NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 11a0783n.06
No. 09-1418
FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Nov 22, 2011
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
LAWRENCE HANNER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
CITY OF DEARBORN HEIGHTS; MICHIGAN
DEARBORN HEIGHTS BUILDING
DEPARTMENT; DEARBORN HEIGHTS
POLICE DEPARTMENT; DANIEL PALETKO,
Mayor, CITY OF DEARBORN HEIGHTS;
20TH DISTRICT COURT ADMINISTRATOR;
THIRD JUDICIAL CIRCUIT COURT;
APPEALS COURT ADMINISTRATOR;
JENNIFER GRANHOLM, Governor,
Defendants-Appellees.
STATE OF MICHIGAN,
Defendant.
Before: MARTIN and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and ANDERSON, District Judge.*
S. THOMAS ANDERSON, District Judge. Lawrence Hanner, proceeding pro se, filed suit
against the City of Dearborn Heights, Michigan, et al. for violation of his constitutional rights
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The district court granted the City of Dearborn Heights’s motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. For the reasons set forth
below, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
*
The Honorable S. Thomas Anderson, United States District Judge for the W estern District of Tennessee,
sitting by designation.
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I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
In 1991 Lawrence Hanner applied for a building permit with the City of Dearborn Heights
for the purpose of constructing an enclosure of a porch at his residence. (Compl. ¶ 15.) Hanner paid
the fee and was issued building permit 91-837 for a glass enclosure. (Id.; ex. D, Circuit Court Op.,
Sept. 29, 1993.) During the course of the project, the city building department sent inspectors to
Hanner’s home and approved different phases of the construction. (Compl. ¶ 16.) On October 30,
1992, a city inspector arrived to conduct the final inspection of Hanner’s project and found that
Hanner had not built a glass enclosure but a brick veneer instead. (Compl., ex. D, Circuit Court Op.)
The building department informed Hanner that he would need a second permit for the brick veneer
before the final approval of the enclosure could occur. (Compl. ¶ 17.) Hanner alleges that he was
informed that he would need to pay a fee of $264 and that he would not receive a new permit number
or a receipt. (Id.) When Hanner refused, he was cited for not having the permit. (Id. ¶ 18.) On
January 28, 1993, the 20th District Court for the City of Dearborn Heights (“the 20th District Court”)
convicted Hanner of violating city ordinance BOCA 111.1 for not having the proper building permit
and fined Hanner $100. (Compl., ex. Tr. Transcript., Jan. 28, 1993) Subsequently, the Wayne
County Circuit Court affirmed the conviction and remanded for the enforcement of the fine.
(Compl., ex. D Circuit Court Op.) The Michigan Court of Appeals declined to hear Hanner’s appeal.
On December 14, 2005, Hanner received by mail an arrest warrant due to his failure to pay
the $100 fine. (Compl. ¶ 1; ex. 9.) Hanner appeared for arraignment in the 20th District Court on
the following day and was informed that he owed $100 for the unpaid fine. (Compl. ¶¶ 2-3.) At
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some point during the proceedings, Hanner was led out of the courtroom, fingerprinted, and placed
in a cell. (Compl. ¶¶ 4-5.) On January 31, 2006, Hanner appeared for a hearing before a different
judge of the 20th District. (Compl. ex. F, Hr’g Transcript, Jan. 31, 2006.) Hanner complained to
the court that following his arraignment he was taken to a cell and detained for the remainder of the
day. (Compl. ex. F, Hr’g Transcript 5:16-6:19.) The prosecutor stated to the court that Hanner was
disruptive during his arraignment and was taken into custody by the court officer, Mr. Ackling. (Id.
at 6:2-6.)
Finally, on April 25, 2006, Hanner appeared for a show cause hearing before the judge who
had presided over Hanner’s arraignment. (Compl. ex. H, Hr’g Transcript, Apr. 25, 2006.) The court
began by asking Hanner whether he had paid the $100 fine. (Compl. ex. H, Hr’g Transcript 3:4-19.)
Hanner responded that he was not permitted to enter a plea at his arraignment and then invoked the
Fifth Amendment, to which the court said, “I’m trying to help you, sir. Sometimes you ought to
speak. And you have no Fifth Amendment rights in this regard. You’re playing games with this
Court. I don’t want to be mad at you. I just want to send you on your way. Did you serve one day?”
(Id. at 3:15-4:3.) Officer Ackling added that he had taken Hanner into custody for one day. (Id. at
4:4.) At that point, the court stated that it found Hanner in contempt of court, sentenced him to one
day incarceration, gave him credit for the time served, and let him go about his business. (Id. at 4:5-
15.)
B. Procedural History
On December 10, 2007, Hanner filed suit against the City of Dearborn Heights, the Dearborn
Heights Building Department, the Dearborn Heights Police Department, the Mayor of Dearborn
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Heights, the 20th District Court Administrator, the Governor of Michigan, the Third Judicial Circuit
Court, and the Michigan Court of Appeals. In his 117-page pro se pleading, Hanner alleged the
violation of his constitutional rights under the Fourth, Fifth, and Eighth Amendments pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983. Specifically, Hanner alleged that (1) he suffered a deprivation of his Fourth
Amendment rights because he was jailed without probable cause; (2) his Eighth Amendment rights
were violated because he was not given his walking crutch during his stay in the lock-up; (3) he was
deprived of his Fourth Amendment rights because the 20th District Court issued a warrant without
probable cause; (4) his Fifth Amendment right against double jeopardy was violated; (5) he was
denied due process of law because he was denied the opportunity to be heard; and (6) he was denied
his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
In due course Hanner stipulated to the dismissal of his claims against Governor Granholm,
and the district court granted the state of Michigan’s motion to dismiss. As for the motion to dismiss
filed by the City of Dearborn Heights and its departments, the magistrate judge issued a report and
recommendation that the district court grant the motion under Rule 12(b)(6). The district court
adopted the Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation over Hanner’s objections. Hanner’s
timely appeal followed.
Initially, Hanner proceeded pro se on appeal and filed an opening brief to which the other
parties filed responsive briefs and Hanner filed reply briefs. On December 2, 2009, this court
determined sua sponte that “appointment of counsel for the appellant would aid the court in its
review of this case” and appointed counsel for Hanner. The court went on to state that “in addition
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to any other arguments that counsel may wish to raise,” the parties were to brief the following
questions:
What constitutional right or rights does plaintiff allege were violated by officials of Dearborn
Heights, Michigan? By whom was the right violated? Does plaintiff contend that Dearborn
Heights has an official policy, practice or custom concerning the issuance of bench warrants
that violates United States law or the constitution? What relief does plaintiff seek?
After the court appointed appellate counsel for Hanner, the parties submitted a second round of briefs
addressed to these issues. Hanner has continued to file pro se motions with the court stating his
dissatisfaction with appointed counsel and requesting that this court remand the case to the district
court for additional fact-finding.
ANALYSIS
I. Hanner’s Constitutional Claims
A. Standard of Review
We review the grant of a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)
de novo. Pulte Homes, Inc. v. Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am., 648 F.3d 295 (6th Cir. 2011).
Furthermore, we may “affirm the district court’s dismissal of a plaintiff's claims on any grounds,
including grounds not relied upon by the district court.” Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride Inc., 579 F.3d
603, 609 (6th Cir. 2009). In determining whether a party has failed to state a claim, we construe the
complaint in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and accept all factual allegations as
true. Paige v. Coyner, 614 F.3d 273, 277 (6th Cir. 2010). In order to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
to dismiss, a complaint “need contain only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on
its face.” Id. (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d
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929 (2007) (internal quotations omitted)). Additionally, the pleadings of pro se plaintiffs like
Hanner are liberally construed and held to a less stringent standard. Martin v. Overton, 391 F.3d
710, 712 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520–21, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed.
2d 652 (1972)).
The district court based its dismissal of Hanner’s complaint on a series of holdings. First,
the court concluded that as a threshold matter, all of Hanner’s constitutional claims, except his
Eighth Amendment claim, were barred by the favorable termination rule of Heck v. Humphrey, 512
U.S. 477, 114 S. Ct. 2364, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383 (1994). Second, the court held in the alternative that
even if Heck did not bar Hanner’s claims, he had failed to state his Fourth and Fifth Amendment
claims. The district court also held that several defendants enjoyed various forms of immunity,
including judicial immunity, quasi-judicial immunity, or sovereign immunity. Hanner had failed to
state any claims against the City of Dearborn Heights in that he did not plead the existence of a
municipal policy or custom to show Monell liability. Additionally, the complaint failed to state a
claim as to the individual defendants such as the Mayor of Dearborn Heights and the court
administrator because Hanner did not plead that these individuals were personally involved in the
acts against him. Having dismissed Hanner’s Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims on these
alternative grounds, the district court finally concluded that Hanner failed to state a claim for the
deprivation of his Eighth Amendment rights based on Hanner’s allegation that the officer who locked
him up took his crutch away from him. We will consider each of Hanner’s assignments of error in
turn.
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B. Fourth and Fifth Amendment Claims
Hanner alleged violations of his Fourth Amendment rights based on the fact that the 20th
District Court issued an arrest warrant without probable cause and later jailed him without probable
cause following his arraignment. Hanner further alleged that the 20th District Court violated his
right against double jeopardy by charging him twice in relation to his permit; denied him due process
of law by not providing him with the opportunity to be heard; and denied him his right against self-
incrimination, all in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The district court dismissed all of Hanner’s
Fourth and Fifth Amendment claims based on its primary holding that the favorable termination rule
barred these claims. Hanner’s briefs, both his opening pro se brief as well as the brief filed by
appointed counsel, failed to raise this issue or discuss the district court’s ruling. Generally, where
an appellant fails to address an issue in an opening brief, the appellant waives any objections as to
that issue. Music v. Arrowood Indem. Co., 632 F.3d 284, 286 n.1 (6th Cir. 2011); Marks v.
Newcourt Credit Grp., Inc., 342 F.3d 444, 462 (6th Cir. 2003). On this basis alone, Hanner has
waived any appeal of the district court’s favorable termination ruling.
Despite his failure to fully brief the district court’s holding on Heck and the favorable
termination rule, Hanner did brief the district court’s alternative rulings on immunity, the failure to
plead Monell liability, and the failure to plead the personal involvement of individual defendants like
the Mayor of Dearborn Heights. We have held that where a district court grants a motion to dismiss
on the basis of two, alternative holdings, an appellant who challenges only one of the holdings
waives both issues on appeal. See White Oak Prop. Dev., LLC v. Washington Twp., Ohio, 606 F.3d
842, 854 (6th Cir. 2010) (concluding that a party waived its appeal of the district court’s dismissal
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of its claim where appellant failed to address both of the lower court’s alternative holdings); United
States v. Thornton, 609 F.3d 373, 380 (6th Cir.2010) (when the district court articulated two
dispositive holdings, appellant’s failure to address both prompted the court of appeals to decline
review of either). Because the unchallenged “ruling stands for purposes of [] appeal,” the appellant
waives the dismissal of the claim. White Oak Prop. Dev., 606 F.3d at 854.
Although Hanner failed to address the issue in his opening pro se brief, the City of Dearborn
Heights raised the favorable termination rule in its brief. In his pro se reply brief, Hanner stated, “It
is my understanding that the Stripping Doctrine is (above) greater than Heck V. [sic] Humphrey, 512
U.S. 477 (1994). Thus I can sue the various state officials individually and in their official capacity
as in my amended complaint filed with this court.” Pro Se Reply Br. 9. Even construing this
statement liberally, it addresses only the dismissal of Hanner’s claims against state officials, and not
the dismissal of his claims against the courts or the City of Dearborn Heights and its departments.
Thus, Hanner still waived review of the district court’s dismissal of his claims against the
governmental entities. Furthermore, the “stripping doctrine” does not apply to claims for money
damages such as those asserted by Hanner. S & M Brands, Inc. v. Cooper, 527 F.3d 500, 507-08 (6th
Cir. 2008) (citing Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 28 S. Ct. 441, 52 L.Ed 714 (1908) (recognizing an
exception to state sovereign immunity where plaintiff seeks prospective injunctive or declaratory
relief)). Hanner’s brief prepared by appointed counsel fails to mention the favorable termination rule
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entirely.1 Because Hanner has failed to address the district court’s holding on Heck and the favorable
termination rule, the district court’s unchallenged ruling stands for purposes of this appeal.
Even if we put aside Hanner’s waiver on the favorable termination issue and consider the
merits of the arguments he has raised on appeal, we find no error in the district court’s alternative
rulings. The district court correctly concluded that the doctrine of judicial immunity would shield
from liability all of the courts and any court personnel Hanner might name as defendants. “It is well
established that judges are entitled to absolute judicial immunity from suits for money damages for
all actions taken in the judge’s judicial capacity, unless these actions are taken in the complete
absence of any jurisdiction.” Bush v. Rauch, 38 F.3d 842, 847 (6th Cir. 1994) (citing Mireles v.
Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 112 S. Ct. 286, 116 L. Ed. 2d 9 (1991) (per curiam)). This immunity extends to
officials who execute or enforce a court order because those acts are “intrinsically associated with
a judicial proceeding.” Bush, 38 F.3d at 847-48; see also Foster v. Walsh, 864 F.2d 416, 417-18 (6th
Cir. 1988) (holding that clerk of court was entitled to immunity from § 1983 suit based on erroneous
issuance of arrest warrant). Therefore, the district court did not err in dismissing Hanner’s claims
against the Third Judicial Circuit Court, the 20th District Court Administrator, and the Appeals
Court Administrator.
1
It is true that this Court instructed appointed counsel to address a specific set of issues,
and the district court’s ruling on Heck and the favorable termination rule was not one of them.
However, the Court’s order did not limit briefing to the issues listed and expressly stated that
discussion of the specified issues was “in addition to any other arguments that counsel may wish
to raise.” Therefore, the failure to address Heck in the brief prepared by appointed counsel
amounts to a waiver of the issue.
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Likewise, the district court did not err in dismissing Hanner’s claims against the City of
Dearborn Heights and its departments. “To succeed on a municipal liability claim, a plaintiff must
establish that his or her constitutional rights were violated and that a policy or custom of the
municipality was the ‘moving force’ behind the deprivation of the plaintiff's rights.” Miller v.
Sanilac Cnty., 606 F.3d 240, 254-55 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Powers v. Hamilton Cnty. Pub. Defender
Comm’n, 501 F.3d 592, 606–07 (6th Cir. 2007); Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694,
98 S. Ct. 2018, 56 L. Ed. 2d 611 (1978)). Hanner failed to allege the existence of a municipal
custom or policy that was the moving force behind the alleged deprivation of his constitutional
rights. For example, Hanner could have but did not plead the existence of a municipal policy or
custom that resulted in jailing citizens or issuing arrest warrants without probable cause in violation
of the Fourth Amendment. Therefore, the district court’s dismissal of Hanner’s claims against the
City of Dearborn Heights and its departments was proper.
For similar reasons, the district court did not err in dismissing Hanner’s claims against the
Mayor of Dearborn Heights. Although Hanner’s complaint does not state whether his claims are
against the Mayor in his official capacity or individual capacity, this omission is not critical in this
case.2 Any claim against the Mayor in his official capacity is simply a claim against the City of
Dearborn Heights itself. Leach v. Shelby Cnty. Sheriff, 891 F.2d 1241, 1245 (6th Cir. 1989) (citing
Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66, 105 S. Ct. 3099, 87 L. Ed. 2d 114 (1985)). Having
already concluded that dismissal of Hanner’s claims against the City was proper, his claims against
2
We note that Hanner did seek leave to amend his complaint and allege a claim against
the Mayor in both his official and individual capacity. We discuss the district court’s ruling on
that motion below.
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the Mayor in his official capacity are subject to dismissal for the same reasons. As for Hanner’s
claims against the Mayor in his individual capacity, the Mayor would only be subject to liability
under § 1983 if Hanner alleged that the Mayor was personally involved in the deprivation of his
rights. Salehpour v. Univ. of Tennessee, 159 F.3d 199, 206-07 (6th Cir. 1998). Hanner has alleged
no such personal involvement on the Mayor’s part. Therefore, the district court did not err in
dismissing Hanner’s claims against the Mayor.3
C. Eighth Amendment Claim
Hanner’s complaint alleged that the Dearborn Heights Police Department denied him the use
of his crutch during his brief confinement in the lock-up area in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
The district court dismissed this claim concluding that Hanner had not alleged any injuries resulting
3
Hanner originally named the State of Michigan as well as Governor Jennifer Granholm
as defendants in his complaint. Governor Granholm filed a motion to dismiss, and before the
district court ruled on the motion, the parties stipulated to the dismissal of any claim against
Governor Granholm. Order Dismissing Def. Granholm, Apr. 4, 2008. The district court also
granted a separate motion to dismiss any claim against the State of Michigan on the grounds that
the state enjoyed sovereign immunity. Order Adopting Report and Recommendation, July 8,
2008. Hanner has not argued that the district court dismissed these parties in error and has
therefore waived review of these holdings on appeal.
Even though Hanner did not mention the State of Michigan or Governor Granholm in his
opening brief, Governor Granholm filed a response on appeal to which Hanner replied.
Governor Granholm asserted that she was immune from suit and that Hanner had waived any
appeal as to his claims against her. Gov.’s Resp. Br. 15-18. In his reply, Hanner stated that he
only named Governor Granholm in his suit because she had authority to order a department of
the State of Michigan to produce a copy of his arrest warrant. Pro Se Reply Br. 3 (“If I was given
a copy of the Arrest Warrant and associated Complaint prior to filing this action (sic) I would
have never mentioned Governor Granholm.”). Under the circumstances, we need not consider
whether Hanner has stated a claim against Governor Granholm.
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from the denial of his crutch and that this treatment was de minimis and otherwise did not shock the
conscience.
We agree with the district court that the confiscation of Hanner’s crutch for a period of hours
did not result in a violation of his constitutional rights. “‘Deliberate indifference’ by prison officials
to an inmate’s serious medical needs constitutes ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain’ in
violation of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.” Miller v.
Calhoun Cnty., 408 F.3d 803, 812 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97
S. Ct. 285, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 (1976)). Similar rights are guaranteed to pretrial detainees by the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which provides the same deliberate-indifference
standard of care as the Eighth Amendment. Ford v. Cnty. of Grand Traverse, 535 F.3d 483, 494-95
(6th Cir. 2008). A deliberate indifference claim has both objective and subjective components.
Alspaugh v. McConnell, 643 F.3d 162, 169 (6th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). For the objective
component, the plaintiff must show that “the medical need at issue is sufficiently serious.” Id.
(quotation omitted). For the subjective component, the plaintiff must show that “prison officials
have a sufficiently culpable state of mind in denying medical care.” Id. (quotation omitted).
Here Hanner has not alleged that his need for his crutch was sufficiently serious under the
circumstances to rise to the level of a constitutional violation. Hanner has pled only that he is
disabled and that the cot in the holding cell was a few inches off the ground. The record Hanner
attached to his pleadings indicates that Hanner was deprived of his crutch for only a few hours before
he was released. There is no allegation that Hanner was ever required to walk, or even move from
the holding cell, without the aid of his crutch. Based on his failure to plead any injury and the fact
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that he was denied the use of his crutch for a matter of a few hours, Hanner has not stated a claim
for deliberate indifference to a serious medical need.
Even if he had, we would still affirm the district court’s decision on other grounds. Indiana
State Dist. Council of Laborers & Hod Carriers Pension & Welfare Fund v. Omnicare, Inc., 583
F.3d 935, 942 (6th Cir. 2009) (“we may affirm on any supportable ground, even if the district court
invoked other grounds for its ruling”) (citation omitted). Hanner’s complaint alleged that the City
of Dearborn Heights Police Department was liable for taking away his crutch and violating his right
to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Compl. ¶ 24. As previously discussed, Hanner has
failed to identify a municipal policy or custom in support of a constitutional claim against the City
of Dearborn Heights or its police department. Hanner has also mentioned in passing that “the jailer
would not let me have the crutch even though I asked him.” Id. The pleadings, however, do not
name as a defendant the jailer who took Hanner’s crutch away or seek to hold the jailer liable for this
conduct. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Hanner’s Eighth Amendment claim.
II. Motion to Amend
Finally, Hanner argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to amend his
complaint. Hanner sought leave to amend for the purpose of naming additional defendants,
including employees of the Dearborn Heights Building Department, the Dearborn Heights chief of
police, seven state court judges, and three employees of the 20th District Court. Hanner also sought
to add multiple John Doe or Jane Doe defendants such as “the prosecuting official, peace officer of
warrant, of incarceration et al.” in their official and individual capacities. Id. The magistrate judge
denied the motion, reasoning that the proposed amendment would be futile. The same magistrate
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judge had already issued a report and recommendation on the motion to dismiss Hanner’s original
complaint. The magistrate judge concluded that any claims brought against the new defendants
named in the amended complaint would be subject to dismissal for the same reasons set forth in the
report and recommendation.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allow a plaintiff to amend his pleadings “once as a
matter of course” and thereafter “only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave.”
Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(2). A “court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Id. Nevertheless,
a motion to amend a complaint should be denied if, among other reasons, the amendment would be
futile, which is to say it would not withstand a motion to dismiss. Colvin v. Caruso, 605 F.3d 282,
294 (6th Cir. 2010). Generally, we review the denial of a motion to amend under the abuse-of-
discretion standard, “unless the motion was denied because the amended pleading would not
withstand a motion to dismiss, in which case the standard of review is de novo.” Id. (quoting Total
Benefits Planning Agency, Inc. v. Anthem Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 552 F.3d 430, 437 (6th Cir.
2008)).
We find no error in the denial of Hanner’s motion to amend. Hanner sought only leave to
add more defendants, not additional allegations. Because the district court concluded that Hanner
had failed to state a claim in his original complaint, it was not error to deny his motion to amend
where he only added more defendants without new allegations to cure the defects in his pleadings.
Several of the defendants Hanner proposed to add were judges or court employees who would have
had judicial immunity for the reasons we have already discussed. Any amended complaint naming
them would be subject to dismissal. Other proposed defendants were City of Dearborn Heights
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employees named in their official and individual capacities. In the absence of new allegations, any
official capacity claim against these employees would actually be claims against the City and subject
to dismissal for failure to plead a municipal policy or custom. Any individual capacity claim against
these employees, without additional allegations about their personal involvement in Hanner’s case,
would also be subject to dismissal. As for the proposed Doe defendants, there is simply no
information to describe whom Hanner referred to as “peace officer of warrant, of incarceration, et
al.” or any additional allegations to connect these Doe defendants to Hanner’s case. Even if we were
to assume that “peace officer . . . of incarceration” referred to the jailer who confiscated Hanner’s
crutch, Hanner has still failed to plead any facts about the jailer’s conduct, much less sufficient facts
to show the jailer’s deliberate indifference. In light of our holding that dismissal of Hanner’s
complaint was proper, it also was proper for the district court to deny the motion to amend.
For all of these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
Lawrence Hanner v. City of Dearborn Heights
Court: Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Date filed: 2011-11-22
Citations: 450 F. App'x 440
Copy CitationsCombined Opinion