By the Court.
Ingraham, First J.The plaintiff seeks to recover from the defendants for certain plans and specifi*414cations, prepared by Mm for the rebuilding of the WasMng ton market.
The complaint was, that such plans were prepared by the plaintiff in pursuance of the orders of the defendants, and when completed were accepted and adopted by the defendants as the plans, &c., by which the market should be erected.
The answer denies any employment of the plaintiff by the defendants, or any authority or order to prepare such plans; and insists that the committee have no right or authority to bind the defendants.
Upon the trial of the cause it appeared that the plans, &c., were prepared by the plaintiff under the direction of members of a committee of the board of aldermen, appointed in pursuance of a resolution passed by that board alone, referring to the market committee the portion of the mayor’s message relating to markets.
This committee, after procuring the plans, reported the same to the board of aldermen, which body finally adopted a resolution authorizing the building of the market according to the plans of the plaintiff, and adopting the plans, after the commissioner of repairs had advertised for estimates for rebuilding the market. In pursuance of such resolution he reported the same to the board of aldermen, and thereupon a resolution was passed by both boards, awarding the contract to one Corlies, and adopting the plans of the plaintiff.
This resolution was vetoed by the mayor, and on the 30th December the same was again passed by the Common Council notwithstanding such veto. For reasons which did not appear on the trial, the building was never erected, and this action was brought to recover the value of the plaintiff’s services in preparing the plans, &c., for which the plaintiff claimed a sum exceeding $9,000.
From the nature of the action, it is apparent that the liability of the defendants rests upon an employment, either express or implied, by them or their lawful agents, of a sub sequent ratification of such employment.
*415Ro such, original employment hy the defendants is attempted to be shown. It could not be, except by a resolution passed by both branches of the Common Council, expressly authorizing the work to be done; and the mere employment by members of a committee of one board without the concurrence of the other could never be construed to be the act of the defendants. Ror can it be said that such committee were the authorized agents of the defendants for this purpose. They had no such authority delegated to them. The subject referred to them did not necessarily involve any expenditure, and the resolution of reference gave the committee no authority to expend money or incur obligations on the part of the defendants. If, in executing their duties on such committee, expenditures of money became necessary, authority therefor should first have been obtained from the body for which it is contended such committee was acting.
There is no ground, therefore, upon which the defendants can be held liable as parties to such a contract, unless it can be implied, from the subsequent adoption of the plans by the Common Council, and the direction to erect the building in conformity therewith.
This implied liability can only be inferred from the adoption of the plans by the Common Council, after full knowledge of the claims made therefor, or upon the ground that such adoption was a ratification of the acts of the committee, and that by such ratification the defendants became hable to pay for the same.
It is not pretended that any knowledge was communicated to the Common Council that the plans, if used, were to be paid for by them, nor what claim, if any, would be made therefor. (Roach v. Coe, 1 E. D. Smith, 175.) Where no such information is given, it is as reasonable to suppose that the plans were offered in hopes of subsequent employment as an architect upon the building, as that they had been prepared under some private agreement with a committee, which was never communicated by that committee to the board.
*416But the main ground on which the motion to dismiss the complaint was granted, was of a different character. Even admitting that there were circumstances sufficient to warrant such implied contract in evidence on the trial, it was contended that the amended charter of the city deprived the Common Council, and, of course, any of its committees, of all power to do executive business. That contracts must be made by heads of the departments, and not by committees. That no moneys can be drawn from the treasury except upon previous appropriations, and that, as the act of the committee was unauthorized and contrary to law, it could not after-wards be ratified by the Common Council.
I am not prepared to say that there was any thing in the charter of 1849 which would have prohibited the defendants, by an express resolution, from employing the plaintiff to prepare these plans, without any advertisement for proposals, leaving, however, the contract to be signed by an appropriate head of department. The nature of the work, the skill necessary to a proper performance of it, and the still more important employment of superintendence which might follow the adoption of the plans, all call for the existence of such right of a choice as to the person to be employed therefor. Nor do I think that the provisions referred to are sufficient to take away from the Common Council such right. Many kinds of employment, in regard to the work to be done for the city, are of such a peculiar character as to render it impossible, with safety, to expose it to the lowest bidder. The case mentioned by Mr. Justice Mitchell, in Christopher v. The Mayor, 13 Barb. S. C. R. 567, that of painting a portrait of the mayor or other distinguished individual, is strongly in point to show, that such work could not be let out to the lowest bidder, and so, also, is the present case one of a similar character. Unless the provisions of the charter were so clearly obligatory, in this respect, on the Common Council, I should hesitate before giving it such a construction. But it is not necessary for this case to decide this question.
In the case referred to, the proceedings under which this *417liability was incurred were held to be void, npon the ground that they were taken upon a resolution passed by the board of aldermen alone, as well as on the ground that the Common Council could not make a contract except through a head of the department to which the business appropriately belonged.
Justice Mitchell, in dissenting from the decision of that case, admits that the charter did prohibit all contracts not made by direct resolution of the Common Council.
Here the contract, if made at all, was made by a committee of one board, and that without any authority from either branch of the Common Council. Such contract was, in my judgment, entirely unauthorized and illegal, and comes within the prohibition referred to. If made by a committee authorized so to do by the Common Council, it would come within the description of contracts made by the authority of the Common Council, and in such case would be illegal, because not made by or through the head of department.
But it is said that the Common Council having, by adopting the plans, ratified the act of the committee, they became Hable, although such act was illegal.
If such a doctrine can be sustained, the whole provisions of the charter on this subject wiU become nugatory. Iu every case they might aHow committees to make contracts, and if by the subsequent ratification of such contract it would become a vafid one, the prohibition against making contracts, except by the heads of the departments, would be a nulfity. But there can be no ratification of a void and iHegal act. If it had been authorized, the contract of the committee would have been iHegal. A subsequent ratification of it would not add to its vafidity, when express authority, previously given, would not sustain it.
Such is the rule in regard to a contract executed by an agent under seal, when no written authority for such act existed; and a subsequent ratification of such contract will not bind the principal. (12 Wend. 525.)
The cases cited by the plaintiff’s counsel are cases where the *418contract was ratified, with knowledge of the terms of the contract at the time of ratification, and none of them relate to cases where a statute prohibited the contract from being made in the mode adopted by the parties.
The case appears to be a hard one for the plaintiff; and if the plans and specifications were prepared by him for the committee, under a promise that he should be paid for them, and not solely on the expectation of being employed to superintend the building, it would be equitable that he should be paid for the services so rendered, but the obstacles in the way of recovery in an action for such services appear to me to be insurmountable.
Judgment of nonsuit affirmed.