10-2953-pr
Zandi v. United States of America
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER
FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A
DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
2 Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
3 on the 9th day of February, two thousand twelve.
4
5 PRESENT:
6 ROGER J. MINER,
7 ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
8 SUSAN L. CARNEY,
9 Circuit Judges.
10 ____________________________________________________________
11
12 Mahmud Zandi,
13 Petitioner-Appellant,
14
15 -v.- 10-2953-pr
16
17 United States of America,
18 Respondent-Appellee.
19 ___________________________________________________________
20
21 FOR APPELLANT: Mahmud Zandi, pro se, Adelanto, California.
22
23 FOR APPELLEE: Emily Berger, Demetri M. Jones, Assistant United States
24 Attorneys, of counsel, for Loretta E. Lynch, United States Attorney
25 for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, New York.
26
27 Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
28 York (Wexler, Judge).
29 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
30 DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
1
1 Petitioner-appellant Mahmud Zandi appeals pro se from a judgment entered on June 17,
2 2010, denying his pro se motion for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. This Court
3 issued a certificate of appealability limited to the issue of whether Zandi received ineffective
4 assistance of counsel. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
5 procedural history of the case, and the issues raised on appeal.
6 In appeals from a district court’s denial of relief under § 2255, we review the district
7 court’s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Yick Man Mui v.
8 United States, 614 F.3d 50, 53 (2d Cir. 2010). “The question of whether a defendant’s lawyer’s
9 representation violates the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel is a mixed
10 question of law and fact and is reviewed de novo.” Chang v. United States, 250 F.3d 79, 82 (2d
11 Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
12 counsel, a habeas petitioner must demonstrate that: (1) his counsel’s representation fell below an
13 objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for
14 counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See
15 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88, 694 (1984). To demonstrate the requisite
16 prejudice in the context of pre-trial plea discussions, a habeas petitioner must proffer a prima
17 facie case that, “but for counsel’s deficient performance, he would have pled guilty instead of
18 going to trial.” Raysor v. United States, 647 F.3d 491, 495 (2d Cir. 2011). “Prima facie
19 evidence may include a petitioner’s own statement . . . ; however, in order for the statement to be
20 sufficiently credible to justify a full hearing, it must be accompanied by some ‘objective
21 evidence,’ such as a significant sentencing disparity, that supports an inference that the petitioner
22 would have accepted the proposed plea offer if properly advised.” Id. (citing Puglisi v. United
23 States, 586 F.3d 209, 215–16 (2d Cir. 2009)).
2
1 Zandi argues on appeal that his counsel was ineffective because he failed to convey a
2 plea offer that Zandi alleges may have been made by the government. Zandi has submitted an
3 affidavit to this Court in which he states under oath that he would have accepted a plea offer had
4 counsel communicated the offer and properly advised him. He also contends that the disparity
5 between the 240-month sentence he received post-trial and the more lenient sentences his
6 cooperating co-defendants received following their guilty pleas constitute objective evidence
7 that he would have accepted a plea offer but for counsel’s deficient performance.
8 Zandi’s argument is unavailing because he has not established what sentence he would
9 have received pursuant to a plea agreement, with or without a cooperation component. His
10 suggestion that he would have received a sentence similar to those of his cooperating co-
11 defendants is based on pure speculation, particularly since he has not demonstrated that he would
12 have cooperated to a degree satisfactory to the government. Accordingly, Zandi cannot rely
13 upon this evidence to support an inference that he would have accepted a plea offer but for his
14 counsel’s ineffective assistance. Puglisi, 586 F.3d at 217–18.
15 We also note that Zandi continues to proclaim his innocence. This factor undermines
16 Zandi’s bare assertion that he would have accepted a plea agreement if properly advised. See
17 Cullen v. United States, 194 F.3d 401, 407 (2d Cir. 1999) (noting that an appellant’s “insistence
18 on his innocence is a factor relevant to any conclusion as to whether he has shown a reasonable
19 probability that he would have pled guilty”). For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Zandi
20 has not demonstrated prejudice resulting from his counsel’s alleged inactions.
21 Zandi also fails to satisfy the first prong of Strickland insofar as he provides no evidence
22 that the government ever extended a plea offer to him through defense counsel. An email from
23 Zandi’s counsel to prosecutors in which counsel merely requests to “resurrect the discussion” of
3
1 Zandi’s cooperation does not establish, or even suggest, that the government actually extended a
2 plea offer to Zandi. In the absence of evidence that the government ever made a plea offer,
3 Zandi cannot show that his attorney provided him with objectively unreasonable assistance by
4 failing to make him aware of any such hypothetical offer. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88.
5 Zandi next argues that his counsel was ineffective because he failed to pursue with Zandi
6 the option of pleading guilty without a plea and cooperation agreement, or a plea agreement of
7 any kind, and failed to advise him of the risks of proceeding to trial. The record does not
8 substantiate Zandi’s allegations, but, even assuming their truth, the district court correctly
9 rejected Zandi’s argument because Zandi failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that the
10 result of the proceedings would have been different but for counsel’s assertedly deficient
11 performance. Notably, Zandi acknowledges that he was willing to plead guilty only in exchange
12 for an “‘unheavy’ sentence,” Appellant Br. 10–11, and maintains that his current sentence is “six
13 times more than it should be,” id. at 32. He also claims (as noted above) that he is innocent of
14 the crimes of which he was convicted. Given these statements, and in light of the full record, it
15 is implausible that Zandi would have forgone trial to obtain a slightly lower Guidelines range for
16 acceptance of responsibility by pleading guilty without the benefit of the plea agreement.
17 Moreover, even if we assume that Zandi would have pled guilty on these terms, the record does
18 not establish a reasonable probability that Zandi would have received a lower sentence than he
19 ultimately received after trial.
20 Zandi also argues that the district court erred by failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on
21 his claims. When the district court denies an evidentiary hearing, this Court reviews that denial
22 for clear error as to issues of fact and de novo for issues of law. Puglisi, 586 F.3d at 215. For
23 the reasons stated above, the district court properly denied Zandi’s § 2255 motion: further
4
1 proceedings would have been futile. See id. at 218 (“On the present record, a hearing based on
2 the proffers of proof set forth in appellant’s supporting papers would be fruitless because the
3 appellant has neither stated that he would have accepted a plea if properly advised . . . nor
4 proffered objective evidence in support of such a statement.”). Accordingly, there was no error
5 in the district court’s determination that a hearing was unnecessary.
6 In addition, Zandi argues that the district court prevented him from filing certain
7 documents, including documents proffered as evidence and a memorandum of law, in support of
8 his § 2255 motion. A review of the record reveals that the district court did nothing during the
9 pendency of Zandi’s § 2255 proceedings to prevent him from filing his supporting material, and
10 that any failure to do so was of Zandi’s own making. Furthermore, we have reviewed the
11 documents filed by Zandi with his motion for a certificate of appealability and find that they
12 would not have altered the result.
13 We have considered all of Zandi’s remaining arguments and find them to be without
14 merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the order of the district court.
15 FOR THE COURT:
16 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
17