United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
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No. 10-3477
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United States of America, *
*
Plaintiff - Appellee, *
* Appeal from the United States
v. * District Court for the
* District of Minnesota.
Gregg Allen Pickar, *
*
Defendant - Appellant. *
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Submitted: October 18, 2011
Filed: January 27, 2012
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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, LOKEN and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
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LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
A jury found Gregg Allen Pickar guilty of bank robbery in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2113(a). Based upon his prior convictions for aggravated robbery and for
fleeing a police officer in a motor vehicle, the district court sentenced Pickar as a
career offender to 210 months in prison, the bottom of the advisory guidelines range.
See U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. We affirmed the conviction but vacated the sentence because,
subsequent to Pickar’s sentencing, a divided panel had held that a Minnesota fleeing-
the-police conviction was not a crime of violence for career offender purposes.
United States v. Pickar, 616 F.3d 821, 829 (8th Cir. 2010), applying United States v.
Tyler, 580 F.3d 722 (8th Cir. 2009).
On remand, the district court1 correctly recalculated the advisory guidelines
range as 100 to 125 months in prison. The government urged the court to again
impose a 210-month sentence. After the court denied Pickar’s request for a
downward departure or variance, defense counsel urged a sentence at the bottom of
the new guidelines range. The court instead imposed a 150-month sentence, carefully
explaining its reasons for varying upward from the advisory range but not to the 210-
month sentence urged by the government. Pickar appeals, arguing the sentence is
substantively unreasonable. Following submission of briefs on appeal, the Supreme
Court held, overruling prior Eighth Circuit decisions, that district courts may not
“impose or lengthen a prison sentence to enable an offender to complete a treatment
program or otherwise to promote rehabilitation.” Tapia v. United States, 131 S. Ct.
2382, 2393 (2011). Defense counsel then submitted a letter arguing “that the district
court erred by imposing a sentence based in part on the conclusion that Mr. Pickar
would [receive] better treatment while in prison.” Reviewing the reasonableness
issue for abuse of discretion and the Tapia issue for plain error, we affirm.2
Pickar argues that the 150-month sentence is substantively unreasonable
because the district court “failed to meaningfully consider” mitigating factors -- a
childhood car accident that resulted in severe mental disability and the non-violent
way he committed the bank robbery. The district court noted these mitigating factors
in its thorough explanation of why it imposed a 150-month sentence:
1
The Honorable Patrick J. Schiltz, United States District Judge for the District
of Minnesota.
2
After Pickar’s resentencing, the Supreme Court held that intentional vehicle
flight is a violent felony for purposes of the Armed Career Criminal Act. Sykes v.
United States, 131 S. Ct. 2267, 2277 (2011). We need not consider whether Sykes
overruled our decision in Tyler, a possible outcome the Court noted. Id. at 2272.
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As I said last year, Mr. Pickar has a very extensive criminal record, one
that encompasses an extensive record as a juvenile and almost 20
convictions as an adult. . . . Mr. Pickar’s criminal history points are
almost double the number needed to put him in the highest criminal
history category recognized under federal law. . . . [O]ver the past 25 to
30 years, Mr. Pickar has been unable to stay out of jail for more than a
couple years at a time. . . . And he committed the bank robbery for which
he is now being sentenced less than two years after he was released from
custody following his 2006 conviction for fleeing a police officer.
Two things stand out: First, shorter sentences have failed to deter
Mr. Pickar from committing crimes. . . .
Second, Mr. Pickar is, obviously, a danger to the public. I
recognize that he is likely dangerous through no fault of his own but
because of physical and emotional trauma suffered as a child, but that
does not change the fact that Mr. Pickar is dangerous and the public
needs to be protected from him.
I should also note that I believe that a long sentence is necessary
to provide Mr. Pickar with needed care and treatment. . . . Mr. Pickar has
been on the street and he has been on probation and he has done very
poorly in both situations.
In light of the strength of these factors, as well as the other
Section 3553(a) factors, such as the seriousness of Mr. Pickar’s offense
and the need to deter others from committing that offense, I have
contemplated a sentence of longer than 150 months, but just as the
aggravating factors that I discussed last year remain true, so too do the
mitigating factors . . . . For these reasons, I find that a sentence of 150
months is appropriate in this case.
“A district court abuses its discretion when it (1) fails to consider a relevant
factor that should have received significant weight; (2) gives significant weight to an
improper or irrelevant factor; or (3) considers only the appropriate factors but in
weighing those factors commits a clear error of judgment.” United States v.
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Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (quotations omitted). There
was no such error here. The court’s decision to assign greater weight to Pickar’s
criminal history and the nature of his offense than to mitigating personal factors was
well within its wide sentencing latitude. See United States v. Foy, 617 F.3d 1029,
1036-37 (8th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1512 (2011).3
Pickar has also suggested Tapia error based upon the district court noting “that
a long sentence is necessary to provide Mr. Pickar with needed care and treatment.”
We review this issue for plain error. See United States v. Blackmon, 662 F.3d 981,
986 (8th Cir. 2011).
In Blackmon, we concluded there was no plain error affecting defendant’s
substantial rights because “the district court never expressed an intention to lengthen
Blackmon’s sentence for rehabilitative purposes,” and therefore we would have to
speculate whether he would have received a lighter sentence absent the court’s
comment about the defendant’s need for drug treatment. Id. at 987; accord United
States v. Werlein, ___ F.3d ___, 2011 WL 6221798, at *2-3 (8th Cir. Dec. 15, 2011);
United States v. Martin, 2011 WL 3849889, at *5 (4th Cir. 2011) (unpublished). The
same is true in this case. The district court’s lengthy explanation made clear that the
need to protect the public from a dangerous recidivist and to deter Mr. Pickar and
others from committing this serious crime were the dominant factors in the court’s
§ 3553(a) analysis. Consistent with then-governing Eighth Circuit precedent, the
court noted that a long sentence would likely provide Pickar with needed care and
3
At the first sentencing hearing, Pickar submitted data showing that other
persons recently convicted of bank robbery in the District of Minnesota had received
shorter sentences and argued this was evidence the guidelines range would result in
unwarranted sentence disparity. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). The district court acted
well within its discretion in discounting this evidence because the data failed to
include relevant comparative information such as whether defendants receiving lesser
sentences had pleaded guilty or provided substantial assistance to the government.
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treatment. But there was no suggestion that the court lengthened the sentence on
account of this factor. By contrast, the district court in Tapia explicitly calculated the
length of the sentence to ensure the defendant’s eligibility for a drug treatment
program. 131 S. Ct. at 2392-93; see United States v. Cordery, 656 F.3d 1103, 1105
(10th Cir. 2011) (on plain error review, resentencing ordered because district court
stated, “he needs a sentence of at least 56 months” to successfully complete BOP drug
program and mental health counseling); United States v. Olson, ___ F.3d ___, 2012
WL 97525, at *3 (8th Cir. Jan. 13, 2012) (on plain error review, remanding because
district court may have manipulated guidelines determinations to lengthen a prison
sentence in order to complete a federal treatment program).
Here, as in Blackmon, there was no plain error. The judgment of the district
court is affirmed.
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