By the sale and conveyance of the testator of all his real estate, previously devised by him, his estate and interest therein was wholly dimested, and not merely altered.
At common law, the least alteration of the interest of the testator in property devised or bequeathed by him, would work a revocation of the devise or bequest of such property (4 Kent, 529). Our Revised Statutes specially define what shall be an express revocation, and what shall be an implied, or, in other words, what shall be “ deemed ” a revocation (Sections 42-48, 2 Revised Statutes, 64). An alteration of the nature or character of the interest of the testator, in the property devised or bequeathed, does not, under the provisions of these sections, in all cases, work a revocation in respect to such property.
But, I apprehend, there is no doubt, where the testator, in his lifetime, wholly divests himself of the property previously devised or bequeathed, the revocation is, as to such property as complete and perfect as it was at common law (Beck agt. McGillis, 9 Barb., 35; Brown agt. Brown, 16 Barb., 572; Vandermark agt. Vandermark, 26 Barb., 418; Adams agt. Wynne, 7 Paige, 97; McNaughton agt. McNaughton, 34 N. Y., 201).
*110The will speaks as of the time of the death of the testator; the rights of all' devisees, legatees, heirs and next of bin hinge upon that period of time. If the wife had survived the testator, she would have taken the entire estate, all the personal, and all the real converted into personal property before the death of the testator. She would have been sole legatee of “ all the testator’s personal estate.” I think the corporations named in the will cannot take as legatees. The subject-matter of the devise and bequest to them was wholly destroyed or changed by the voluntary act of the testator in his lifetime. The whole scheme of his testamentary disposition was essentially varied by him, and the law presumes a revocation in consequence of the change in his family and property. The fact that he deposited the avails of the sale of his real estate in the savings bank is not sufficient to rebut this presumption of law (See Adams agt. Wynne,it Paige, 99). It is quite possible that, but for this revocation by the act of the testator, the ulterior devise to these geiporations would have taken effect on the failure of the primary devise, by the death of the wife in the lifetime of the testator (McLean, agt. Freeman, 70 N. Y., 81). Bufcvl aih unable to see how, unless by a republication after sfS^jfcttvocation, their claim to the bounty of the testator under this will can prevail.
The Boman Catholic orphan asylum cannot, I think, successfully claim, as residuary legatees, for another reason. When it is manifest, from the express words of the will, that the gift of the residuum is confined to the residuum of a particular fund, or description of property, or to some certain residuum, the legatee will be restricted to what is thus particularly given. In this case the thing given is gone (Dayton on Surrogates, page 440). If the wife had survived there would have been no residuum; she would have taken the whole as personal estate. As she died before the testator, and the entire estate, by his subsequent act, became personal property, and was such at the time of his death, it is to be treated as a lapsed legacy, and, in the absence of a legatee *111capable of taking under the -will pro tatito revoked, I think it must be distributed to the next of kin, under the statute of distribution.
This view of the case renders it unnecessary to decide the interesting question involved in the construction of the statutes on the subject of devises and bequests to charitable uses.
The change in the phraseology in the latter statute (Section 1, chap. 360, Laws of 1860) by substituting the word “ having” for “leaving,” found in section 6, chapter 319, Laws of 1848, is noticeable, although it seems to have been ignored by the court of appeals in Lefevre agt. Lefevre (59 N. Y., 434). In that case the majority of the court apparently hold that the provisions of the earlier statute on this subject, limiting the time for a valid devise or bequest to benevolent and charitable societies, were not repealed by the latter act. Section 2 of the act of 1860 repeals all laws inconsistent with the act, and the court characterizes only that part of the proviso of section 6 of the act of 1848, which forbids the taking, by the corporations named, of a devise in a will not made more than two months before death, as being in harmony with the act of 1860. The fair inference is that all other provisions of the earlier act are inconsistent with the latter.
The word “ having ” may be construed as referring only to the time of the execution of the will without involving the serious consequences urged by way of argument against such interpretation, inasmuch as under sections 43 and 44 Revised Statutes above referred to, the subsequent marriage of a testator, followed by birth of children, or a subsequent marriage alone of an v/nmarried testatrix, are to be “ deemed ” revocations of their wills respectively. It seems, therefore, not unreasonable to infer that the legislature intended by the act of 1860 to designate the time of the execution of a will as the period of time when the restrictions therein provided for were to be operative. This impression is fortified by the fact that the earlier act was passed, not so much for the protection of families as to cater to a popular sentiment then *112quite prevalent. As already stated, however, we do not deem it necessary to pass upon this question in this aspect not yet, so far as we are aware, sharply presented to the court of last resort.