United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 10-3710
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* Eastern District of Missouri.
Robert Cole, *
* [PUBLISHED]
Defendant - Appellant. *
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Submitted: September 19, 2011
Filed: October 5, 2011
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Before LOKEN, BEAM, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM.
Robert Cole pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to
distribute cocaine and cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and § 846.
At sentencing the district court1 applied a three level enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
3B1.1(b) after finding that Cole had played a managerial or supervisory role in the
conspiracy. He was then sentenced to 180 months, a downward variance from his
guideline range of 188 to 235 months. Cole appeals, arguing that the district court
1
The Honorable Catherine D. Perry, Chief Judge, United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Missouri.
erred in applying the enhancement and that his sentence was unreasonable. We
affirm.
Cole stipulated in his plea agreement that as part of the conspiracy he
"transported and/or directed the transportation of [cocaine]" from Chicago to St.
Louis where coconspirators would convert it to crack and sell it; he would then
transport the proceeds back to Chicago. He also admitted that because he had a
suspended driver's license he "would have co-defendant Shakeeta Henley . . . drive
him to Saint Louis to deliver controlled substances and pick up U.S. currency." On
one occasion, police stopped Cole and Henley as they were driving to Chicago and
found $28,420. Another time, police seized 672.5 grams of crack and 488 grams of
cocaine after stopping Cole, Henley, and two other conspirators driving toward St.
Louis. Cole agrees that he is responsible for approximately 1.5 kilograms of cocaine
powder and 672.5 grams of crack.
At sentencing the district court concluded that Cole's role in the conspiracy was
"significant," found that the facts "support[ed] the enhancement of him as a manager
or supervisor of an organization involving five or more individuals," and applied the
three level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b). The court then calculated Cole's
total offense level at 32 and his criminal history category at V, producing a guideline
range of 188 to 235 months. After considering the guideline range and the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors, the court sentenced Cole to 180 months.
Cole first argues that the district court improperly applied the enhancement for
managers or supervisors. A district court's factual findings, "including its
determination of a defendant's role in the offense," are reviewed for clear error.
United States v. Cosey, 602 F.3d 943, 947 (8th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). Under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(b), a defendant's offense level may be increased by three levels if
he was a "manager or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the criminal
activity involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive." The terms
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"manager" and "supervisor" are construed broadly under the guidelines. United
States v. Erhart, 415 F.3d 965, 973 (8th Cir. 2005). The sentencing court considers
factors such as the "exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation
in the commission of the offense, the recruitment of accomplices, . . . the nature and
scope of the illegal activity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over
others." U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. A person who merely "fronts" drugs does not
qualify for this enhancement, see for example, United States v. Del Toro-Aguilera,
138 F.3d 340, 343 (8th Cir. 1998), but it may be applied to one who controls another
participant in a drug trafficking offense. United States v. Payton, 636 F.3d 1027,
1048 (8th Cir. 2011).
The evidence supports the district court's application of the enhancement. Cole
admitted that he "transported and/or directed the transportation" of the drugs to St.
Louis and that he "would have co-defendant Shakeeta Henley . . . drive him to St.
Louis" to deliver drugs. These admissions establish that he directed and controlled
Henley as part of the conspiracy. Moreover, Cole admitted handling large quantities
of drugs and money, supporting the district court's finding that his role in the
conspiracy was "significant." Given these facts, the district court's conclusion that
Cole was a manager or supervisor was not clearly erroneous.
Cole also argues that his below guideline sentence is substantively
unreasonable because he had not previously served significant prison time and the
other coconspirators received much lower sentences. The substantive reasonableness
of a sentence is reviewed under a "deferential abuse-of-discretion standard." United
States v. Coleman, 635 F.3d 380, 382 (8th Cir. 2011) (quotation omitted). A court
abuses its discretion if it "fails to consider a relevant factor that should have received
significant weight, gives significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or
considers only the appropriate factors but commits a clear error of judgment in
weighing those factors." United States v. Bryant, 606 F.3d 912, 921 (8th Cir. 2010)
(quotation omitted). It is "nearly inconceivable" to conclude that a sentence was
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substantively unreasonable where a district court sentenced a defendant below the
advisory guideline range. United States v. McKanry, 628 F.3d 1010, 1022 (8th Cir.
2011) (quotation omitted).
The district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Cole to 180 months,
8 months below the guideline range. The district court properly examined the
statutory factors. It considered Cole's history and characteristics, including letters
submitted by his family. It also noted that he had had eight previous convictions, four
of them involving drugs, and expressed concern that his criminal history showed "a
pattern of behavior of not learning the lesson and increasing levels of seriousness of
the crime." The court considered the seriousness of Cole's current offense, noting that
he was "responsible for very large quantities of drugs as well as using others." While
the charged coconspirators received lower sentences, the district court here
determined that Cole's 180 month sentence was "necessary to reflect the seriousness
of the crime and to protect the public from further crimes" by Cole and "to deter
others from similar conduct." We conclude that the district court's below guideline
sentence is not substantively unreasonable.
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
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