

Thus, this claim clearly fails on the first prong of the Strickland test—defective

representation. 1 We also doubt that Defendant made adequate allegations that he

1
We note that Defendant may have provided evidence of a plea offer when
he submitted a document with his motion for reconsideration to the district court.
The document is a draft of a plea agreement provided Defendant by the
Department of Justice in response to a Freedom of Information Act request. But
the record does not reveal whether the draft was ever submitted to defense
counsel or whether it was prepared by defense counsel. Moreover, the district
court refused to consider the motion to reconsider because it believed that it
lacked jurisdiction to do so, and Defendant has not challenged the refusal.
Therefore, the propriety of that refusal is not before us. See Becker v. Kroll, 494
F.3d 904, 913 n.6 (10th Cir. 2007) (“Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure
28(a)(9)(A) requires appellants to sufficiently raise all issues and arguments on
which they desire appellate review in their opening brief. An issue or argument
insufficiently raised in the opening brief is deemed waived.”). Because the draft
plea agreement was not before the district court when it denied Defendant’s
§ 2255 motion, we do not consider the draft in reviewing that denial. See Lantec,
Inc. v. Novell, Inc., 306 F.3d 1003, 1022 (10th Cir. 2002) (“Our examination on
review is confined to an examination of materials before the lower court at the
time the ruling was made.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We need not
decide whether Defendant can still pursue in the district court other avenues of
relief based on the draft.

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would have accepted a plea offer from the government (and thus suffered

prejudice from the failure to convey an offer); but we need not resolve that issue.

2. Failure to Advise of Right to “Open Plea”

Defendant argues that his counsel was ineffective in failing to advise him

that he could have entered an open plea without a plea agreement. But this

argument was not made in district court, and the district court did not consider it.

The phrase “open plea” does not appear in Defendant’s § 2255 motion or in the

supporting brief, nor does any other articulation of the issue. Although the issue

is raised in his district-court traverse, such a pleading, like a reply brief, is not a

proper vehicle to raise a new issue. See Jackson v. Duckworth, 112 F.3d 878, 880

(7th Cir. 1997); see also United States v. Harrell, 642 F.3d 907, 918 (10th Cir.

2011) (“[A]rguments raised for the first time in a reply brief are generally deemed

waived.”). Accordingly, we will not address the issue. See Coppage v. McKune,

534 F.3d 1279, 1282 (10th Cir. 2008).

3. Counsel’s Lack of Knowledge Regarding Applicable Law
and Failure to Advise of Sentencing Exposure

Defendant argues that his counsel did not have sufficient knowledge of the

law applicable to his case and failed to advise him properly regarding the

potential prison sentence he would face should he proceed to trial. In rejecting

this argument, the district court said that the record did not support the contention

that Defendant was not advised of the potential penalty for his crimes. The court

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also concluded that even if trial counsel had given Defendant wrong information,

he had not suffered any prejudice. At the least, Defendant must show that he

would have acted differently if his counsel’s advice had been proper. But his

brief in this court does not assert that he would have acted differently except by

arguing that he may have decided to plead guilty even without a plea agreement.

As previously discussed, however, Defendant did not properly raise that argument

in district court. Therefore, no reasonable jurist could debate that the district

court erred in dismissing this claim for failure to allege prejudice.

B. Motion for Discovery

Defendant argues that the district court violated his right to due process by

not ruling on his discovery motions. But he was not entitled to discovery. Under

Rule 6(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings for the United States

District Courts, “[a] judge may, for good cause, authorize a party to conduct

discovery under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure or Civil Procedure, or in

accordance with the practices and principles of law.” In the context of a

proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, we have held that “[g]ood cause is

established ‘where specific allegations before the court show reason to believe

that the petitioner may, if the facts are fully developed, be able to demonstrate

that he is entitled to relief.’” Wallace v. Ward, 191 F.3d 1235, 1245 (10th Cir.

1999) (quoting Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 908–09 (1997)) (ellipses

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omitted), modified on other grounds, McGregor v. Gibson, 248 F.3d 946, 953

(10th Cir. 2001) (en banc). We see no reason to apply a different standard here.

In his discovery motion Defendant baldly asserted that discovery was

required “to adequately obtain the evidence necessary to prove petitioner’s claims

of ineffective assistance of counsel; suborned perjury; falsification of government

evidence, and intentional neglect.” R., Vol. 1 at 76. He failed, however, to

provide specific allegations showing reason to believe that the requested

discovery would produce information supporting his ineffectiveness claims.

Therefore, neither the federal rules nor the fundamental fairness required by due

process entitled him to discovery. The district court did not abuse its discretion

in denying Defendant’s request for discovery. See Wallace, 191 F.3d at 1245–46.

C. Evidentiary Hearing

Defendant asserts that the district court violated his right to due process by

not ruling on his request for an evidentiary hearing. “We review the denial of an

evidentiary hearing in a § 2255 proceeding for an abuse of discretion . . . .”

United States v. Clingman, 288 F.3d 1183, 1187 n.4 (10th Cir. 2002). Because

“there were no relevant, disputed issues of fact that needed to be resolved,” we

deny Defendant’s request for a COA on this issue. United States v. Gonzalez, 596

F.3d 1228, 1244 (10th Cir. 2010).

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 D. Appointment of Counsel

Finally, Defendant argues that the district court violated his right to due

process by not appointing counsel to represent him. But, as Defendant concedes,

he has no constitutional right to counsel in a habeas proceeding. Except when

“the district court determines that an evidentiary hearing is required,” “[t]he

decision to appoint counsel is left to the sound discretion of the district court.”

Engberg v. Wyoming, 265 F.3d 1109, 1122 & n.10 (10th Cir. 2001) (internal

quotation marks omitted); cf. Rule 8(c) of the Rules Governing Section 2255

Proceedings for the United States District Courts (“If an evidentiary hearing is

warranted, the judge must appoint an attorney to represent a moving party who

qualifies to have counsel appointed under 18 U.S.C. § 3006A.”). Because

Defendant has not shown that the district court abused its discretion, we deny his

request for a COA on this claim.

III. CONCLUSION

We DENY Defendant’s application for a COA and dismiss this appeal.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge

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