NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
__________
No. 11-2188
__________
YVONNE WILLIAMS,
Appellant
v.
CITY OF PHILADELPHIA; DAVID PRESKI, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS
DIRECTOR, PRE-TRIAL SERVICES UNIT; DANIEL LOREDO, IN HIS
INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY AS AN ACTOR UNDER COLOR OF STATE LAW; JOHN
WOLF, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY AS AN ACTOR UNDER COLOR OF
STATE LAW; WALTER BOSAK, IN HIS INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY
AS AN ACTOR UNDER COLOR OF STATE LAW
__________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 2-09-cv-02713)
District Judge: The Honorable John P. Fullam
Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
November 18, 2011
BEFORE: RENDELL, AMBRO, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Filed: December 5, 2011)
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OPINION OF THE COURT
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NYGAARD, Circuit Judge.
A jury found against the Appellant, Yvonne Williams, on her civil rights claims.
Williams filed a motion for a judgment as a matter of law notwithstanding the verdict
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(b). The District Court denied the motion
and Williams has appealed. We will affirm.
I.
Because we write solely for the benefit of the parties, we set forth only those facts
that are germaine to the issues on appeal.
Appellees Wolf, Loredo and Bosak, officers employed by the First Judicial
District of Pennsylvania, were called upon to execute a bench warrant issued against
Williams‟ son, Andrew Peno. Peno had failed to appear for trial in state court on charges
of driving while intoxicated. Upon arrival at the address Peno provided the state court,
Wolf knocked on a side door while Bosak covered the front and Loredo took up a
position in the rear of the residence. Wolf knocked for several minutes before noticing an
individual looking through the blinds from a second floor window. More time passed
before Williams finally opened the door. Wolf identified himself and indicated that he
was there to execute a bench warrant against Peno. Wolf attempted to enter the house by
turning the handle of the screen door. It was at this point that Williams became “very
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angry.” Testimony indicated that Williams quickly grew “furious,” “boisterous and
excited,” and “very aggressive.”
After entering the house, Wolf began questioning Williams, to no avail. Williams
refused to answer any questions, identify herself, or even acknowledge that she
recognized a photograph of her son. Williams then attempted to flee by going upstairs.
Fearing she may be attempting to secure a weapon, Wolf and Bosak followed. The
situation quickly escalated to a point where, fearing for his own safety, Wolf drew his
weapon. Williams was then restrained while the officers searched, without success, for
Peno. The officers did locate Peno‟s cell phone, driver‟s license, and found men‟s
clothing on the premises.
Williams filed a complaint alleging that the officers violated her constitutional
rights by entering her home to execute the bench warrant. Williams additionally alleged
that the City of Philadelphia was liable for the officers‟ actions because it maintained a
practice, policy and custom of permitting warrant officers to unconstitutionally execute
warrants. Finally, Williams asked for injunctive relief against Appellee David Preski, the
director of pre-trial services for the First Judicial District.
The case proceeded to trial. Before charging the jury, the District Court awarded a
judgment as a matter of law to the City of Philadelphia and Preski pursuant to
Fed.R.Civ.P. 50(a). The jury returned a verdict in favor of Wolf, Loredo and Bosak.
Williams brought a motion for judgment as a matter of law against the three officers, or,
in the alternative, asked the District Court for a new trial. She also sought judgment as a
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matter of law against Preski in his official capacity. The District Court denied Williams‟
motions.
II.
We review de novo a motion for judgment as a matter of law and apply the same
standard as a district court. Curley v. Klem, 499 F.3d 199, 205–06 (3d Cir. 2007). A
judgment notwithstanding the verdict may be granted under FED.R.CIV.P. 50(b) “only if,
as a matter of law, „the record is critically deficient of that minimum quantity of evidence
from which a jury might reasonably afford relief.‟ ” Dudley v. South Jersey Metal, Inc.,
555 F.2d 96, 101 (3d Cir. 1977) (quoting Denneny v. Siegel, 407 F.2d 433, 439 (3d Cir.
1969)); see also Danny Kresky Enterprises Corp. v. Magid, 716 F.2d 206, 209 (3d Cir.
1983). “On appeal, the appellate court should apply the same standard as the trial court
in determining the propriety of a judgment n.o.v.” Id.1
A. Unconstitutional Entry
Williams first argues that the jury could not, as a matter of law, find for the
Appellees because their search of her home was conducted without a reasonable belief
that her son was within the residence. Correctly, Williams points out that the police may
not enter the residence of a third party to search for an individual subject to arrest unless
they have a separate search warrant to do so or the third party‟s consent. Steagald v.
United States, 451 U.S. 204, 205-06 (1981). Of course, there are exceptions to this rule,
such as when the third party‟s residence is the residence of the person the police seek to
1
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
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arrest. Id. at 221. Williams relies on the United States Supreme Court‟s decision in
Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980). In Payton, the Supreme Court concluded that
police may enter into a home without a search warrant in order to execute an arrest
warrant only if “there is reason to believe [that the subject of the warrant] is within.” 445
U.S. 602 (1980). We have distilled Payton and held that the opinion “requires that
officers have a reasonable belief that the arrestee (1) lived in the residence and (2) is
within the residence at the time of entry.” United States v. Veal, 453 F.3d 164, 167 (3d
Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted).2
The officers in this case were reasonable in their belief that Peno was present
inside the house when they arrived. The record reveals that the officers obtained a valid
residential address for Peno from the state court, an address Peno himself provided. This
address was Williams‟ home. Further, the officers arrived to serve the warrant at eight
o‟clock in the evening on a week night. After knocking, the officers saw an unidentified
person peering through an upstairs window. They could not determine whether this
person was Peno. A subsequent delay in opening the door and Williams‟ hostility toward
them reasonably raised the officers‟ suspicions that Peno could have been hiding within
the home. Other behavior–such as Williams abruptly fleeing upstairs–could reasonably
have been taken as consistent with an attempt to prevent Peno‟s apprehension.
2
We have described this test using the language of probable cause. See id., 453 F.3d at
167 n. 3. However, the express language of the Supreme Court in Payton was that there
need only be “reason to believe” the suspect is within. Payton, 445 U.S. at 603. As in
Veal, we too conclude that the police had both reason to believe and probable cause to
believe that Peno was within the residence at issue here. Hence, we need not determine
which standard should be applied here.
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Williams makes much of her belief that she did not consent to the search of her
home. Although the Appellees maintained at trial that she did consent, they do not
challenge Williams‟ position on appeal. Whether Williams consented to the search does
not matter. Presumably, Williams argues that the Supreme Court‟s decision in Steagald
v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 205-06 (1981), rescues her. In Steagald, the Supreme
Court held that, absent exigent circumstances or consent, the police cannot lawfully
search for the subject of an arrest warrant in the home of a third party without first
obtaining a search warrant. Id. Here, the officers reasonably believed they were
executing the arrest warrant at Peno‟s residence because this is the address Peno himself
provided. Steagald provides no cover for Williams. Given that the officers reasonably
believed that Peno lived at this address and was inside the home, they properly entered on
the authority of the arrest warrant. See Payton, 445 U.S. at 603.
We have reviewed the record and, considering the totality of the circumstances
within the knowledge of the officers here, we find that there was reason to believe Peno
was within his mother‟s home when the bench warrant was executed. See Veal, 453 F.3d
at 167–68 (we “consider „the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the law
enforcement agents, when viewed in the totality,‟ ” in determining whether the Payton
standard is satisfied (quoting United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir.
1995)).
B. Injunctive Relief
Williams argues that the District Court erred by denying her post-trial motion for
an injunction against Preski. Williams wanted the District Court to order Preski to
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“instruct the investigators to comply with Payton.” The District Court denied this
request, concluding that, because the jury found no constitutional violation in the first
instance, no basis exists to order Preski to change the policies under which judicial
districts operate. This was not error.
In City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796 (1986), the Supreme Court reasoned
that where a jury had exonerated the individual police officers, the city and the police
department could not be held liable because “the [police officer] inflicted no
constitutional injury on the respondent.” Heller, 475 U.S. at 799. The same
circumstances exist here, where the jury found for the warrant officers in determining that
they did not violate Williams‟ constitutional rights in executing the bench warrant. Since
these investigators “inflicted no constitutional injury,” it is “inconceivable” that Preski
and/or the First Judicial District could be held liable. Id; see also Grazier v. City of
Phila., 328 F.3d 120, 124 (3d Cir. 2003) (“There cannot be an „award of damages
against a municipal corporation based on the actions of . . . its officers when in fact . . .
the officers committed no constitutional harm.‟” (quoting Heller, 475 U.S. at 799)).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court will be affirmed.
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