Case: 10-40125 Document: 00511638748 Page: 1 Date Filed: 10/20/2011
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
October 20, 2011
No. 10-40125 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff–Appellee
v.
HUGO ELIO SARABIA, JR.,
Defendant–Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
Before JOLLY, DeMOSS, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
EDWARD C. PRADO, Circuit Judge:
This case concerns whether a jury’s acquittal of a defendant on one count
of conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute marijuana necessarily
required determining a fact that would prevent retrying the defendant for
possession with the intent to distribute marijuana. After Hugo Sarabia Jr.
(Sarabia) was acquitted by a jury of one count of conspiracy to possess with the
intent to distribute marijuana, the Government sought to retry him on an
additional possession count on which the jury could not reach a verdict. Sarabia
argues that the jury’s decision to acquit him on the conspiracy charge necessarily
means that the jury decided that he was not the person driving a recreational
vehicle (RV) containing over 1,000 pounds of marijuana, and thus that he was
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No. 10-40125
not in possession of the marijuana. He claims that double jeopardy bars his
retrial on the possession charge under principles of issue preclusion, because the
Government would need to prove that he drove the RV in order to convict him
of the possession charge. Alternatively, Sarabia argues that retrial on the
possession charge is barred by double jeopardy because possession is a lesser-
included offense of conspiracy to possess. The district court denied Sarabia’s
motion to dismiss the indictment for double jeopardy. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On March 16, 2004, the Government indicted Sarabia on the following
drug-related crimes: (1) conspiracy to possess with the intent to distribute more
than 1,000 kilograms of marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1) and
(b)(1)(A) (Count One); (2) possession with intent to distribute 898 kilograms of
marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count
Two); (3) possession with intent to distribute 458 kilograms of marijuana in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B) and 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Count Three); and
(4) conspiring to launder proceeds of unlawful activity in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(I), (h) (Count Four). The Government also indicted Sarabia’s
father, Hugo Sarabia Sr. (Senior), on Counts One, Three, and Four; Sarabia’s
brother, Leonel Sarabia (Leonel), on all four counts; and another alleged
associate, Honecimo Rodriguez, on Counts One and Three. Leonel pleaded guilty
to the conspiracy count prior to trial and testified at the trial of Sarabia and
Senior.
The Government jointly tried Sarabia and Senior in a seven-day trial
beginning on January 20, 2009. Just prior to the close of evidence, the district
court granted Sarabia’s motion for judgment of acquittal on Count Four, the
money-laundering count. The jury acquitted Sarabia of Count One (the
conspiracy count) and Count Two (one of the possession counts), but could not
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agree on a verdict for Count Three (the remaining possession count). The
Government decided to retry Sarabia on Count Three.
In response to the Government’s decision to retry him on Count Three,
Sarabia filed a “Motion to Suppress,” arguing that double jeopardy precludes the
Government from introducing evidence that he was the driver of the RV that
contained 458 kilograms of marijuana. He claimed that because the
Government relied upon this evidence in attempting to prove Count One, the
jury’s determination that he was not guilty on that count demonstrated that they
had rejected that evidence. The Government contended that the jury’s verdict
on the conspiracy count did not necessarily establish that the jury had rejected
the evidence of Sarabia driving the RV, because the verdict could instead have
been based on the insufficiency of the evidence of an agreement, a necessary
element of conspiracy.
The district court construed Sarabia’s motion to suppress as a motion to
dismiss the indictment for double jeopardy. After a hearing on the motion, the
district court agreed with the Government that the evidence of Sarabia driving
the RV primarily concerned the possession count and did not implicate the
existence of an agreement. The district court therefore denied Sarabia’s motion
and allowed the Government to retry him on the possession charge in a
subsequent trial.
Sarabia then submitted an “Application for Certificate of Appealability,”
seeking leave to appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss the indictment. The
district court characterized the application as a notice of appeal and concluded
that it was a “nonfrivolous colorable claim.” It then ordered that the retrial on
possession be stayed pending appeal. Sarabia timely appealed.
II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
“Under the collateral order doctrine, [this court has] jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291 to review a pretrial order rejecting a claim of double jeopardy,
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provided the jeopardy claim is ‘colorable.’” United States v. Shelby, 604 F.3d 881,
885 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing Richardson v. United States, 468 U.S. 317, 322
(1984)). A claim is colorable if “there is some possible validity to [the] claim.”
Id. (quoting Richardson, 468 U.S. at 326 n.6) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Provided that the claim is colorable, this court reviews the district court’s order
de novo. United States v. Rabhan, 628 F.3d 200, 203 (5th Cir. 2010) (citing
United States v. Arreola–Ramos, 60 F.3d 188, 191 (5th Cir. 1995)). Sarabia’s
issue preclusion argument is colorable, so we proceed to a consideration of the
merits.
III. DISCUSSION
A. Issue Preclusion
Sarabia first argues that in acquitting him of conspiracy to possess with
the intent to distribute marijuana, the jury necessarily determined an ultimate
issue of fact: that he did not drive the RV loaded with 1,009 pounds1 of
marijuana and thus was not in possession of the marijuana. He contends that
the Government’s case against him consisted of the “one functional and central
[piece of] evidence” that he drove the RV containing the marijuana. Further, he
maintains that the Government relied on this fact in attempting to prove his
knowledge of an agreement and voluntary participation in the conspiracy, and
that these elements overlap with the knowledge and possession elements in the
possession charge. Because proving this issue of fact is necessary to the
Government’s possession case on retrial, he maintains that the Government may
not prosecute him on the possession charge because of issue preclusion and
double jeopardy.
Issue preclusion means that “when an issue of ultimate fact has once been
determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated
1
Although the indictment refers to this number in terms of kilograms, the testimony
was presented in terms of pounds.
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between the same parties in any future lawsuit.” Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436,
443 (1970). Although originally specific to civil litigation, courts have long
applied this rule in federal criminal proceedings as well. Id. The Supreme
Court has established that issue preclusion, also called collateral estoppel, is
“embodied in the Fifth Amendment guarantee against double jeopardy.” Id. at
445. This court has applied issue preclusion to criminal proceedings in two
distinct ways: (1) to “bar a subsequent prosecution if one of the facts necessarily
determined in the former trial is an essential element of the subsequent
prosecution”; and (2) if the fact is not an essential element of the subsequent
prosecution, to “bar the introduction or argumentation of facts necessarily
decided in the prior proceeding.” United States v. Brackett, 113 F.3d 1396, 1398
(5th Cir. 1997). Appellants only invoke the first application here, as possession
of the drugs is a necessary element of the subsequent prosecution. See United
States v. Anchondo–Sandoval, 910 F.2d 1234, 1236 (5th Cir. 1990).
In evaluating a claim of issue preclusion, the first step “is to determine
which facts were ‘necessarily decided’ in the first trial.” Brackett, 113 F.3d at
1398 (citing United States v. Levy, 803 F.2d 1390, 1398–99 (5th Cir. 1986)).
Sarabia “bears the burden of demonstrating that the issue he seeks to foreclose
was ‘necessarily decided’ in the first trial.” Id. (citing Dowling v. United States,
493 U.S. 342, 350 (1990)). To determine “what [the] jury has necessarily
decided,” the court must “‘examine the record of a prior proceeding, taking into
account the pleadings, evidence, charge, and other relevant matter, and conclude
whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than
that which the defendant seeks to foreclose from consideration.’” Yeager v.
United States, 129 S. Ct. 2360, 2367 (2009) (quoting Ashe, 397 U.S. at 444). This
“inquiry ‘must be set in a practical frame and viewed with an eye to all the
circumstances of the proceedings.’” Ashe, 397 U.S. at 444 (quoting Sealfon v.
United States, 332 U.S. 575, 579 (1948)).
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Furthermore, in Yeager, the Supreme Court held that a “hung count is not
a ‘relevant’ part of the ‘record of [the] prior proceeding.’” 129 S. Ct. at 2367
(alteration in Yeager) (quoting Ashe, 397 U.S. at 444). It noted that “[u]nlike the
pleadings, the jury charge, or the evidence introduced by the parties, there is no
way to decipher what a hung count represents.” Id. at 2638. Thus, while the
court must examine the jury’s acquittal of Sarabia on the conspiracy count, the
jury’s hung verdict on the possession count is irrelevant to the inquiry. Bearing
these principles in mind, we turn to a review of the record in this case.
At trial, the Government produced witnesses who described how the
alleged drug conspiracy came to the attention of authorities. In October 2001,
a truck driver reported a suspicious RV parked outside of a motel near McAllen,
Texas. He observed a man exit a white truck and drive the RV to what was later
identified as Senior’s house. Based on this tip, law enforcement officials began
surveillance of the home.
On October 26, 2001, agents saw an RV depart the property. They
followed it until it parked in a parking lot near an entrance to the highway. Two
agents of the Texas Department of Public Safety Narcotics Service witnessed a
man exit the RV and get into a white pickup truck before driving back to Senior’s
house. The pickup truck was registered to Sarabia and both agents testified at
trial that they were later able to identify the man who had driven the RV as
Sarabia, based on his driver’s license photo. After watching a different man get
into the RV and drive away, the agents conducted a traffic stop. Upon searching
the RV, they found approximately 1,009 pounds of marijuana hidden inside its
interior compartments.
The Government presented evidence that a man named Juan Sandoval
was in charge of this drug-trafficking operation. Senior’s brother-in-law,
Leonides Yanez, testified about his own involvement in the operation. Yanez
testified that Sarabia was also “helping” Juan Sandoval traffic drugs. Yanez’s
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testimony made up the entirety of the Government’s evidence directly linking
Sarabia with Sandoval.
While Sandoval was not charged in this indictment and was thus not
named as part of the conspiracy, the Government did name Leonel, Sarabia’s
brother, in the indictment. Leonel testified about his own involvement with
Sandoval and the trafficking operation. Leonel also testified, however, that
Sarabia was not involved in any drug trafficking. Leonel denied having ever
admitted that Sarabia was involved with the scheme. He further stated that he
had no knowledge of Sarabia driving the RV on October 26. On
cross-examination, he denied that he was involved in a plan or scheme to move
narcotics with Sarabia.
In sum, a significant amount of the Government’s evidence against
Sarabia concerned him driving the RV on October 26, 2001. However, there was
also conflicting testimony from Leonel that Sarabia was not involved in the drug-
trafficking operation.
In order to determine what the jury necessarily decided based upon the
evidence presented, we must consider the elements of a drug-related conspiracy.
The district court instructed the jury that the following elements had to be met
to find Sarabia guilty of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute:
First, the [sic] two or more persons directly or indirectly reached an
agreement to knowingly and intentionally possess with the intent
to distribute a controlled substance, and that the controlled
substance was marijuana; second, that the Defendant knew of the
unlawful purpose for the agreement; third, that the Defendant
joined in the agreement willfully, that is with the intent to further
its unlawful purpose; and fourth, that the overall scope of the
conspiracy involved more than 1,000 kilograms of marijuana, more
than 2,200 pounds of marijuana.
The jury instructions also highlighted the contours of conspiracy law:
A conspiracy under the law is an agreement between two or more
persons to join together to accomplish some unlawful purpose.
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....
Mere presence at the scene of an event, even with knowledge
that a crime is being committed, or the mere fact that certain
persons may have associated with each other and may have
assembled together and discussed common names and interest does
not necessarily establish proof of the existence of a conspiracy. Also,
a person who has no knowledge of the conspiracy, but who happens
to act in a way which advances some purpose of a conspiracy, does
not thereby become a conspirator.
Given the evidence presented at trial and the instructions the jury
received, we determine that the jury’s acquittal of Sarabia for conspiracy does
not compel the conclusion that it found Sarabia was not driving the RV. To
acquit Sarabia of conspiracy, the jury only needed to find that one of the
required elements was not proved beyond a reasonable doubt. For one of these
elements in particular—the existence of an agreement—the jury could have
found that the Government failed to meet its burden of proof while still finding
that Sarabia was the driver of the RV.
The evidence presented at trial makes such a scenario possible. Two
Texas state agents gave eyewitness testimony that they observed Sarabia drive
the RV, park it, and drive away in a white truck that is registered in his name.
The jury may have credited this testimony. The evidence relating to a
conspiracy included the statement of Yanez that Sarabia was helping Sandoval
with drug trafficking as well as the testimony of Leonel that Sarabia was not
involved. The jury may have credited Leonel’s testimony on this point over
Yanez’s, or it may have concluded that there simply was not enough evidence of
an agreement to remove the reasonable doubt that Sarabia was part of a
conspiracy. Relying on the court’s instructions, the jury may have found that
Sarabia “ha[d] no knowledge of the conspiracy, but . . . happene[d] to act in a
way which advance[d] some purpose of the conspiracy” by driving the RV. Per
the instructions, that set of facts would not give rise to a conspiracy.
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Of course it is possible that the jury determined that Sarabia was not the
driver of the RV. Nevertheless, our inquiry does not focus on what the jury may
have decided, but rather on what it must have decided. See Brackett, 113 F.3d
at 1398 (“When a fact is not necessarily determined in a former trial, the
possibility that it may have been does not prevent re-examination of that issue.”
(quoting United States v. Lee, 622 F.2d 787, 790 (5th Cir. 1980)) (internal
quotation marks omitted)). Sarabia bears the burden of demonstrating that the
issue he seeks to foreclose—whether he drove the RV—was “necessarily decided”
by the jury in his first trial. He has not done so. Because Sarabia has failed to
show that the issue of whether he drove the RV was precluded by the jury’s
verdict in his previous trial, he will not be placed twice in jeopardy by a retrial
for the possession count on which the jury hung.
B. Lesser-Included Offense
Sarabia’s other argument on appeal is that double jeopardy prevents the
Government from retrying him for possession because it is a lesser-included
offense of conspiracy. This argument has been directly foreclosed by the
Supreme Court in United States v. Felix, 503 U.S. 378, 389 (1992) (reaffirming
that “a substantive crime and a conspiracy to commit that crime are not the
‘same offence’ for double jeopardy purposes”). It is therefore not colorable and
we lack jurisdiction to review this argument. Shelby, 604 F.3d at 885.
IV. CONCLUSION
Sarabia’s issue-preclusion argument, while colorable, fails to establish that
the issue he seeks to foreclose was necessarily decided in his prior trial. Thus,
it does not amount to double jeopardy to retry him for possession of marijuana.
The district court’s denial of Sarabia’s motion to dismiss the indictment is
AFFIRMED.
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