Bettcher Industries, Inc. v. Bunzl USA, Inc.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit __________________________ BETTCHER INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Cross Appellant, v. BUNZL USA, INC., Defendant, and BUNZL PROCESSOR DISTRIBUTION, LLC, Defendant-Appellant. __________________________ 2011-1038, -1046 __________________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio in case no. 08-CV-2423, Judge Jack Zouhary. __________________________ Decided: October 3, 2011 __________________________ THOMAS H. SHUNK, Baker & Hostetler LLP, of Cleve- land, Ohio, argued for the plaintiff-cross appellant. With him on the brief was DAVID E. KITCHEN. Of counsel on the brief was GEORGE L. PINCHAK, Tarolli, Sundheim, Covell & Tummino, LLP, of Cleveland, Ohio. 2 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA ALAN H. NORMAN, Thompson Coburn LLP, of St. Louis, Missouri, argued for the appellant. With him on the brief were JASON M. SCHWENT, NICHOLAS J. LAMB and MICHAEL L. NEPPLE. __________________________ Before BRYSON, LINN, and REYNA, Circuit Judges. Opinion for the court filed by Circuit Judge LINN. Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge REYNA. LINN, Circuit Judge. Following the entry of judgment of non-infringement and no invalidity in a lawsuit brought against Bunzl Processor Distribution, LLC (“Bunzl”) and Bunzl USA, Inc. (no longer a party) by Bettcher Industries, Inc. (“Bet- tcher”) in the Northern District of Ohio for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 7,000,325 (“’325 patent”), Bunzl ap- peals from a denial of its motion for entry of judgment as a matter of law of invalidity or for a new trial on invalid- ity. Bettcher cross-appeals from the district court’s re- fusal to order a new trial on infringement following the jury’s verdict of non-infringement. For the reasons dis- cussed below, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and re- mand. I. BACKGROUND A. Bettcher’s ’325 Patent Bettcher’s asserted ’325 patent, entitled “Low Friction Rotary Knife,” is directed to a power operated knife used principally in the meat packing and other commercial food processing industries and containing a handle on which is supported an annular rotating blade assembly. The handle includes a motor and a gear train, and the BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 3 rotating blade assembly contains an annular blade sup- port housing attached to the handle and an annular blade rotatably carried by the housing. ’325 patent col.1 ll.18- 28. Figures 1 and 2 of the ’325 patent generally depict the power operated rotary knife (modified for clarity): In use, an operator holds the handle and swipes the far end of the annular blade across a piece of meat, for example, to shave off an unwanted layer that moves up through the open center of the annulus and falls off. The claims of the patent are directed to the knife blade itself. The claimed blade includes an annular bearing race recessed into a side wall of the blade and dimensioned to receive a protruding annular bearing structure of the blade support housing to maintain the blade in spinning contact with the knife. Figure 9 is a cross sectional depiction of the rotary knife blade mounted within the housing and shows the interaction between the recessed bearing race and the protruding bearing struc- ture: 4 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA The ’325 patent explains: The bearing race 66 receives the bearing structure 47 so that the blade body 50 is secured to the blade support structure by the bearing race and bearing structure engagement along bearing loca- tions that are spaced axially apart and firmly support the blade against axial and radial shifting during use. The bearing race 66 extends into the wall 62 and is spaced axially from the blade sec- tion 52 in that the surface 64 extends between the bearing structure 47 and the blade section 52. The bearing race 66 comprises a [sic] first and second bearing surfaces 70, 72 that converge pro- ceeding toward each other. In the illustrated knife the race extends radially inwardly into the wall 62 . . . . In the illustrated blade, the surfaces 70, 72 are frustoconical. As shown, they are joined at their radially inner ends by a short axi- ally extending annular surface 74 that serves to minimize the race depth and does not engage the bearing structure 47. Id. col.5 ll.10-30. BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 5 Claim 1 of the ’325 patent reads: 1. A rotary knife blade comprising: a rotatable annular body defining first and sec- ond axial ends, said body disposed about a cen- tral axis; and, an annular blade section rotatable with the an- nular body and projecting axially from the first axial end of said body; said body comprised of a wall defining a radially outer surface disposed between said first and second axial ends, and an annular bearing race in said surface and extending radially into said wall, said bearing race spaced axially from said blade section and comprising a first surface that converges proceeding away from said sec- ond axial end, and a second surface that con- verges proceeding toward said first surface, said first and second surfaces defining first and second bearing faces spaced axially apart, wherein both of said bearing faces are frusto- conical. Id. col.9 ll.15-31 (emphases added). Claim 1 is exemplary of the claims at issue, with the following variations in relevant claim terms: Claims 6 and 7 replace “bearing race” with “bearing race opening” and claim 8 replaces “bearing race” with “groove” and “bearing face” with “bearing surface.” Id. col.9 l.42 - col.10 l.37. 6 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA B. Proceedings at the District Court 1. Bunzl’s Invalidity Allegations i. Pre-1998 Bettcher Blades Bunzl asserted at trial that the ’325 patent was inva- lid as anticipated by prior art Bettcher blades that, while they contained a different bearing race configuration, included chamfered corners argued as inherently capable of being used as a bearing race. Bettcher countered that the pre-1998 blades did not anticipate the claims of the ’325 patent because they lacked the frustoconical bearing faces or surfaces required by each claim of the ’325 pat- ent. The following image provides a cross sectional view of the pre-1998 Bettcher blade: Cross-Appellant Br. 21. As the image reveals, the pre- 1998 blade includes two chamfers at the intersections of the bearing race walls and the outer surface of the blade body. According to Bunzl, these chamfers inherently BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 7 satisfy the frustoconical bearing face limitations because of their shape and their capability “of being in rolling or sliding contact with a support member.” Appellant Br. 39. Bunzl’s position was prefaced by statements made during claim construction. In its claim construction brief, Bunzl asserted that “bearing surface” should be construed to mean “slideable support surface.” Cross-Appellant Br. 4, J.A. 307T. Bunzl also asserted that “bearing race” should be construed to mean “channel configured to slideably support a rotary knife blade.” J.A. 307S (em- phasis added). As to both “bearing surface” and “bearing race,” Bunzl did not provide argument in its brief except to say that “[t]his term is not commonly used by lay persons and jurors” and that failing to construe each term at all would be improper. J.A. 307S, 307T. Bettcher contended that these terms did not require separate construction. At the Markman hearing in June 2009, the district court stated that the “bearing face,” “bearing surface,” and “bearing race” issues were inadequately presented in the briefs. Later, in its claim construction order in Sep- tember 2009, the district court stated that “[d]uring [the Markman] hearing, the dispute between the parties was narrowed to one disputed definition: namely, ‘frustoconi- cal’ [and b]oth sides agree that ‘only disputed claim terms need to be construed by the Court.’” Markman Order at 1, Bettcher Indus., Inc. v. Bunzl USA, Inc. et al., No. 3:08 CV 2423 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 9, 2009), ECF No. 115. In March 2010, the court issued an Amended Case Schedule which extended through trial, and made no mention of any claim construction proceedings. This new schedule was based on a request jointly submitted by the parties. In June 2010, a year after the Markman hearing, Bunzl requested a jury instruction that “bearing surface” and “bearing face” should be understood to mean “surface 8 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA capable of being in rolling or sliding contact with a sup- port member.” J.A. 3285. Bunzl also requested a jury instruction that “annular bearing race,” “annular bearing race opening,” and “groove” all mean “groove.” Id. Bunzl’s requested constructions included no argument. Rather than adopt Bunzl’s proposals, the court told the jury to “give the rest of the words in the claims their ordinary meaning in the context of the patent specifica- tion and prosecution history.” Trial Tr. 1429:2-4. The court commented that “[t]he only claim construction provided to the Court at the Markman hearing was frus- toconical. There was no request for additional definitions, and I believe that request for additional definitions on the eve of or during trial is too late.” Id. 1629:3-7. The district court also presented the jury with the fol- lowing instruction: To anticipate a claim of the ’325 patent, the pre- 1998 blade must contain every limitation of that particular claim. Anticipation requires that there is no difference between claims of the ’325 patent and the pre-1998 Bettcher blade, as viewed by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Trial Tr. 1434:17-23. Bunzl objected to the second sen- tence of the instruction because “the only prior art at issue with respect to the anticipation argument are prior art blades that were on sale by Bettcher more than a year before the effective filing date of the ’325 patent,” and because the statement was “not consistent with In re Schreiber.” Id. 1624:14-19. At trial, Bunzl’s expert, Dr. King, testified that he had created a mockup rig with a rotating blade configured like the pre-1998 blades and using only the chamfers as bearing surfaces. Bettcher countered with evidence that a person of skill in the art would not consider the chamfers BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 9 to be bearing faces or part of a bearing race, and contested the chamfers’ ability to function as such based on the testimony of its expert. Bunzl moved for judgment as a matter of law of inva- lidity after the close of evidence, arguing that each limita- tion was admittedly met and that the claims were inherently anticipated. That motion was denied. After the verdict, Bunzl renewed its motion for judgment as a matter of law and brought its alternative motion for a new trial on invalidity. Bunzl argued that “Bettcher’s contention that a person of ordinary skill in the art would not have recognized that the chamfered surfaces of the pre-1998 blades could be used as bearing surfaces is legally irrelevant” and that satisfaction of the bearing face limitation required only that “the chamfered surfaces are frustoconically shaped.” J.A. 3338. The district court denied Bunzl’s motion, commenting that “Bunzl waived any argument as to other terms not addressed in this Court’s Markman Order . . . [and that] evidence at trial was sufficient to support the jury’s verdict of patent validity.” Order at 1-2, Bettcher, No. 3:08 CV 2423 (N.D. Ohio Sept. 16, 2010), ECF No. 261 (“Sept. 16 Order”). ii. Section 315 Estoppel After Bettcher filed suit, and while proceedings were pending before the district court, Bunzl requested inter- partes reexamination of the ’325 patent in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“Patent Office”). In due course, the reexamination was granted and the examiner ultimately declined to adopt the grounds of rejection proposed by Bunzl and issued a Right of Appeal Notice. Bunzl appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (“Board”). At the time of the filing of the appeal to this court, the reexamination was pending before the Board, which has since affirmed the examiner’s 10 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA conclusions affirming the validity of all claims subject to reexamination. Bunzl Processor Distrib. LLC v. Patent of Bettcher Indus., Inc., Appeal 2011-007091 (B.P.A.I. July 28, 2011). When the examiner issued the Right of Appeal Notice, Bettcher requested that the district court exclude certain of Bunzl’s invalidity references under 35 U.S.C. § 315(c) on the ground that the examiner had already determined that they did not invalidate the claims of the ’325 patent and therefore, according to Bettcher, Bunzl was estopped from asserting these references in district court. Accord- ing to Bettcher, the § 315 estoppel took effect as soon as the examiner finished the reexamination and the Right of Appeal Notice was sent to the patentee. The district court agreed that the examiner had “issued a ‘final determina- tion’ in the re-examination proceedings,” and granted Bettcher’s request to exclude the references. Bunzl in- cluded the exclusion of these references as a separate basis for its new trial motion. The district court denied Bunzl’s motion, noting that “this issue is one of first impression.” Sept. 16 Order at 1. 2. Bettcher’s Infringement Allegations Bettcher accused Bunzl of infringement based on Bunzl’s manufacture and sale of rotary knife blades marketed as replacement blades for use in rotary knives manufactured and sold by Bettcher. Bunzl’s blades lack the frustoconical bearing faces described in the ’325 patent and recited in the ’325 patent claims and, instead, contain a completely rounded bearing race. According to Bettcher, once Bunzl’s blades are installed and put into use, their round bearing faces wear until they become frustoconical. Therefore, Bettcher accused Bunzl of indirect infringement based on this “wear” theory. The BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 11 following image depicts the accused Bunzl blade, installed in a support housing: Cross-Appellant Br. 13. At trial, Bunzl called as its witness Mark Stallion (“Stallion”), a patent lawyer, from whom Bunzl allegedly received an unwritten opinion in 2007 counseling that Bettcher was unlikely to win an infringement suit based on its “wear” theory. Bunzl offered Stallion’s testimony to prove Bunzl’s state of mind for inducement and willful- ness. Bettcher moved to exclude Stallion’s testimony, but the district court allowed Stallion to testify as to his 2007 opinion. At trial, Stallion testified that he had informed Bunzl that it appeared Bettcher was asserting a theory of indirect infringement and had conceded that the Bunzl blades did not infringe at the time of sale. Stallion testi- fied that he informed Bunzl that Bettcher’s theory of indirect infringement required either an absence of sub- stantial non-infringing use (contributory infringement) or intent to cause the infringing acts (inducement) and that, in his estimation, Bunzl lacked both. Stallion also testi- fied that he informed Bunzl that as a matter of fact it was unlikely that the Bunzl bearing races actually wore to the claimed frustoconical shape when installed and used. 12 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA Counsel for Bettcher did not object to the above quoted statements during Stallion’s direct examination except to request a side-bar, after which the judge emphasized to the jury that “[y]our role in this case is to determine whether Mr. Stallion gave competent advice and whether Bunzl could rely on it . . . . [O]nly the law as given to you by me should be considered by you in deciding the issues in this case.” Trial Tr. 1080-1081. At closing argument, counsel for Bunzl stated with regard to Stallion’s testimony that: “We called Mr. Stal- lion, who you heard is a patent lawyer. Patent lawyers talk about what patent lawyers talk about . . . . The only patent lawyer that testified in this case is Mr. Stallion, and that’s what he told you . . . . Mr. Stallion put it in legal for you . . . . He said there’s no way these immedi- ately can wear.” Id. 1470-1475. Counsel for Bettcher did not object to counsel for Bunzl’s closing remarks regard- ing Stallion’s testimony. After the close of evidence, the district court in- structed the jury: “When considering whether Bunzl knew or should have known that the induced actions would constitute infringement . . . you may consider . . . whether or not Bunzl obtained the advice of a competent law- yer . . . [but t]he applicable law is the law that I have given you, which may or may not be the law relied on by Bunzl’s attorney.” Id. 1431:21 - 1432:11. The jury returned a verdict of non-infringement. Bet- tcher moved for a new trial, arguing prejudice based on Stallion’s testimony and Bunzl’s closing argument. In denying the motion, the court stated that “[t]he testimony was limited and appropriate, and presented with a cau- tionary instruction . . . [and that] Bunzl’s closing argu- ment, while perhaps stretching the reach of Stallion’s testimony, does not warrant reversal, as the jury was BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 13 further cautioned, several times, that comments by coun- sel were not evidence.” Sept. 16 Order at 2. C. The Present Appeal Bunzl timely appealed the denial of judgment as a matter of law or a new trial on the issue of invalidity and Bettcher timely cross-appealed the denial of its motion for a new trial on the issue of infringement. This court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). II. DISCUSSION A. Standard of Review In reviewing a district court’s disposition of a motion for judgment as a matter of law or a new trial motion, this court applies the law of the regional circuit where the district court sits. Siemens Med. Solutions USA, Inc. v. Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics, Inc., 637 F.3d 1269, 1277 (Fed. Cir. 2011). The Sixth Circuit reviews denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law de novo. Gem- tron Corp. v. Saint-Gobain Corp., 572 F.3d 1371, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009). In the Sixth Circuit, judgment as a matter of law is appropriate “only if, in viewing the evi- dence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion, in favor of the moving party.” Imwalle v. Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 515 F.3d 531, 543 (6th Cir. 2008) (quotation omitted). “In reviewing the district court’s decision, [the court] may not weigh the evidence, pass on the credibility of witnesses, or substitute [its] judgment for that of the jury.” Id. (quotation omitted). The Sixth Circuit reviews denial of a motion for new trial for abuse of discretion. Gemtron, 572 F.3d at 1379. 14 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA Under Sixth Circuit law, “there is no abuse of discretion unless the court has a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Mich. First Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Soc., Inc., 641 F.3d 240, 245 (6th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). “[I]f the verdict is supported by some competent, credible evidence, a trial court will be deemed not to have abused its discre- tion in denying the motion.” Id. at 246 (quotation omit- ted). This court reviews a district court’s decision whether to exclude evidence under the law of the regional circuit. Siemens, 637 F.3d at 1284. The Sixth Circuit reviews a district court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Geisen, 612 F.3d 471, 495 (6th Cir. 2010). A district court abuses its discretion in this regard when it bases its decision on errors of law or clearly erroneous factual determinations. Id. [E]ven if the lower court’s decision amounts to an abuse of discretion, it will not be disturbed on ap- peal if it did not result in a substantial injustice, as no error in the admission or exclusion of evi- dence is ground for reversal or granting a new trial unless refusal to take such action appears to the court to be inconsistent with substantial jus- tice. Zamlen v. City of Cleveland, 906 F.2d 209, 216 (6th Cir. 1990) (quotation omitted). The legal sufficiency of jury instructions on an issue of patent law is a question of Federal Circuit law which this court reviews de novo, ordering a new trial on that basis only when errors in the instructions as a whole clearly misled the jury. Siemens, 637 F.3d at 1278. “In review- ing jury instructions, the full trial record and the jury instructions in their entirety must be examined because instructions take on meaning from the context of what BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 15 happened at trial, including how the parties tried the case and their arguments to the jury.” Therasense, Inc. v. Becton, Dickinson & Co., 593 F.3d 1325, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Thus, a jury verdict generally will not be set aside, on motion for judgment as a matter of law or new trial, based on erroneous instructions unless the movant can establish that the instructions were legally erroneous and that the errors had a prejudicial effect. Id. “More specifi- cally, a party seeking to alter a judgment based on erro- neous jury instructions must establish that (1) it made a proper and timely objection to the jury instructions, (2) those instructions were legally erroneous, (3) the errors had prejudicial effect, and (4) it requested alternative instructions that would have remedied the error.” NTP, Inc. v. Research In Motion, Ltd., 418 F.3d 1282, 1311-12 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). Statutory interpretation is a question of law that this court reviews de novo. Pequignot v. Solo Cup Co., 608 F.3d 1356, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2010). B. Anticipation Based on Bettcher Prior Art Bunzl argues that the district court erred by refusing to enter judgment of invalidity as a matter of law, and, alternatively, by refusing to grant a new trial on the issue of anticipation by the pre-1998 Bettcher blades. We disagree and address each argument in turn. 1. Judgment as a Matter of Law Bunzl argues that the chamfers are inherently capa- ble of serving as bearing faces, that no evidence contra- dicts this basic capability, and that no other claim limitation is in dispute as to the pre-1998 Bettcher blades. According to Bunzl, it is irrelevant whether anyone ever actually used the chamfers as bearing faces of a bearing 16 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA race, just as it is irrelevant whether a person of skill in the art ever would have appreciated this alleged capabil- ity. According to Bunzl, the only thing the claim requires of the “bearing face” is that it be capable of bearing, without any restrictions on quality or duration, any actual useful functionality, or any structural properties that would have been recognizable to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Bunzl asserts that its expert’s mockup left no factual issue for the jury to decide and, by definition, no evidence sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. Bettcher counters that the engineering drawings, which were the sole evidence of the actual pre-1998 Bettcher blades, made it clear that the feature Bunzl relies upon is a set of chamfers whose purpose was “to provide clearance and avoid contact with a mating part – the precise opposite of Bunzl’s theory that the chamfers were inherently bearing surfaces.” Cross-Appellant Br. 29. According to Bettcher, all witnesses agreed that the actual engineering specification established that the disputed features were chamfers. Moreover, the wit- nesses disagreed about whether the chamfers would be able to serve as bearing faces. Bettcher argues that inherent anticipation requires that the chamfers always necessarily function as bearing faces. In each asserted claim of the ’325 patent, the bearing faces must be part of the bearing race or groove. Whether or not the chamfers of the pre-1998 blades could be capa- ble of serving as bearing faces in some hypothetical cir- cumstances, the jury had more than sufficient evidence to support a finding that the chamfers found in the pre-1998 Bettcher blade were not part of the bearing race within the meaning of that term in the ’325 patent. While Bunzl struggles to characterize this as a case of “inherency,” it is nothing of the sort. Inherency can be established when “prior art necessarily functions in BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 17 accordance with, or includes, the claimed limitations.” In re Cruciferous Sprout Litig., 301 F.3d 1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2002). “Inherency, however, may not be established by probabilities or possibilities. The mere fact that a certain thing may result from a given set of circumstances is not sufficient.” In re Oelrich, 666 F.2d 578, 581 (CCPA 1981). Here, Bunzl attempts to characterize one structure (chamfers) as a completely different structure (a bearing race) based on a hypothetical configuration of surrounding structures disclosed nowhere in the prior art (expressly or inherently) and suggested by nothing in the record. A “bearing face,” and the bearing race of which it must be a part, may have both structural and functional limitations, but the functional limitation requires more than the ability to bear for a short period of time at an unusually slow speed. Bunzl failed to demonstrate that the pre- 1998 blades were capable of anything more, and the jury was therefore fully entitled to reject Bunzl’s argument in light of the evidence at trial. Bunzl’s reliance on Schrei- ber to the contrary is misplaced. Ultimately, the prior art at issue in this case shows what it shows, and the jury was free to draw whatever conclusions manifested themselves from the evidence presented. The evidence showed that the chamfers were designed to remove the sharp corners and not to interact with each other to collectively perform any function, let alone the function of a bearing race. And the undisputed fact is that no one ever used the chamfers to bear any- thing prior to the critical date of the ’325 patent. The speculative notion that by happenstance the chamfers might, under hypothetical circumstances, be capable of operating as a bearing race is an insufficient basis to mandate overturning the jury’s verdict. For these rea- sons, Bunzl was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 18 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 2. New Trial on Anticipation by the Bettcher Blades Bunzl argues in the alternative that it is entitled to a new trial on the issue of invalidity because of the district court’s refusal to adopt its proposed construction of “bear- ing face” and “bearing surface” and because the district court instructed the jury that anticipation requires that there be no difference between the prior art and the claimed invention as viewed by one of ordinary skill in the art. Again, we disagree, and address each argument in turn. i. Claim Construction According to Bunzl, it asked the district court to con- strue “bearing face” and “bearing surface” to mean “sur- face capable of being in rolling or sliding contact with a support member.” Bunzl argues that if “the jury had been so instructed, it might have understood that a surface constitutes a bearing surface if it has certain capabilities, regardless of whether the surface had ever been used or intended to be used to perform such capabilities.” Appel- lant Br. 39 (emphasis added). Bunzl argues that not construing these terms violated 02 Micro International Ltd. v. Beyond Innovation Technology Co., 521 F.3d 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2008). According to Bunzl, “[i]f the term . . . had been properly construed . . . then it would have been undisputed that the chamfered surfaces constitute bear- ing surfaces and Bettcher’s pre-1998 blades are anticipa- tory prior art.” Appellant Br. 41. Bettcher counters that Bunzl abandoned this issue and that substantial evidence supported the verdict with or without the proposed con- structions. Bunzl’s argument lacks merit. As described above, Bunzl had ample opportunity to seek construction of the “bearing face” limitation. Here, the parties agreed to a BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 19 schedule of disclosures. The district court issued a Markman order premised on the express belief that there were no other claim construction disputes. Bunzl said nothing. And then, a year after the Markman hearing, after submitting a new joint schedule that contained nothing about claim construction, Bunzl asked for a new construction. Under the circumstances of this case, the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding that Bunzl could not add new claim construction theories on the eve of trial. Moreover, because the jury would have been free to determine that the chamfers were simply not the parts of the bearing race that had the so-called “capa- bility,” as discussed above, Bunzl’s proposed construction would have changed nothing. The court did not err in declining to construe these terms. ii. Jury Instructions As stated above, the district court instructed the jury that: To anticipate a claim of the ’325 patent, the pre- 1998 blade must contain every limitation of that particular claim. Anticipation requires that there is no difference between claims of the ’325 patent and the pre-1998 Bettcher blade, as viewed by a person of ordinary skill in the art. Trial Tr. 1434:17-23. In that instruction, Bunzl objects to the phrases “as viewed by a person of ordinary skill in the art” and “no difference.” This court addresses each in turn. a. “as viewed by a person of ordinary skill in the art” Bunzl argues that the district court’s instruction to the jury that prior art must be understood “as viewed by 20 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA one of ordinary skill in the art” is contrary to this court’s inherency precedent and potentially misled the jury by excluding the possibility of an unappreciated inherent feature. Bunzl relies on In re Cruciferous Sprout Litiga- tion, 301 F.3d at 1349 (“Inherency is not necessarily coterminous with knowledge of those of ordinary skill in the art . . . [who] may not recognize the inherent charac- teristics or functioning of the prior art.” (quotation omit- ted)), In re Schreiber, 128 F.3d 1473 (Fed. Cir. 1997), and other cases, to support its view. According to Bunzl, the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art is irrelevant to inherency. Bunzl states that the jury in- struction meant that “the jury could not have found anticipation of the claims unless it was also persuaded that before the critical date . . . a person of ordinary skill in the art had understood that the pre-1998 blades could have so functioned.” Appellant Br. 37 (emphasis added). Bettcher counters by citing Scripps Clinic & Research Foundation v. Genentech, Inc., 927 F.2d 1565, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1991) overruled in part on other grounds by Abbott Labs v. Sandoz, Inc., 566 F.3d 1282, 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (anticipation requires there to be “no difference between the claimed invention and the reference disclosure as viewed by a person of ordinary skill in the art.” (emphasis added)), and other cases, to support the jury instruction. Bettcher also argues that Bunzl’s own jury instruction included the same language, and that Bunzl thus effec- tively admitted that the instruction was correct. As this court has previously explained: [a] jury verdict will be set aside, based on errone- ous jury instructions, if the party seeking to set aside the verdict can establish that those instruc- tions were legally erroneous, and that the errors had prejudicial effect. More specifically, a party seeking to alter a judgment based on erroneous BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 21 jury instructions must establish that (1) it made a proper and timely objection to the jury instruc- tions, (2) those instructions were legally errone- ous, (3) the errors had prejudicial effect, and (4) it requested alternative instructions that would have remedied the error. Prejudicial legal error exists when it appears to the court [that the error is] inconsistent with substantial justice. However, when the error in a jury instruction could not have changed the result, the erroneous instruction is harmless. . . . [A] reversal . . . is not available to an appellant who merely establishes error in in- structions . . . . Where the procedural error was ‘harmless,’ i.e., where the evidence in support of the verdict was so overwhelming that the same verdict would necessarily be reached absent the error, or the error was cured by an instruction, a new trial would be mere waste and affirmance of the judgment is required. NTP, 418 F.3d at 1311-12 (quotations omitted). Bunzl has failed to establish that the jury instruction was wrong or that it suffered any prejudice. As noted above in connection with Bunzl’s bid for judgment as a matter of law, the evidence in this case was such that a reasonable jury could have found that the chamfers in the Bettcher blades were not bearing faces of a bearing race as viewed from any perspective, be that a lay person’s, an expert’s, or an ordinarily skilled artisan’s. Bunzl’s only argument that the jury instruction was even remotely problematic, to say nothing of erroneous, rests entirely on the premise that this is a case of inherent anticipation. For the reasons already explained above, it is not. Bunzl has not shown that the language from Scripps caused any confusion when applied by the jury to the facts of this case. Therefore, Bunzl has not satisfied the four 22 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA part test elaborated in NTP, 418 F.3d at 1311-12, to disturb a judgment based on an erroneous jury instruc- tion. Moreover, Bunzl has not mustered any evidence sufficient to overcome the substantial deference due a trial court in ruling on motions for new trial. “[I]f the verdict is supported by some competent, credible evidence, a trial court will be deemed not to have abused its discre- tion in denying the motion.” Mich. First Credit Union, 641 F.3d at 246 (quotation omitted). The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Bunzl’s motion on this ground. b. “no difference” Bunzl also argues that the district court erred by in- structing the jury that anticipation required that there be “no difference” between the prior art and the claimed invention. Bunzl argues that “the jury instruction may have mislead [sic] the jury into believing that the pres- ence of additional features in the pre-1998 Bettcher blade would preclude a finding of anticipation.” Appellant Reply Br. 16. Bunzl’s concern with the “no difference” language is apparently based on the fear that the jury might have mistakenly thought that some extraneous feature of the prior art negated anticipation. No such extraneous fea- ture appears to have been at issue in this case. So no showing of prejudice is possible. Bunzl’s remaining arguments regarding the court’s jury instructions have been considered and are not persuasive. We hold that Bunzl is not entitled to a new trial re- garding invalidity based on the pre-1998 Bettcher blades. BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 23 C. Estoppel Under 35 U.S.C. § 315 Bunzl contends that the district court wrongly inter- preted 35 U.S.C. § 315 in holding that its estoppel provi- sion applied at the conclusion of examination when the examiner issued the Right of Appeal Notice. Bunzl seeks a new trial on obviousness on this basis. As discussed below, this court agrees with Bunzl that the estoppel provision of § 315 is triggered not when examination is completed but only after all appeal rights have been exhausted. Inter-partes reexamination proceedings are codified at 35 U.S.C. §§ 311-318. Section 315, entitled “Appeal,” provides: (a) Patent owner. – The patent owner involved in an inter partes reexamination proceeding under this chapter – (1) may appeal under the provisions of section 134 [i.e., to the Board] and may appeal under the pro- visions of sections 141 through 144 [i.e., to the Federal Circuit], with respect to any decision ad- verse to the patentability of any original or pro- posed amended or new claim of the patent; and (2) may be a party to any appeal taken by a third- party requester under subsection (b). (b) Third-party requester. – A third-party re- quester— (1) may appeal under the provisions of section 134, and may appeal under the provisions of sec- tions 141 through 144, with respect to any final decision favorable to the patentability of any 24 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA original or proposed amended or new claim of the patent; and (2) may, subject to subsection (c), be a party to any appeal taken by the patent owner under the pro- visions of section 134 or sections 141 through 144. (c) A third-party requester whose request for an inter partes reexamination results in an order un- der section 313 is estopped from asserting at a later time, in any civil action arising in whole or in part under section 1338 of title 28, the invalid- ity of any claim finally determined to be valid and patentable on any ground which the third-party requester raised or could have raised during the inter partes reexamination proceedings. This sub- section does not prevent the assertion of invalidity based on newly discovered prior art unavailable to the third-party requester and the Patent and Trademark Office at the time of the inter partes reexamination proceedings. When the estoppel of § 315(c) attaches is a question of first impression. 1. The Parties’ Arguments On Appeal Bunzl argues on appeal that: (1) district court deci- sions support Bunzl’s interpretation of the statute; (2) the concept of “finality” means that the controversy must be at an end; (3) § 316 defines finality as the exhaustion of all appeal rights; (4) § 315 distinguishes final decisions from final determinations; (5) § 312’s definition of a determination on substantial new questions of patentabil- ity as “final and non-appealable” means that final deter- minations under § 315 must also be unappealable; (6) Bunzl’s view is consistent with Congress’s purpose in BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 25 creating inter-partes reexamination; (7) applying the estoppel as of the Right of Appeal Notice would render the statute internally inconsistent; and (8) the legislative history supports Bunzl. Bettcher counters that: (1) related regulations prove that right of appeal notices are final determinations; (2) the “fact estoppel” provision of the 1999 act creating inter partes reexaminations and its legislative history support Bettcher; (3) § 317 demonstrates that Congress did not intend to condition estoppel on exhaustion of appeals; (4) minimizing “harassment,” a purpose in the legislative history, is only served if estoppel attaches when the reexamination becomes appealable; (5) § 315 estoppel would be superfluous if it attached after appeals to this court because this court’s decisions bind district courts; (6) Bunzl’s reliance on district court cases and law dictionar- ies is unavailing; and (7) Bettcher’s interpretation does not render the statute internally inconsistent. The parties’ arguments on appeal essentially require this court to decide the meaning of “finally determined” in § 315(c) in view of the language of the statute, the legisla- tive framework, the related regulations, and the legisla- tive history. “Our first step in interpreting a statute is to deter- mine whether the language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning with regard to the particular dispute in the case. Our inquiry must cease if the statu- tory language is unambiguous and the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent.” Pennzoil-Quaker State Co. v. United States, 511 F.3d 1365, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quot- ing Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340 (1997)). “[S]tatutory language cannot be construed in a vacuum. It is a fundamental canon of statutory construction that the words of a statute must be read in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory 26 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA scheme.” Davis v. Mich. Dep’t. of Treasury, 498 U.S. 803, 809 (1989). Section 315 does not expressly define “finally determined,” but its content and context do. a. Section 315 The estoppel provision appears at the end of § 315, which provides appeal rights both from examiner and Board decisions. Specifically, § 315(a) provides that patent owners “may appeal under the provisions of sec- tion 134 [i.e. to the Board] and may appeal under the provisions of sections 141 through 144 [i.e. to the Federal Circuit],” as well as participate in any appeal brought by a third-party requester. And § 315(b) likewise provides that third-party requesters may appeal both to the Board and to the Federal Circuit, and may participate in appeals brought by patent owners. The estoppel provision of subsection (c) thus falls immediately following the estab- lishment of both parties’ rights of appeal, including ap- peal to this court. The placement of the estoppel provision within the in- ter partes reexamination statute strongly suggests that the phrase “finally determined” refers to the stage of the proceedings when the events contemplated by subsections (a) and (b) have run their course. And because subsec- tions (a) and (b) both state that the parties may appeal decisions both to the Board and to this court, this implies that estoppel requires exhaustion of all appeal rights, including appeals to this court. Bunzl argues that because subsections (a) and (b) re- fer to “final decisions,” whereas subsection (c) refers to “final determinations,” therefore the appealable “deci- sions” of subsections (a) and (b) do not, in and of them- selves, amount to “final determinations.” We agree. While the difference in terminology is not necessarily BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 27 compelling, it is nonetheless supportive of this court’s interpretation of § 315. b. Section 316 Section 316, entitled “Certificate of patentability, un- patentability, and claim cancellation,” provides in rele- vant part: (a) . . . In an inter partes reexamination proceed- ing under this chapter, when the time for appeal has expired or any appeal proceeding has termi- nated, the Director shall issue and publish a cer- tificate canceling any claim of the patent finally determined to be unpatentable, confirming any claim of the patent determined to be patentable, and incorporating in the patent any proposed amended or new claim determined to be pat- entable. According to Bunzl, § 316 defines finality as the exhaus- tion of all appeal rights. This court agrees with Bunzl that § 316 defines a determination of patentability to occur only after all appeals have terminated. Issuance of the reexamination certificate only happens “when the time for appeal has expired or any appeal proceeding has terminated.” § 316. This provision makes no distinction between appeals to the Board and to this court. And reexamination certificates are not issued piecemeal, at intermediate stages of the reexamination proceeding. This is reflected in the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (“M.P.E.P.”) § 2687 (emphases in original): Upon conclusion of the inter partes reexamination proceeding, the examiner must complete a Notice of Intent to Issue Inter Partes Reexamination Cer- tificate (NIRC) . . . . 28 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA The following are the only instances when issu- ance of NIRC action would be proper in an inter partes reexamination proceeding: (A) There is no timely response by the patent owner to an Office action requiring a response. . . . (B) After a Right of Appeal Notice (RAN) where no party to the reexamination timely files a notice of appeal. (C) After filing a notice of appeal, where all par- ties who filed a notice of appeal or notice of cross appeal fail to timely file an appellant brief (or fail to timely complete the brief, where the appellant brief is noted by the examiner as being incom- plete). (D) After a final decision by the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (Board), where there is no further timely appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit nor is there a timely re- quest for rehearing by the Board. (E) After the Federal Court appeal process has been completed and the case is returned to the ex- aminer. c. Section 317 Section 317, entitled “[i]nter partes reexamination prohibited,” limits subsequent reexaminations: (a) Order for reexamination.–Notwithstanding any provision of this chapter, once an order for in- ter partes reexamination of a patent has been is- sued under section 313, neither the third-party BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 29 requester nor its privies, may file a subsequent request for inter partes reexamination of the pat- ent until an inter partes reexamination certificate is issued and published under section 316, unless authorized by the Director. (b) Final decision.–Once a final decision has been entered against a party in a civil action arising in whole or in part under section 1338 of title 28, that the party has not sustained its burden of proving the invalidity of any patent claim in suit or if a final decision in an inter partes reexamina- tion proceeding instituted by a third-party re- quester is favorable to the patentability of any original or proposed amended or new claim of the patent, then neither that party nor its privies may thereafter request an inter partes reexamination of any such patent claim on the basis of issues which that party or its privies raised or could have raised in such civil action or inter partes re- examination proceeding, and any inter partes re- examination requested by that party or its privies on the basis of such issues may not thereafter be maintained by the Office, notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter. This subsection does not prevent the assertion of invalidity based on newly discovered prior art unavailable to the third-party requester and the patent and Trade- mark Office at the time of the inter partes reex- amination proceedings. 35 U.S.C. § 317. Section 317 includes two provisions. Subsection (a) is a complete bar on new reexaminations until the reexamination certificate is issued in the pend- ing reexamination. Subsection (b) attaches only after there has been a final resolution, either in federal court or in the pending reexamination. Once it does attach, sub- 30 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA section (b) prevents the third-party requester from “re- quest[ing] an inter partes reexamination . . . on the basis of issues which [it] raised or could have raised in [federal court or the prior reexamination].” Because subsection (b) prevents further reexamination proceedings once parallel federal court proceedings have reached their resolution, it serves a similar purpose to the § 315 estoppel. The parallel structure of subsections (a) and (b) sug- gests that, while subsection (a) applies during the pend- ency of reexamination proceedings, subsection (b) applies only when reexamination and all appeals have termi- nated. The relevant House and Senate records confirm that § 317(b) applies “after any appeals.” 145 Cong. Rec. 29276, 29973 (1999). And the Patent Office has inter- preted § 317 consistent with this legislative history in M.P.E.P. § 2686.04 (emphases in original): While Congress desired that the creation of an in- ter partes reexamination option would lead to a reduction in expensive patent litigation, it none- theless also provided in the statute that a court validity challenge and inter partes reexamination of a patent may occur simultaneously; but once one proceeding finally ends in a manner adverse to a third party, then the issues raised (or that could have been raised) with respect to the valid- ity of a claim in that proceeding would have es- toppel effect on the same issues in the other proceeding. ... The 35 U.S.C. 317(b) estoppel applies only in a situation where a final decision adverse to the re- quester has already been issued. If there remains any time for an appeal, or a request for reconsid- eration, from a court (e.g., District Court or Fed- BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 31 eral Circuit) decision, or such action has already been taken, then the decision is not final, and the estoppel does not attach. While we believe that § 317(b) is clear, even if it were ambiguous, the Patent Office’s interpretation that § 317(b) does not apply “[i]f there remains any time for an appeal” would be entitled to deference. See Cooper Techs. Co. v. Dudas, 536 F.3d 1330, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (hold- ing that the “Patent Office had the authority under 35 U.S.C. § 2 to interpret section [of the act creating inter- partes reexamination] because that interpretation both governs the conduct of proceedings in the Patent Office, not matters of substantive patent law, and is a prospec- tive clarification of ambiguous statutory language.”). Finally, we note that while this court agrees with Bunzl’s interpretation of § 315, we do not agree entirely with the reasoning presented by Bunzl. Specifically, we do not agree with Bunzl’s arguments premised on internal inconsistency within § 317 or inconsistency between §§ 315 and 317. In our view, neither argument withstands critical scrutiny. d. Reexamination Proceedings The framework of reexamination proceedings also suggests that estoppel attaches after all appeals are exhausted. During appeal, the Board can assert new grounds of rejection provided that the applicant has the opportunity to respond. See 37 C.F.R. § 41.50(b) (“A new ground of rejection pursuant to this paragraph shall not be considered final for judicial review.” (emphasis added)). And the addition of new grounds even extends to proceed- ings before this court. See In re Comiskey, 554 F.3d 967, 974 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[W]e may . . . where appropriate, affirm the agency on grounds other than those relied upon in rendering its decision, when upholding the agency’s 32 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA decision does not depend upon making a determination of fact not previously made by the agency.” (quoting Killip v. Office of Pers. Mgmt., 991 F.2d 1564, 1568-69 (Fed. Cir. 1993))). Because the addition of new grounds of rejection on appeal entitles applicants to continue prosecution before the examiner, the structure of the reexamination proceeding suggests that reexamination is not final prior to the exhaustion of all appeal rights. e. Related Regulations Bettcher argues that the regulations discussing the Right of Appeal Notice establish that the phrase “final determination” in § 315 refers to the Right of Appeal Notice. Bettcher relies on 37 C.F.R. § 1.953, which states in relevant part: The Right of Appeal Notice shall be a final action, which comprises a final rejection setting forth each ground of rejection and/or final decision fa- vorable to patentability including each determina- tion not to make a proposed rejection, an identification of the status of each claim, and the reasons for decisions favorable to patentability and/or the grounds of rejection for each claim. Bettcher also relies on 37 C.F.R. § 41.61(a)(2), which states: Upon the issuance of a Right of Appeal Notice . . . the requester may appeal to the Board with re- spect to any final decision favorable to the pat- entability, including any final determination not to make a proposed rejection, of any original, pro- posed amended, or new claim of the patent . . . . BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 33 Bettcher’s argument is essentially that because these regulations treat the Right of Appeal Notice as a “final action” and a “final decision,” and because the Right of Appeal Notice incorporates a “final determination not to make a proposed rejection,” therefore the phrase “finally determined” in § 315 must refer to a component of a Right of Appeal Notice. The quoted regulations in no way address the application of any estoppel. They certainly do not purport to interpret or define the statutory language of § 315. Bettcher’s argument thus rings hollow and is not persuasive. f. Other Arguments Bunzl also argues that the ordinary meaning of “fi- nally determined” implies that the entirety of the contro- versy is at an end. As the discussion above makes clear, however, the phrase “finally determined” is not self- interpreting in the context of this statute. Bettcher also argues that the purpose of “minimizing harassment” is not accomplished unless the estoppel attaches when the examiner issues a Right of Appeal Notice. Indeed, according to Bettcher, the estoppel would be redundant if it only applied after all appeals because decisions of this court are binding on district courts in any event. Bettcher’s argument does not overcome the weight of evidence against Bettcher’s proposed interpretation. As discussed above, Congress intended that reexaminations and civil patent litigation could occur in parallel, and it must be assumed that Congress was aware of any poten- tial for “harassment” when it passed this provision. And Bettcher’s view that the estoppel would be redundant if it did not apply immediately is wrong. This court’s affir- mance of an examiner’s decision on reexamination does not preclude district courts from considering challenges to validity premised on the same prior art, in the absence of 34 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA an estoppel. The Supreme Court recently recognized as much, albeit in the context of examining the burden of proof applicable to a validity challenge. See Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P’ship, 131 S. Ct. 2238, 2251 (2011) (“[N]ew evidence supporting an invalidity defense may ‘carry more weight’ in an infringement action than evi- dence previously considered by the PTO.”). Finally, Bettcher looks for support from the legislative history of the uncodified “fact” estoppel of the 1999 act establishing inter-partes reexamination proceedings, published as a note to 35 U.S.C § 315. Pub. L. 106-113, Div. B. § 1000(a)(9) [Title IV, § 4607], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-571. The legislative history of this provision states that the “estoppel arises after a final decision in the inter partes reexamination or a final decision in any appeal of such reexamination.” 145 Cong. Rec. 29276, 29973 (1999). According to Bettcher, this statement distinguishes final decisions in reexaminations from final decisions on appeal, such that § 315(c) should be read to apply as soon as there is a final decision in a reexamination (i.e. a Right of Appeal Notice). This court is at a loss to understand how this argument helps Bet- tcher. Section 315 itself distinguishes final decisions from final determinations, as discussed above. But more importantly, the legislative history of the fact estoppel proves that it applies only after all appeal rights are exhausted. If anything, this suggests that the same is true of the estoppel of § 315, which applies to the ultimate issues whose determination is based on those same facts that are the subject of the “fact” estoppel. Bettcher’s argument is not persuasive. The parties’ other arguments have been considered and are not persuasive. For the reasons discussed above, we hold that the estoppel provision of 35 U.S.C. § 315(c) applies only after all appeal rights are exhausted, includ- ing appeals to this court. BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 35 For these reasons, this court vacates the denial of Bunzl’s motion for new trial on invalidity based on refer- ences excluded under the district court’s interpretation of § 315(c) and remands so that the district court may de- termine in the first instance whether a new trial is war- ranted in the particular circumstances of this case. D. Infringement In its cross-appeal, Bettcher seeks a new trial on the issue of infringement. Bettcher argues that Stallion’s testimony was prejudicial because his 2007 opinion amounted to nothing more than unfounded speculation, because he testified as an expert on the ultimate legal and factual issues of infringement contravening the safe- guards against incompetent expert testimony and invad- ing the province of the court to explain the law, and because counsel for Bunzl wrongly characterized Stallion as an authority on legal and factual issues of infringe- ment during closing argument. Bettcher also argues that this court needs to clarify the limits on the admissibility of opinion of counsel evidence in inducement cases and that the district court should not have instructed the jury to rely on such evidence. Bunzl counters that the jury was properly instructed regarding the law of indirect infringement; that any error was harmless because Bettcher’s “wear” theory of in- fringement was not legally cognizable or based on suffi- cient evidence; that Stallion’s testimony was relevant to the accused infringer’s state of mind for inducement and willful infringement; that Stallion did not testify as an expert; and that Bunzl’s closing argument did not preju- dice Bettcher in view of the court’s clear instructions that only the court would explain the law to the jury. To warrant disturbing the jury’s verdict, Bettcher must show that the district court abused its discretion in 36 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA admitting Stallion’s testimony, Geisen, 612 F.3d, at 495, and that, as a result of this abuse of discretion, Bettcher suffered substantial injustice. Zamlen, 906 F.2d, at 216. On these points, Bettcher’s arguments fall short. More- over, the fact that Bettcher did not contemporaneously object to the closing argument raises the threshold of prejudice it must establish to be entitled to a new trial. See Strickland v. Owens Corning, 142 F.3d 353, 358 (6th Cir. 1998) (“[F]ailure to object at trial to closing argu- ments does raise the degree of prejudice which must be demonstrated in order to get a new trial on appeal.”). This court concludes that a new trial is not war- ranted. The fact and general content of Stallion’s opinion was relevant and admissible, at least with respect to Bunzl’s state of mind and its bearing on indirect in- fringement. See, DSU Med. Corp. v. JMS Co., 471 F.3d 1293, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (en banc in relevant part) (affirming denial of new trial on inducement where record evidence included opinion of counsel). And it is within the province of the jury to make credibility determinations regarding the competence of Stallion’s advice, and the reasonableness of Bunzl’s reliance thereon. See, e.g., Litecubes, LLC v. N. Lights Prods., Inc., 523 F.3d 1353, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“It is not the province of an appel- late court to second guess the jury’s credibility determina- tions or to reevaluate the weight to be given the evidence.”). Moreover, the infringement theory that Bettcher ar- gues it was effectively precluded from presenting to the jury carries no weight. It is undisputed that the accused blades do not infringe as sold. The record on appeal does not support the view that Bunzl’s blades ever start to infringe, let alone that they always, necessarily, or even usually wear to the allegedly infringing shape. Thus, Bettcher cannot establish either intent or the absence of a substantial non-infringing use for the accused blades. We BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 37 therefore agree with the district court that Bettcher is not entitled to a new trial on the issue of infringement. III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the denial of judgment as a matter of law or new trial on the issue of anticipation based on the pre-1998 Bettcher prior art blades is af- firmed; the denial of a new trial on obviousness based on 35 U.S.C. § 315(c) is vacated; the denial of a new trial on the issue of infringement is affirmed; and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND REMANDED COSTS Each party shall bear its own costs. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit __________________________ BETTCHER INDUSTRIES, INC., Plaintiff-Cross Appellant, v. BUNZL USA, INC., Defendant, AND BUNZL PROCESSOR DISTRIBUTION, LLC, Defendant-Appellant. __________________________ 2011-1038, -1046 __________________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio in Case No. 08-CV-2423, Judge Jack Zouhary. __________________________ REYNA, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent. The plain meaning of the claim language of the ’325 patent reads on Bettcher’s own prior art products, which include all of the structural features required by the claims, and which possess the capability of satisfying the functional or intended use limitations. As the ’325 patent is therefore invalid for anticipation as BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 2 a matter of law, I would reverse the district court and not reach the other issues presented in this appeal. I. BACKGROUND The ’325 patent is directed to a rotary knife blade as is commonly used for trimming or processing meat. Rotary knife blades are essentially ring-shaped blades mounted within a housing on a knife handle, where the housing includes a mechanism that spins the blade within the housing: The blade includes an annular groove called a bearing race that enables one or more bearing beads within the housing to engage and support the blade, ensuring that there is no axial movement of the blade during rotation. 3 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA The particular embodiment of patented rotary knife blade disclosed in the specification is depicted with the following cross-sectional view: BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 4 The bearing race is generally indicated by reference numeral 66, and the first and second bearing surfaces are indicated by reference numerals 70 and 72. These bear- ing surfaces are characterized as being “frustoconical,” which the district court defined as “the shape of a portion of an exterior surface of a cone.” Claim 1 of the ’325 patent is representative, and re- cites that the bearing race comprises the following four elements: (1) “a first surface that converges proceed ing away from said second axial end” (2) “a second surface that converges pro- ceeding toward said first surface” (3) “said first and second surfaces defin- ing first and second bearing faces spaced axially apart” (4) “wherein both of said bearing faces are frustoconical.” Importantly, aside from indicating the directions in which the first and second frustoconical bearing faces extend, the claims do not recite any particular length or size of those surfaces. The prior art included blades previously made and sold by Bettcher, the so-called “pre-1998 blades.” The parties do not dispute that the pre-1998 blades satisfied the claim elements of “a first surface that converges proceeding away from said second axial end,” “a second surface that converges proceeding toward said first sur- face,” those surfaces being “spaced axially apart,” and that the two surfaces are “frustoconical.” The only dis- 5 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA pute is whether the first surface and second surface of the pre-1998 blades “defin[e] first and second bearing faces,” as recited by the claims. The following demonstrative juxtaposition of the patented blade and the pre-1998 blades is an accurate representation of the blades and the key surfaces at issue: “Chamfers” “Bearing Surfaces” ’325 Patented Blade Pre-1998 Blades The two converging surfaces in the pre-1998 blades were regarded as “chamfers.” The chamfers were in- tended to provide clearance with mating parts, not to be used as bearing surfaces to engage the bearing beads in the knife housing. No commercial knife housing was shown to have existed at the time that would have used the chamfers as bearing surfaces. It was nevertheless possible for the chamfers to function as bearing surfaces. This possibility was evidenced by a mock-up housing created by Bunzl’s expert and used at trial to rotate, for a few minutes, a prior art blade using the chamfers as bearing surfaces. Thus, Bunzl argues that the chamfers in the prior art blades satisfy the “bearing face” limita- tions because “[w]hether called chamfers, or any other name, the fact remains that the frustoconical surfaces BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 6 were capable of serving as bearing surfaces.” Bunzl Reply Br. at 6. The mock-up housing used stainless steel balls to en- gage the chamfers, and the blade was rotated using a standard variable speed power drill. This housing was admittedly not designed to simulate ordinary use condi- tions in an actual knife housing, but merely to determine whether it was possible to rotate a pre-1998 blade by its chamfers within a housing, which it succeeded in doing. Bettcher’s expert conceded that the mock-up housing did in fact work to rotate the blade by the chamfers, but questioned its practical efficacy noting that “[h]ow long it lasts, whether it’s functional, those are other issues.” A2028:8-16. Bettcher’s expert further testified that because the chamfers were so small, using them as bear- ing surfaces would cause them to dig into the mating parts within the housing. Thus, Bettcher argues that the chamfers cannot be deemed capable of serving as bearing surfaces for a rotary knife blade. II. ANTICIPATION Under 35 U.S.C. § 102, anticipation exists when a single piece of prior art satisfies, either expressly or inherently, every limitation of the claimed invention. King Pharms., Inc. v. Eon Labs, Inc., 616 F.3d 1267, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2010). “Claim language defines claim scope,” and so the claims must be properly construed for com- parison to the allegedly anticipatory prior art. Trintec Indus. v. Top-U.S.A. Corp., 295 F.3d 1292, 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2002). There is no actual dispute here concerning whether the structural limitations of the claims are met by the pre-1998 blades—they are. The “first surface” and “sec- 7 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA ond surface” in the pre-1998 blades “converge” toward each other, they are “spaced axially apart,” and they are “frustoconical” exactly as defined in the claims. Although the claims recite that the first and second surfaces “de- fin[e] first and second bearing surfaces,” this limitation does not further limit the structure of the claimed blade. The exact shapes, positions, contours, and configurations of the first and second surfaces are completely defined elsewhere in the claims. The claims merely mention that those first and second surfaces happen to “defin[e] first and second bearing faces.” In essence this limitation does nothing more than give a name to the first and second surfaces: “bearing faces.” Admittedly, the word “bearing” carries some meaning, but that meaning is not structural. At most, the “defining” limitation is an indication of an intended use or function of the first and second surfaces— that they be used to engage one or more bearing beads. None of Bettcher’s arguments directed to the efficacy of using the chamfers as bearing surfaces have any rela- tion to the claim language at issue. The claims are di- rected to “a rotary knife blade” and cover the product only, not any particular use of it. Indeed, no characteris- tics of the knife housing in which the blades are intended to be used are reflected in the claims. There are no limi- tations regarding how fast the blade must be able to be spun, or for how long the blade must be able to sustain rotation at any particular speed. The claims also do not recite any particular width, contour, or positioning of the first and second surfaces such that they can engage with bearing beads of then-existing knife housings. They recite only that the converging surfaces be “spaced axially apart” and “frustoconical.” No structural details as to the interior shape of the bearing race between two opposing bearing surfaces are required by the claims, and in effect BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 8 the ’325 patent encompasses any blade that looks like this: ? Absent further limitations directed at least to the length or size of the frustoconical surfaces, there is no patentable distinction between the claimed blade and the pre-1998 blades. The claim language plainly reads on the chamfers of the pre-1998 blades. Turning to Bettcher’s contention that the chamfers cannot be bearing surfaces because they were not recog- nized or used as such at the time, this court’s decision in In re Schreiber, 128 F.3d 1473, 1477-78 (Fed. Cir. 1997) is both instructive and controlling. There, a claim directed to a popcorn dispensing spout was found anticipated by a prior art patent directed to a spout for dispensing oil. The claim at issue included both structural elements and functional elements. Id. at 1475. There was no dispute that the structural limitations of the claim were all met by the prior art oil spout. Id. at 1477 (“[The prior art] discloses a ‘dispensing top’ that has ‘a generally conical 9 BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA shape and an opening at each end,’ and ‘means at the enlarged end of the top to embrace the open end of the container, the taper of the top being uniform.’”). Rather, Schreiber relied on the functional elements of the claim to establish patentability, arguing that the prior art oil spout patent “does not disclose that such a structure can be used to dispense popcorn from an open-ended popcorn container.” Id. at 1477; see also id. at 1475 (claim provid- ing, for example, that “the opening at the reduced end allows several kernels of popped popcorn to pass through at the same time”). The court explained that “choosing to define an ele- ment functionally, i.e., by what it does, carries with it a risk” in that “a functional limitation asserted to be critical for establishing novelty in the claimed subject matter may, in fact, be an inherent characteristic of the prior art.” Id. at 1478 (quoting In re Swinehart, 439 F.2d 210, 212 (CCPA 1971)). To find that a claim element is inher- ently disclosed in the prior art, it must necessarily be present in the prior art. King Pharms., 616 F.3d at 1274. Because the oil spout in Schreiber was “capable of” dis- pensing popped popcorn in the manner set forth in the claim, it inherently satisfied all of the functional limita- tions and anticipated the claimed popcorn spout. 128 F.3d at 1478-79. As the court explained, “Schreiber's contention that his structure will be used to dispense popcorn does not have patentable weight if the structure is already known, regardless of whether it has ever been used in any way in connection with popcorn.” Id. at 1477. As in Schreiber, here all structural limitations recited in the claims are found in the prior art blades. Id. at 1477. The only allegedly distinguishing aspect of the claimed rotary blades is that certain surfaces therein are said to “defin[e] first and second bearing faces,” i.e., they BETTCHER INDUSTRIES v. BUNZL USA 10 are intended to be used to engage the bearing beads within the knife housing. Under Schreiber, this distinc- tion is not a patentable one. It is undisputed that the chamfers of the pre-1998 blades could function as bearing faces, as demonstrated by the mock-up used at trial. No recognition of such capability in the prior art is required. Schering Corp. v. Geneva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 339 F.3d 1373, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“[T]his court rejects the contention that inherent anticipation requires recognition in the prior art.”); In re Cruciferous Sprout Litig., 301 F.3d 1343, 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Inherency is not neces- sarily coterminous with knowledge of those of ordinary skill in the art. Artisans of ordinary skill may not recog- nize the inherent characteristics or functioning of the prior art.” (quotations omitted)). Each chamfer inherently satisfies the “bearing face” limitation “regardless of whether it has ever been used in any way in connection with [a bearing].” Schreiber, 128 F.3d at 1477. Where all structural elements of a claim exist in a prior art product, and that prior art product is capable of satisfying all functional or intended use limitations, the claimed invention is nothing more than an unpatentable new use for an old product. Schreiber, 128 F.3d at 1477. III. CONCLUSION No reasonable jury could conclude that the claims of the ’325 patent were novel over the pre-1998 blades because none of the dispositive facts were disputed and the law is clear. I would reverse the district court and enter judgment as a matter of law of anticipation.