[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
OCTOBER 4, 2011
JOHN LEY
No. 10-15716
CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 1:10-cv-01275-RLV
ROYAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, LLC,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
MARYLAND CASUALTY COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(October 4, 2011)
Before DUBINA, Chief Judge, CARNES, Circuit Judge, and SANDS,* District
Judge.
DUBINA, Chief Judge:
*
Honorable W. Louis Sands, United States District Judge for the Middle District of Georgia,
sitting by designation.
CERTIFICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT TO THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
PURSUANT TO ARTICLE VI, SECTION VI, PARAGRAPH IV, OF THE
GEORGIA CONSTITUTION.
TO THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND THE HONORABLE
JUSTICES THEREOF:
This case involves a dispute over the proper interpretation under Georgia
law of a real property insurance contract between Plaintiff-Appellant Royal
Capital Development, LLC (“Royal Capital”) and Defendant-Appellee Maryland
Casualty Company. The insurance policy provides coverage for “direct physical
loss of or damage to” a building Royal Capital owns in the Buckhead area of
Atlanta. The contract specifies Maryland Casualty’s obligations under a section
entitled “Loss Payment”: “In the event of loss or damage” to the property,
Maryland Casualty “will either: (a) Pay the value of lost or damaged property; [or]
(b) Pay the cost of repairing or replacing the lost or damaged property . . . .”
[Insurance Policy Coverage Form, R. 1-2 (Exh. 1) at 20.]
Royal Capital contends that the insurance coverage extends to compensation
for the building’s diminution in value resulting from stigma due to the building’s
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physical damage, even after all repairs have been made. It cites State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Company v. Mabry, 556 S.E.2d 114 (Ga. 2001), as stating a
long-established analogous rule for car insurance contracts and argues that the
rationale extends to insurance contracts for buildings. Maryland Casualty
acknowledges the Mabry rule, but contends that it does not apply here because the
insurance contract covers a building, not an automobile, and the language
excludes coverage for diminution-of-value damages.
Thus, the single question presented in this appeal is whether the Georgia
courts would hold that the Mabry rule extends to standard insurance contracts for
buildings. Because this is an important unsettled question of state law, and there is
no controlling precedent from the Georgia state courts, we certify the question to
the Supreme Court of Georgia.
I. BACKGROUND
The relevant facts are not in dispute. Royal Capital owns The Capital
Building, an eight-story commercial building in the Buckhead area of Atlanta. In
2003, Royal Capital purchased the disputed insurance policy from Maryland
Casualty to insure the building.
In late January and February of 2008, construction activity on an adjacent
property caused physical damage to The Capital Building. Royal Capital submitted
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a timely claim under the policy to Maryland Casualty, seeking both the cost of
repairs and the post-repair diminution in value resulting from the damage.
Maryland Casualty acknowledged that the damage to the building was a covered
cause of loss under the policy and paid $1,132,072.96 to compensate Royal
Capital for the estimated costs of repairing the damage. However, Maryland
Casualty refused to acknowledge any responsibility to compensate Royal Capital
for the alleged diminution in value of the property.
Royal Capital filed a one-count Complaint in the Superior Court of Fulton
County, Georgia; Maryland Casualty removed the case to the United States
District Court for the Northern District of Georgia pursuant to diversity
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Moving on an expedited basis and deferring
discovery on the actual extent of the building’s loss of value, the parties filed
cross-motions for summary judgment on the narrow issue of whether the insurance
contract allowed recovery of diminution-of-value damages in addition to the costs
of repair under Georgia law. The district court found that diminution-of-value
damages were not available under the contract and granted Maryland Casualty’s
motion for summary judgment.
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II. ANALYSIS
The sole question in this case is whether Royal Capital’s insurance contract
with Maryland Casualty requires the insurer to pay for the alleged “diminution in
value” of the insured building in addition to the costs of repair. Under Georgia
law, an insurance contract that promises to “pay for loss to” a vehicle covers the
costs of repairing the vehicle to its pre-accident condition and the diminution in
value of the vehicle caused by the accident. Mabry, 556 S.E.2d at 118–22. The
rationale behind this rule is that an insurer promises foremost to insure the other
party against “loss”—and “loss” includes both the actual physical damages and
any loss in value of the property. This is true even if the insurance contract gives
the insurer the option of settling a loss by paying either the cash value of the
vehicle pre-accident or the cost of repair or replacement. Id. at 119–21. Mabry
followed 75 years of Georgia case law in its holding. See Dependable Ins. Co. v.
Gibbs, 127 S.E.2d 454 (Ga. 1962); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Smith, 167
S.E.2d 610 (Ga. Ct. App. 1969); Simmons v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 143
S.E.2d 55 (Ga. Ct. App. 1965); U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Corbett, 134 S.E. 336
(Ga. Ct. App. 1926).
The district court had little trouble concluding that Mabry had no effect on
this case, noting that it “dealt exclusively with a consumer automobile policy.”
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[Order Granting Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, R. 37 at 7 n.3.] On
the other hand, a different federal judge in the Northern District of Georgia found
that an insurance contract insuring a commercial building, with almost identical
terms to the one here, did include coverage for both repair and diminution-of-
value damages because the rationale behind the Mabry rule did not justify a
distinction for real estate. NUCO Invs., Inc. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., No. 1:02-
CV-1622-CAP, 2005 WL 3307089 (N.D. Ga. Dec. 5, 2005) (unpublished).1
Maryland Casualty offers strong arguments in support of the district court’s
decision that the Mabry rule does not extend to the disputed insurance contract
here. First, Maryland Casualty contends that buildings generally do not suffer
from diminution in value as the result of damage and repairs the way that
automobiles do from accidents. See Mabry, 556 S.E.2d at 119 (describing the
“common perception that a wrecked vehicle is worth less simply because it has
been wrecked”). Second, the types of parties involved in negotiations over an
insurance policy for commercial real estate are likely to be sophisticated business
1
In NUCO, an insurance policy for a building insured against “all risk of direct physical loss
of or damage to property described herein except as hereinafter excluded.” Id. at *2. Under a heading
entitled “Valuation” the policy stated that the “basis of adjustment” for a claim for damages to a
building would be “replacement cost at the time and place of loss, if replaced, otherwise Actual Cash
Value.” Id. at *2–*3. Upon electing to be compensated under the replacement cost option, the
insured party sought coverage for the diminution in value of the building as a result of damage. The
court held that notwithstanding the either-or language of the contract, diminution-of-value damages
were available. Id. at *4.
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entities with proper representatives and counsel. Third, Maryland Casualty
correctly points out that no Georgia court has ever found that an insurance contract
like the one in question obliges the insurer to pay for the diminution in value of a
building as a result of physical damage. This is significant considering that the
rule for automobile insurance contracts has been in force for over eighty years. See
Corbett, 134 S.E. at 338.
Additionally, Maryland Casualty argues that this case is unlike Mabry due
to the different language in this insurance policy. In Mabry, the policy included a
section labeled “Section VII – Physical Damage Coverage.” [R. 17-8 (Exh. E) at
19.] In this section, State Farm promised to pay for “loss to [the insured’s] car.”
The policy defines “loss” in natural language: “each direct and accidental loss of
or damage to” the vehicle. [Id.] Maryland Casualty contends that this broad grant
of coverage contrasts with the much narrower language in the policy here, which
covered “direct physical loss . . . or damage.” [R. 1-2 (Exh. 1) at 1 (emphasis
added).]
Finally, Maryland Casualty claims that the unambiguous language of the
insurance policy forecloses the relief Royal Capital seeks. The policy gives the
insurer the option of paying either “the value of lost or damaged property [or] the
cost of repairing or replacing the lost or damaged property.” On its face, the policy
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does not allow the insured to seek compensation for both the value lost and the
costs of repair.
On the other hand, there are arguments in favor of extending the Mabry rule
to insurance policies for commercial buildings. First, as Royal Capital notes, it is a
close question whether the damages it claims are covered by the policy and thus
the presumption should be in favor of coverage. See Corbett, 134 S.E. at 338
(“Policies of insurance [are to] be liberally construed in favor of the object to be
accomplished, and the conditions and provisions of contracts of insurance [should]
be strictly construed against the insurer who prepares such contracts.”) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
Second, Royal Capital claims that, just like cars, buildings can suffer
diminution in value after being damaged and repaired. During oral argument,
Royal Capital’s counsel claimed that it is prepared to present expert testimony
from certified appraisers that The Capital Building has suffered a loss of market
value due to the stigma of having been damaged in the past.
Third, Maryland Casualty’s argument that the term “physical loss” in this
contract distinguishes it from Mabry is less compelling considering that the term
“loss” in the Mabry contract came under a section entitled “Physical Damages
Coverages.” [R. 17-8 (Exh. E) at 19.] It is not a stretch to conclude that diminution
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of value due to physical damage and subsequent repair is a type of “physical
damage” under Georgia law.
Finally, Maryland Casualty’s claim that the plain language of the contract
bars relief weakens in light of the fact that the language used in the Mabry
insurance policy was similarly clear in restricting the insured’s damages to “the
lower of: the actual cash value; or the cost of repair or replacement.” [R. 17-8
(Exh. E) at 19.] Both the Mabry policy and the one here include parallel Limit of
Liability and Loss Payment provisions which worked in tandem to limit the
insurer’s obligations on the policy. Thus, Royal Capital argues that so long as
Mabry is the law in Georgia and Georgia’s courts have not issued a definitive
statement on whether its rationale extends to insurance policies for commercial
buildings, we should not say that Royal Capital’s policy unambiguously bars its
claim.
Because this case involves an unsettled question of Georgia law, we would
rather certify the question of the proper interpretation of the parties’ insurance
contract in light of Mabry to the Georgia Supreme Court than speculate as to how
the Georgia courts would resolve the issue. As we have observed in the past,
“[w]here there is any doubt as to the application of state law, a federal court
should certify the question to the state supreme court to avoid making unnecessary
9
Erie ‘guesses’ and to offer the state court the opportunity to interpret or change
existing law.” Colonial Props., Inc. v. Vogue Cleaners, Inc., 77 F.3d 384, 387
(11th Cir. 1996) (footnote omitted) (quoting Mosher v. Speedstar Div. of AMCA
Int’l, Inc., 52 F.3d 913, 916–17 (11th Cir. 1995)). We underscore, however, the
rule that certification of state law questions is a matter of discretion. See Lehman
Bros. v. Schein, 416 U.S. 386, 390–91, 94 S. Ct. 1741, 1744 (1974) (“We do not
suggest that where there is doubt as to local law and where the certification
procedure is available, resort to it is obligatory. . . . Its use in a given case rests in
the sound discretion of the federal court.”) (footnote omitted).
While this circuit traditionally has been less reluctant than others to certify
questions of state law,2 it nonetheless has been our practice to do so with restraint
and only after the consideration of a number of factors:
[C]ertification should never be automatic or unthinking. ‘We use much
judgment, restraint and discretion in certifying.’ . . . In determining
whether to exercise our discretion in favor of certification, we consider
many factors. The most important are the closeness of the question and
the existence of sufficient sources of state law . . . to allow a principled
rather than conjectural conclusion. But also to be considered is the
degree to which considerations of comity are relevant. . . . And we must
also take into account practical limitations of the certification process
....
2
See Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala., Inc. v. Nielsen, 116 F.3d 1406, 1413 (11th Cir. 1997)
(noting that “[w]e, more than any other circuit, use [certification]”) (citing Jona Goldschmidt,
American Judicature Society, Certification of Questions of Law: Federalism in Practice 28 (1995)).
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State of Fla. ex rel. Shevin v. Exxon Corp., 526 F.2d 266, 274–75 (5th Cir. 1976)
(citation and footnote omitted).3 After considering these factors, we think
certification is appropriate. Georgia law is unsettled on this narrow but important
question, and an authoritative statement from its own supreme court is much better
than a conjectural statement from this one.
III. QUESTION CERTIFIED
We respectfully certify the following question of law to the Georgia
Supreme Court:
For an insurance contract providing coverage for “direct physical
loss of or damage to” a building that allows the insurer the option
of paying either “the cost of repairing the building” or “the loss of
value,” if the insurer elects to the repair the building, must it also
compensate the insured for the diminution in value of the property
resulting from stigma due to its having been physically damaged?
We do not intend our statement of the question to limit the inquiry of the Georgia
Supreme Court. See Colonial Props., 77 F.3d at 387. To assist the Supreme Court,
we hereby order that the entire record in this case, together with the briefs of the
parties, be transmitted herewith.
QUESTION CERTIFIED.
3
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted
as binding precedent all of the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to October
1, 1981.
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