The appraiser designated by this court to appraise the estate of the decedent under the provisions of the Transfer Tax Law having reported that conflicting allegations as to the domicile of the decedent were made before him, the matter was remitted to this court for the purpose of having the question of domicile decided by the surrogate. This question is material, because if the decedent was not a resident of this state at the time of her death that part of her estate consisting of intangible personal property is not subject to a transfer tax. The only witness examined before me was *111Stephen Van R. Crosby, a son of the decedent. He testified that his father was an officer in the United States Army at the time he was married to the decedent; that he subsequently resigned from the army and was appointed governor of Montana about the year 1883; that the decedent resided with him for some time while he was governor of Montana, but that in 1884* ,she left him and came to Morristown, N. J., where she rented a house in her own name and where she lived for a number of years; that she subsequently moved to Charlestown, W. Va., where she resided for about thirteen years until her death. The witness further testified that from the time she left her husband in Montana until the date of her death her husband did not live with her or contribute to her support or to the support of their children. Her husband- had his domicile in this state at the time of her death. It is contended by the state comptroller that her husband’s domicile was her domicile, while the executor contends that she acquired an independent domicile in West Virginia. The decedent did not obtain a 'judicial decree of separation from her husband, and there is no evidence that he was guilty of such misconduct as would entitle ; her to obtain such a decree. In Hunt v. Hunt, 72 N. Y. 242, it was said that a wife may acquire an independent domicile when she is living apart from her husband by virtue of a judicial decree of separation when the conduct of the husband has been such as to entitle her to an absolute or limited divorce. This doctrine was extended in Matter of Florence, 54 Hun, 328, appeal dismissed, 119 N. Y. 661, where it was held that a woman acquired a separate domicile although no judicial decree of separation was obtained and there was no proof of such misconduct as would entitle her to a limited or absolute divorce. The court says in its opinion that the parties agreed to separate, but it is not clear from the report of the case whether the agreement was oral or written. In Saperstone v. Saperstone, 73 Misc. Rep. 631, it was held that the wife acquired an in*112dependent domicile although no judicial decree of separation had been rendered. In the matter under consideration there is no proof of an agreement to separate, but there is proof of the fact of actual separation. There is proof that from the time when the decedent left her husband’s home in Montana until the date of her death he never visited at her residence except once, and that was upon the occasion of their daughter’s marriage. No mere agreement of separation could be more effective in keeping them apart than the voluntary arrangement or understanding which resulted in their maintaining separate homes and paying their individual expenses from their individual property for a period of about twenty-six years. Whatever the cause of the disagreement which resulted in the actual separation, the latter seems to have been as effective as if it were evidenced by a judicial decree. If such a decree had been entered there would be no question under the authorities in this state of the right of the wife to acquire an independent domicile. It would seem to be subordinating substance to mere form to hold that a separation which lasted twenty-six years, although not evidenced by a judicial decree, should be less effective in affording the wife the right to acquire an independent domicile than if such agreement had been incorporated in a formal written instrument. The publicity incident to a judicial separation might well induce a woman of delicacy and refinment to refrain from applying for it, but when the separation is as effectual as if a judicial decree had directed it, she should not be deprived of the right to acquire an independent domicile merely because she refrained from applying for a judicial decree of separation. I will, therefore, find that decedent, prior to her death acquired a domicile separate and apart from that of her husband, and that she was not at the time of her death domiciled in the state of New York. The appraiser will proceed in accordance with this finding. Settle order on notice.
Decreed accordingly.