[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JANUARY 9, 2012
No. 10-11276
Non-Argument Calendar JOHN LEY
CLERK
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:08-cr-00110-JRH-WLB-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
ANTONIO MARCELLUS JOHNSON,
a.k.a. Antonio Doggett,
lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Georgia
________________________
(January 9, 2012)
Before BARKETT, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Antonio Johnson appeals his convictions for multiple counts of drug and
firearm offenses. Johnson argues that the district court erred in denying his
motion to sever one of the felon-in-possession counts from the indictment. He
further argues that certain statements used against him were obtained in violation
of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, that coconspirator statements were
improperly admitted, and that certain disclosures by the government were
untimely. Last, Johnson contends that his convictions are not supported by
sufficient evidence. After review of the record and briefs, we find no reversible
error.
I.
On May 7, 2009, Johnson, along with coconspirator Alecia Kent, was
charged in a five-count superseding indictment. Three counts arose out of events
that occurred on July 26, 2008: Count One, alleging possession with intent to
distribute five or more grams of cocaine base (crack cocaine), in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B); Count Two, alleging possession of a firearm in
furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and
Count Four, alleging possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of
18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). Count Three and Count Five also charged
Johnson with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon for incidents occurring
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on or about September 19, 2008 and September 18, 2007, respectively.
Prior to trial, Johnson moved to sever Counts Three and Five from the rest
of the indictment. The parties argued this issue before a magistrate judge, and
Johnson’s motion to sever was denied. This ruling was not appealed to the district
court.
Johnson also moved to exclude certain evidence related to recorded phone
conversations between Tahmera Johnson (Tahmera), a government witness, and
Kent. Tahmera was a witness to the events of September 18, 2007 that formed the
basis of Count Five. The government alleged that Johnson, Kent, and Johnson’s
mother Andrena conspired to influence Tahmera’s testimony and sought to use
recorded conversations to establish the conspiracy. The district court denied
Johnson’s motion to exclude over his objection that the recordings violated his
Sixth Amendment right to counsel. The district court further found that a
conspiracy existed between Johnson, Kent, and Andrena to influence the
testimony of Tahmera and that the statements made were during and in furtherance
of the conspiracy.
At trial, Investigator Shannon Ryals and Tahmera testified to the events of
September 18, 2007. Investigator Ryals witnessed Johnson remove something
from his pants and drop it into Tahmera’s car. Upon approaching the car,
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Investigator Ryals saw a handgun on the passenger-side floorboard. Tahmera
testified that she was in the driver’s seat of that car and that Johnson dropped the
gun into her car when he saw Investigator Ryals. Tahmera also testified that she
was contacted by Kent and Andrena, each of whom wanted to talk about her trial
testimony.
Next, multiple witnesses testified to the events of July 26, 2008. Deputy
Robert Bryant, Jr., a member of the Richmond County Sheriff’s Department
(RCSD), testified that he was working with the traffic division that night and
performed a traffic stop on a car that Johnson was driving. After both a vehicle
and a foot chase, Deputy Bryant apprehended Johnson. Deputy Bryant discovered
that the car was a rental, and two other deputies searched the vehicle and
discovered a firearm and a large amount of crack cocaine. Another deputy later
testified that he found almost $2000 on Johnson’s person at the time of the arrest.
A Special Agent with the Drug Enforcement Administration testified that the crack
cocaine found—totaling twenty-three grams—was an amount appropriate for
distribution, given its large size and packaging.
Investigator Jason Kennedy of the RCSD’s narcotics division testified to
events taking place on September 19, 2008. Investigator Kennedy pulled over a
car with two people inside. Johnson was driving the car, but it was registered to
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Kent. Investigator Kennedy took Johnson into custody after learning that he was
driving with a suspended license and had an outstanding arrest warrant.
Investigator Kennedy searched the car and found two firearms: one under the
passenger-side seat and one in the console between the passenger’s and driver’s
seats.
Johnson moved for judgment of acquittal at the end of the government’s
case. The district court denied the motion, and the defense proceeded to present
testimony. After the defense rested, Johnson did not renew his motion for
acquittal. The jury then deliberated and found Johnson guilty on all five counts.
The district court denied Johnson’s post-verdict motion for a new trial. Johnson
received a total sentence of 220 months, and this appeal followed.
II.
Johnson first contends that the district court improperly denied his motion
to sever Count Five from the rest of the indictment. Although he moved for
severance before the magistrate judge, Johnson failed to object to the magistrate’s
order denying severance.
We typically review the denial of a motion to sever for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Kennard, 472 F.3d 851, 859 (11th Cir. 2006). However, where a
magistrate judge rules on the issue rather than a district judge, Federal Rule of
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Criminal Procedure 59 governs. Rule 59 requires that a defendant file objections
to the magistrate’s order within fourteen days of being served a copy of that order.
“Failure to object in accordance with this rule waives a party’s right to review.”
Fed. R. Crim. P. 59(a).
Here, the magistrate judge entered an order denying Johnson’s motion to
sever on July 23, 2009. The record does not indicate that Johnson ever objected to
this denial before the district court. We are therefore without jurisdiction to
decide this issue, and we dismiss this portion of Johnson’s appeal. See United
States v. Schultz, 565 F.3d 1353, 1359 (11th Cir. 2009) (per curiam).
III.
Johnson next challenges various evidentiary rulings made by the district
court. Specifically, he claims that (1) incriminating statements were improperly
admitted because they were taken in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel, (2) some of Kent’s statements were erroneously admitted as nonhearsay
statements of a coconspirator, and (3) the government’s disclosure of recorded
conversations was untimely and should not have been admitted.
In general, we review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Perez-Oliveros, 479 F.3d 779, 783 (11th Cir. 2007).
A district court abuses its discretion where its “decision rests upon a clearly
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erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law, or an improper application
of law to fact.” United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1202 (11th Cir. 2005)
(citation omitted). Evidentiary rulings are subject to harmless-error analysis,
meaning we will not reverse the district court unless there is a reasonable
likelihood that the error affected the defendant’s substantial rights. United States
v. Hawkins, 905 F.2d 1489, 1493 (11th Cir. 1990). “[W]here an error had no
substantial influence on the outcome, and sufficient evidence uninfected by error
supports the verdict, reversal is not warranted.” Id. (citation omitted).
We review the district court’s admission of a statement by a coconspirator
under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E) for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Hasner, 340 F.3d 1261, 1274 (11th Cir. 2003) (per curiam). The factual
findings underlying the district court’s admissibility decision are reviewed for
clear error. City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chems., Inc., 158 F.3d 548, 556 (11th
Cir. 1998).
We review claims of discovery violations under Federal Rule of Criminal
Procedure 16 for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Burkhalter, 735 F.2d
1327, 1329 (11th Cir. 1984) (per curiam). We will not vacate a conviction based
on a discovery violation unless the appellant can show that the discovery violation
prejudiced his substantial rights. United States v. Bueno-Sierra, 99 F.3d 375, 380
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(11th Cir. 1996) (per curiam). “Substantial prejudice results if a defendant is
unduly surprised and lacks an adequate opportunity to prepare a defense.” Id.
(citation omitted).
A.
First, Johnson argues that the government, through Special Agent Ronald
Rhodes with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, used Tahmera to
elicit incriminating statements from him in violation of his Sixth Amendment right
to counsel. “The Sixth Amendment prohibits admission of statements deliberately
elicited by the government from the defendant after adversary criminal
proceedings have begun, unless the defendant’s counsel is present or the defendant
waives his right to counsel.” United States v. Gunn, 369 F.3d 1229, 1237 (11th
Cir. 2004) (per curiam) (citing Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201, 206–07, 84
S. Ct. 1199, 1203 (1964)). This right to counsel is specific to the particular
offense charged. Texas v. Cobb, 532 U.S. 162, 167–68, 121 S. Ct. 1335, 1340
(2001). “[W]hen the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches, it does
encompass offenses that, even if not formally charged, would be considered the
same offense under the Blockburger test.” Id. at 173, 121 S. Ct. at 1343. Under
Blockburger, “where the same act or transaction constitutes a violation of two
distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine whether there are
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two offenses or only one, is whether each provision requires proof of a fact which
the other does not.” Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct.
180, 182 (1932) (citation omitted).
To establish a Sixth Amendment violation, Johnson must show that (1)
Tahmera acted as a government agent and (2) she deliberately elicited
incriminating statements from Johnson. See Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d
1012, 1020 (11th Cir. 1987) (per curiam). This standard requires a defendant to
demonstrate that the government agent “took some action, beyond merely
listening, that was designed deliberately to elicit incriminating remarks.”
Kuhlmann v. Wilson, 477 U.S. 436, 459, 106 S. Ct. 2616, 2630 (1986). The Sixth
Amendment is not violated when “by luck or happenstance” the government
acquires incriminating statements from the accused after the right to counsel has
attached. Id.
In this case, we need not explore whether Tahmera was an agent who
deliberately elicited statements from Johnson because it is clear that the
incriminating statements he provided related to witness tampering—crimes
investigated but never charged—rather than any of the five counts in the
superseding indictment. Moreover, establishing witness tampering requires proof
of vastly different facts than necessary to establish any of the offenses charged in
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the superseding indictment. Consequently, witness tampering is not the same
offense for purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel. See Blockburger,
284 U.S. at 304, 52 S. Ct. at 182. The incriminating statements therefore do not
fall within the protection of Johnson’s right to counsel, and the district court
correctly admitted them.
B.
Johnson next argues that the district court erred in admitting some of Kent’s
statements under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E), which excludes from
hearsay “a statement by a coconspirator . . . during the course and in furtherance of
the conspiracy.” As a prerequisite to admission of a coconspirator’s statement, the
government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that “(1) a conspiracy
existed; (2) the conspiracy included the declarant and the defendant against whom
the statement is offered; and (3) the statement was made during the course and in
furtherance of the conspiracy.” Hanser, 340 F.3d at 1274.
The government alleged that a conspiracy existed between Johnson, Kent,
and Andrena with the purpose of influencing Tahmera’s testimony. The district
court properly considered evidence of (1) Tahmera’s statements to Special Agent
Rhodes that Kent and Andrena had visited her to inquire about her trial testimony;
(2) the recorded phone conversations between Tahmera, Johnson, and Kent; and
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(3) the jailhouse recordings of phone conversations between Johnson and Kent.
Upon review of this evidence, we cannot say that the district court clearly erred in
finding that a conspiracy existed between the three individuals for the purpose of
influencing Tahmera’s testimony.
C.
Johnson next argues that the government’s late production of certain
jailhouse recordings should have rendered the evidence obtained from them
inadmissible. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16 requires that the
government, upon the defendant’s request, produce any relevant written or
recorded statement by the defendant that the government has in its possession.
Rule 16(c) requires “[a] party who discovers additional evidence or material
before or during trial” to “promptly disclose its existence to the other party or the
court if . . . the evidence or material is subject to discovery or inspection under
[Rule 16].”
Although the government produced the tapes on the morning of jury
selection, the recordings were turned over to the defense on the business day
following the government’s acquisition of them. Special Agent Rhodes began
investigating the allegations of witness tampering on September 1, 2009, after
Tahmera informed him that Kent contacted her (presumably for the purpose of
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influencing her testimony). Special Agent Rhodes acquired the tapes on Friday,
September 11, 2009. The following Monday, September 14, the government
turned the tapes over to the defense team. This prompt disclosure complied with
Rule 16.
Although that Monday was the first day of jury selection for trial, there is no
indication that this timing unduly surprised the defense or rendered it incapable of
defending against the allegations of witness tampering. Johnson has not offered
explained how disclosure on the morning of jury selection prejudiced his
substantial rights. As a result, we find no reversible error.
IV.
Finally, Johnson contends that the government presented insufficient
evidence of his knowing possession of the firearms and drugs charged in the case.
We typically review de novo whether sufficient evidence supported the jury’s
guilty verdict. United States v. Klopf, 423 F.3d 1228, 1236 (11th Cir. 2005).
However, if a defendant fails to renew a motion for judgment of acquittal at the
close of all the evidence, then we will reverse a conviction only to prevent a
“manifest miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Edwards, 526 F.3d 747,
755–56 (11th Cir. 2008). This standard is met when “the evidence on a key
element of the offense is so tenuous that a conviction would be shocking.” Id. at
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756 (citation omitted).
We consider all of the evidence produced at trial against the defendant in
evaluating a claim that the evidence was insufficient to convict. United States v.
Thomas, 8 F.3d 1552, 1558 n.12 (11th Cir. 1993). In reviewing witness testimony,
“[t]he jury gets to make any credibility choices, and we will assume that they made
them all in the way that supports the verdict.” United States v. Thompson, 473
F.3d 1137, 1142 (11th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). Statements made by a
defendant, if disbelieved by the jury, may be considered as substantive evidence of
guilt. United States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995). Specifically,
“when a defendant chooses to testify, he runs the risk that if disbelieved the jury
might conclude the opposite of his testimony is true.” Id. (quotation omitted).
A.
Johnson was convicted of one count of possession of a controlled substance
with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), related to the July
26, 2008 events. To establish such a violation, the government must use direct or
circumstantial evidence to prove the defendant’s knowledge, possession, and
intent to distribute the substance. United States v. Poole, 878 F.2d 1389, 1391–92
(11th Cir. 1989) (per curiam). Knowledge can be proven through evidence of
surrounding circumstances. Id. “Constructive possession is sufficient for the
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possession element, and can be established by showing ownership or dominion
and control over the drugs or over the premises on which the drugs are concealed.”
Id. (citation omitted). Intent can be proven circumstantially by quantity of drugs
and other related implements. Id.
Here, sufficient evidence existed to support conviction on this count. Crack
cocaine was found along with Johnson’s identification underneath the driver’s seat
of a car that Johnson was driving. An officer testified that Johnson was the sole
occupant of the car. The quantity of crack cocaine, along with Johnson’s
possession of a large amount of cash, support the jury’s finding of knowing
possession and intent to distribute the drugs. The evidence here is not so tenuous
as to require that we reverse Johnson’s conviction on this count. See Edwards,
526 F.3d at 756.
B.
Johnson also challenges his convictions for the July 26, 2008 events for
possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1), and for possession of a firearm while a convicted felon, 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). Johnson challenges only the possession elements of these offenses.
Possession can be actual or constructive, and the government can prove
possession through direct or circumstantial evidence. United States v. Wright, 392
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F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004). Constructive possession exists when a
defendant has knowledge of the item possessed coupled with the ability to exert
control over it or over the premises or the vehicle in which the contraband was
concealed. United States v. Derose, 74 F.3d 1177, 1185 (11th Cir. 1996).
As stated above, the evidence regarding the July 26 events showed that
Johnson was driving the vehicle in which the gun was found, that he was the only
person in the car, and that the gun was found under the driver’s seat in a readily
accessible location. Additionally, Johnson fled upon the vehicle being pulled
over, evidencing consciousness of guilt. The jury was entitled to disbelieve
Johnson’s testimony that he was unaware of the presence of the gun. This
evidence and record testimony establishing constructive possession was sufficient
to support the jury’s verdict of guilty on these counts.
C.
Johnson argues that the two remaining felon-in-possession counts (Count
Three and Count Five) are not supported by the evidence. Again, he challenges
the possession element of these charges. As noted above, firearm possession can
be shown by constructive possession, so long as the juror could reasonably infer
that the defendant maintained dominion and control over the weapon. Derose, 74
F.3d at 1185.
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Regarding Count Five, the testimony at trial demonstrates that Johnson
knowingly possessed the gun in question. Investigator Ryals witnessed Johnson
drop something into Tahmera’s car and saw a gun in the car. Tahmera testified
that Johnson dropped the gun into her car. Moreover, the jury could interpret the
allegations that Johnson sought to influence Tahmera’s testimony as
consciousness of guilt. Given this evidence, we find no manifest miscarriage of
justice in the jury’s verdict.
Nor do we find that insufficient evidence supports Count Three. The
evidence at trial showed that there was a gun under the passenger seat of a car
Johnson was driving on September 19, 2008. Even though there was a passenger
in the car, the jury was free to choose among reasonable constructions of the
evidence and conclude it belonged to Johnson. See United States v. Rudisill, 187
F.3d 1260, 1267 (11th Cir. 1999). Moreover, even though the firearm was
registered to Andrena, the testimony regarding straw purchases leads to the
reasonable inference that Andrena purchased the gun on behalf of Johnson. In
addition, the jury was entitled to believe the opposite of Johnson’s testimony that
he did not know there was a gun in the car at the time. See Brown, 53 F.3d at 314.
Sufficient evidence therefore exists to support the jury verdict on Count Three.
V.
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We conclude that we are without jurisdiction to hear Johnson’s appeal from
the denial of his motion to sever. We find that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in any of its evidentiary rulings and that Johnson’s convictions on all
counts are supported by the evidence.
DISMISSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART.
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