This action is brought to recover damages for personal injuries 'received by the plaintiff through the alleged negligence. of the defendant.
. The complaint shows, “ that.at the city of Hew York, on the 4th day of August, 1894, the plaintiff was .traveling with a wagon and team of horses westerly along a certain highway known as "Fifteenth street, which highway crosses the tracks of the defendant’.» railroad at Third avenue, and as the plaintiff reached said crossing *283the defendant through one of its servants caused one of its cable cars to approach said crossing and pass rapidly over the tracks of said railroad, and negligently, carelessly' and recklessly omitted, while so approaching said crossing, to give any warning by bell or otherwise, by reason whereof the plaintiff was unaware of its approach, and by reason of said negligence, and without any fault or negligence of the plaintiff, the said cable car struck said wagon and threw the plaintiff with great violence to the ground, dislocating his hip-bone and causing a serious contusion thereof.”
The .defendant, at the close of the plaintiff’s case and again at the close of the trial, moved for a dismissal of the complaint on the ground of failure of proof of any negligence as alleged in the complaint, also of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff and want of negligence on .the part of the defendant, which motions were denied and exceptions taken.
It is now claimed that the trial court erred in denying these motions. ,
The manner in which the accident happened is substantially as follows:
On August 4, 1894, plaintiff was- in the employ of one “ Ritchie,” as a driver; and on 'that day was driving a wagon for his employer,- which wagon was loaded with three tons of stone, and was drawn by two horses. The wagon itself weighed a ton. Plaintiff had with him an assistant, who was on the wagon with him, and they were going to deliver this stone, at the comer of Washington and Charles streets, in the city of New York.
After having left his employer’s place of business, it was necessary for the plaintiff to cross the defendant’s track on Third avenue to get to the west side. He came through Fifteenth street until he reached Third avenue, where he observed a car passing up town. He pulled up his horses to let that car pass. After it had passed, plaintiff, before crossing the tracks, .looked up and down the avenue and saw another car down at Fourteenth street, about a block away or thereabouts, bound up town. He then started to cross the tracks of the defendant.
The tracks on which cars run up town were the first to be crossed by him; and when he started to cross that track and when his horses were crossing the tracks, and a -part of his wagon was on the track, the car which was at Fourteenth street was then 100 feet down the block. The weight of the track and load were so great that the horses could not go faster than a walk. Plaintiff *284urged, his horses with his lines, as he had no whip; and tried to get across the track, so as to prevent the car from hitting him, and he held up his hand at the gripman and halloed to him at the same time for him to stop, but he did not do so.
The car came along and struck the wagón on the hind wheel with such a force that it pushed the wagon (weighing one ton with its load of three tons) so as to break the hind wheel on the north side of the wagon and canse the wagon to fall over and to dump the load.,
Plaintiff testified that no hell was rung nor /any warning given him of the approach of the car.
The force of the blow was of such a character as to throw the plaintiff from his seat on the wagon, by which he received injuries.', • "
Defendant insists that there was an absolute failure to prove the negligence as alleged in the - complaint.
If the plaintiff clearly shows that the action is one for negligence, and also the thing, the management of which, or the act, the performance of which, gave rise to it was the occasion of the negligence, then all the circumstances descriptive of the situation and the action are admissible. And the admission in evidence of the circumstances affords no ground for the claim that the plaintiff has recovered upon a different cause of action from that presented by the complaint. The gravamen of the action is negligence.
The plaintiff’s evidence was that the bell was not rung; and the defendants evidence was that' it was rung, making this a question of fact; and the circumstances surrounding the accident were properly admissible for the purpose of showing that not ringing the bell was negligence.
The plaintiff does not charge the negligence as consisting in tho Omission to ring thé bell or give any warning whatever. What is alleged as the negligence and gravamen of this action is:- “ That the defendant’s servant negligently, carelessly and recklessly omitted, while so approaching said crossing, to give any warning by -bell or otherwise.”
Whether the omission was negligent depended on the circumstances and condition of 'the whole situation at the time of the accident, and evidence of those circumstances and • conditions was competent to prove negligent omission to warn the plaintiff. ■
It is settled law in this state that, all a person in crossing a track *285of a railroad is compelled to do is" to use a degree of car© which, an ordinarily careful and prudent man would have used under similar circumstances and conditions'. .And whether his acts were of such a character at the time in question as an ordinarily careful man would have adopted, is generally a question to be determined by a jury.
Where the facts are of such a character that different minds might differ as to whether they are .or are not negligent, then the question becomes one of fact for' the jury; and we think this case was properly left to the jury upon the question of defendant’s negligence and plaintiff’s freedom from contributory negligence.
Defendant requested the court to charge: “ If the jury believed that the plaintiff drove upon the track, as testified to by the gripman, when the car was within twenty feet of him, going at the rate of speed at which the witnesses agreed it was going, then it was contributory negligence, and the plaintiff cannot recover.”
The court charged the jury in answer to this request, “ That it is for them to say whether it was or was not negligence,” and declined to so charge as a proposition of law, to which ruling the defendant excepted. ,
The weight of authority in this state does not support the appellant in his contention, as in every case the negligence must of necessity be founded upon the conditions and circumstances surrounding the accident, and in the city of Dew York it cannot be said to be negligence, as matter of law, for a person in charge of a truck to attempt to cross the tracks when a surface car is distant but twenty feet.
The other error assigned does not require discussion..
The judgment and order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
Van Wyck, Ch. J., concurs.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.