People v. Rodriguez CA3

Filed 2/17/22 P. v. Rodriguez CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Yolo)
----

THE PEOPLE, C093215

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. CR19-5607)

v.

CARLOS DANIEL RODRIGUEZ, JR.,

Defendant and Appellant.

Defendant Carlos Daniel Rodriguez, Jr., appeals from his conviction for two
counts of robbery with weapons enhancements. Defendant contends the trial court erred
under Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 79 and People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d
258 by denying his motion arguing that the prosecutor exercised a peremptory challenge
to excuse prospective juror F.Y. based on his race. Defendant also claims the court
abused its discretion by admitting evidence related to his arrest and his gang membership.
We agree only that the court abused its discretion by admitting evidence related to
defendant’s arrest, but conclude the error was harmless and affirm the judgment.

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 FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Factual Background
Jorge knew defendant from grade school and had purchased marijuana from him
once or twice without incident. On August 6, 2019, defendant posted on social media
that he had marijuana for sale, and Jorge contacted him about buying one or two ounces
for $400 to $500. Defendant and Jorge agreed to meet that afternoon in Woodland.
Jorge brought his stepbrother Diego to the meeting. Jorge kept cash to purchase
the marijuana locked in the glove compartment of his car. After Jorge arrived at the
meeting location, a Chevrolet Malibu parked behind Jorge’s car. Defendant got out of
the passenger seat of the Malibu and came up to Jorge’s car. Jorge asked if he could see
the marijuana, and defendant agreed. Jorge got into the backseat of the Malibu, and
defendant got into the front passenger seat; a man Jorge recognized but whose name he
did not know was in the driver’s seat.
The driver pulled a gun out of a bag between his legs, pointed it at Jorge, and
locked the car doors; the driver and defendant asked Jorge where the money was. When
Jorge did not answer, defendant told the driver to shoot Jorge in the leg, but no shots
were fired. Jorge said he did not have the money on him, and defendant and the driver
accused Jorge of trying to rob them. The driver punched Jorge twice in the face and took
his phone.
Defendant got out of the Malibu and searched Jorge’s car, taking Jorge’s knife.
He returned to the Malibu and again asked Jorge where the money was while holding the
knife. He searched Jorge’s car again, taking Diego’s phone, Jorge’s sunglasses, their
driver’s licenses, and a bottle of alcohol. When he returned, Jorge screamed for help and
told defendant and the driver that Diego had already called someone for help; they then
let Jorge go.
Jorge got back into his car and chased the Malibu for less than a minute; he was
mad at defendant and the driver for pointing a gun and knife at him. He stopped chasing

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them and picked up his girlfriend before going to the police station to report the
robberies. Jorge described the robberies to Officer Gina Bell, and he stated that the gun
used was black and brown and was not a revolver, but was rather a “square one,” which
the officer understood to mean that the gun was a semiautomatic pistol. He told Bell that
he had agreed to purchase one ounce of marijuana from defendant for $150. Bell
observed that Jorge was visibly upset and had a swollen lip. At trial, Jorge testified that
the gun was “all black.”
On August 8, 2019--two days after the robberies--defendant was arrested in a
motel room in Sacramento County with a man who was not the driver on August 6.
Officers searching the motel room found a loaded Glock-style handgun with a raised red
dot sight, brown or gold-colored ejection port, and a gold or bronze barrel, a loaded
Glock-style magazine, a kilogram of powder cocaine, half an ounce of
methamphetamine, a pipe used to smoke methamphetamine, approximately 20 Vicodin
pills, 190 ecstasy pills, $1,700 in cash found on the other man’s person, and four cell
phones, one of which defendant claimed was his. None of the four phones seized were
the phones taken from Jorge and Diego.
An investigator from the district attorney’s office spoke with Jorge after
defendant’s arrest and showed him pictures of the gun that had been seized during the
search. At trial, Jorge testified that the gun from the motel room was similar to the gun
used in the robbery because they were both black, but the gun from the motel room had a
red dot attachment and a gold or brown “front.” He did not get a detailed look at the gun
during the robbery and was unable to say definitively whether it was the same gun used
during the robberies. The investigator testified that Jorge provided no information
linking the seized gun to the one used in the robberies. The events related to defendant’s
arrest were separately prosecuted in Sacramento County.

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 Verdict and Sentence
A jury found defendant guilty of two counts of second degree robbery. (Pen.
Code, §§ 211, 212.5, subd. (c); counts 1 and 2.) As to count 1--the robbery of Jorge--the
jury found true that a principal was armed with a firearm (id., § 12022, subd. (a)(1)), and
as to counts 1 and 2--the robbery of Diego--the jury found true that defendant personally
used a knife (id., § 12022, subd. (b)(1)).
In the current case, the court sentenced defendant to the midterm of three years on
count 1; one year each for the firearm and knife enhancements on count 1; one year (one-
third the midterm) on count 2; and four months (one-third the midterm) for the knife
enhancement on count 2. In a trailing case, the court sentenced him to one year (one-
third the midterm) for possession of a controlled substance, for a total term of seven years
four months in prison.
Defendant timely appealed. The case was fully briefed and assigned to this panel
in October 2021.
DISCUSSION
I
Batson/Wheeler
Defendant contends the prosecution intentionally exercised one of its peremptory
challenges to strike a prospective juror based on his race in violation of Batson v.
Kentucky, supra, 476 U.S. 79 and People v. Wheeler, supra, 22 Cal.3d 258. The trial
court concluded defendant failed to make out a prima facie case of group bias and also
that defendant’s claim did not survive the prosecutor’s arguments. We see no error under
the applicable law.
A. Procedural History
During jury selection, prospective juror F.Y. explained that he worked as a tribal
lead cultural inspector; in that role he oversaw “[p]reservation of the burials and cultural
items.” During questioning by the prosecutor, F.Y. volunteered that he had mostly

4
negative feelings towards law enforcement resulting from experiences that had involved
him personally, his family, and his friends, and involved racial profiling in Yolo and
Sacramento counties. Some of the negative experiences were recent; he noted that he
was “still getting profiled today.” He asserted that he would not view an officer’s
testimony differently from that of other witnesses, but acknowledged he would
sometimes have a tendency to distrust an officer simply because they were an officer. He
said he could separate that distrust from this case by listening to the testimony and doing
the best that he could, and he promised to follow the court’s instructions even if he did
not agree with them.
The prosecutor argued unsuccessfully to the court that F.Y. should be excused for
cause and then used his third peremptory challenge to excuse him. Defense counsel
objected and argued that F.Y. might be Native American but looked Hispanic, there were
only two Hispanic jurors, and defendant was Hispanic. Counsel asserted that no race-
neutral reason supported the challenge, other than F.Y.’s negative experiences with police
officers, because he affirmed that he could be fair in this case.
The prosecutor responded that there were three jurors who appeared to be
Hispanic, none of whom he intended to excuse. He acknowledged that his dismissal of
F.Y. was based on his negative opinion of officers; the prosecutor had more officers on
his witness list than any other profession. The prosecutor asked the trial court to find
defendant had made a prima facie case so his reasoning could go on the record, although
he also questioned whether one peremptory challenge could amount to a prima facie case.
The prosecutor added that he was Hispanic.
The trial court declined to find defendant had made a prima facie case of group
bias. While observing F.Y. had darker features, the court stated it heard F.Y. say he was
perhaps Native American, and the peremptory challenge was appropriate due to F.Y.’s
negative views of law enforcement. The court noted that F.Y. was “a hard guy to read,”

5
his answers during voir dire “were very clipped,” and “[h]e didn’t elaborate on anything
much.”
Defendant argued: “That means almost everybody who’s nonwhite who has had
bad experiences with law enforcement by virtue of their race, what happens with contact
with law enforcement and being racially profiled are going to be eligible to be kicked by
the prosecutor just because the prosecutor wants people to believe their cops and wants
white people with good experience with the cops.”
The trial court again noted that there were two other Hispanic jurors, and it “[did
not] find that the challenge that’s been made for singling out [F.Y.] because of his race is
appropriate and can survive the arguments of the People in this case.”
B. Analysis
Prospective jurors (hereafter jurors, for convenience) may be peremptorily
challenged for subjective or trivial reasons, including a juror’s in-court demeanor, bare
looks and gestures, or hunches, provided the reasons are genuine and not discriminatory.
(See People v. Jones (2011) 51 Cal.4th 346, 361; People v. Allen (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th
542, 547.) However, “[b]oth the state and federal Constitutions prohibit the use of
peremptory strikes to remove [jurors] on the basis of group bias. [Citations.] The now
familiar Batson/Wheeler inquiry consists of three distinct steps. First, the opponent of the
strike must make out a prima facie case by showing that the totality of the relevant facts
gives rise to an inference of discriminatory purpose in the exercise of peremptory
challenges. Second, if the prima facie case has been made, the burden shifts to the
proponent of the strike to explain adequately the basis for excusing the juror by offering
permissible, nondiscriminatory justifications. Third, if the party has offered a
nondiscriminatory reason, the trial court must decide whether the opponent of the strike
has proved the ultimate question of purposeful discrimination.” (People v. Scott (2015)
61 Cal.4th 363, 383.)

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 When a trial court denies a Batson/Wheeler motion because it concludes the
defendant failed to establish a prima facie case of group bias, we consider the entire
record of voir dire and affirm if the record suggests grounds for a reasonable challenge of
the jurors in question. (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 439.) We “accord
particular deference to the trial court as fact finder, because of its opportunity to observe
the participants at first hand.” (People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 993-994; People
v. Bonilla (2007) 41 Cal.4th 313, 341 [we consider only whether substantial evidence
supports the trial court’s conclusions].)
Defendant asserts that our review is de novo because he challenges the legal
definition of what constitutes a race-neutral justification for a peremptory challenge.
(People v. Bonilla, supra, 41 Cal.4th at pp. 341-342.) Specifically, he contends that we
should consider the effect of Assembly Bill No. 3070 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly
Bill No. 3070).
The appellate court in People v. Collins (2021) 60 Cal.App.5th 540, at page 550,
footnote 6, recently described the effect of Assembly Bill No. 3070 on Batson/Wheeler
claims: “The Legislature recently enacted legislation to address concerns with the
Batson/Wheeler framework. It explicitly found ‘the existing procedure for determining
whether a peremptory challenge was exercised on the basis of a legally impermissible
reason has failed to eliminate . . . discrimination. In particular, the Legislature [found]
that requiring proof of intentional bias renders the procedure ineffective and that many of
the reasons routinely advanced to justify the exclusion of jurors from protected groups
are in fact associated with stereotypes about those groups or otherwise based on unlawful
discrimination.’ ([Assembly Bill No. 3070,] § 1, subd. (b).) The Legislature
‘designate[d] several justifications as presumptively invalid and provide[d] a remedy for
both conscious and unconscious bias in the use of peremptory challenges.’ (Ibid.) [¶]
Presumptively invalid justifications include ‘[e]xpressing a distrust of or having a
negative experience with law enforcement or the criminal legal system’ and ‘[h]aving a

7
close relationship with people who have been stopped, arrested, or convicted of a crime.’
([Assembly Bill No. 3070,] § 2, subds. (e)(1) & (e)(3).) Neither party notes this
legislation and we do not rely on it to decide this appeal. (See id., § 2, subd. (i) [new
legislation ‘applies in all jury trials in which jury selection begins on or after January 1,
2022.’].)”
Defendant’s sole argument on appeal is that we are bound to follow the
Legislature’s definition of what qualifies as discriminatory purpose in exercising
peremptory challenges as expressed in Assembly Bill No. 3070. However, as the court
observed in Collins, the newly enacted legislation applies only to jury selection beginning
on or after January 1, 2022, and thus Assembly Bill No. 3070 does not apply here.
Defendant concedes that, prior to the enactment of Assembly Bill No. 3070, our
Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld the use of peremptory challenges based on jurors’
negative experiences or perceptions of law enforcement. (See, e.g., People v. Winbush
(2017) 2 Cal.5th 402, 436 [“negative attitude toward law enforcement” or “negative
experience with law enforcement” is “a valid basis for exclusion”]; People v. Melendez
(2016) 2 Cal.5th 1, 18 [Black juror’s “distrust of police” was a race-neutral reason for
excusal]; People v. Lenix (2008) 44 Cal.4th 602, 628 [“ ‘We have repeatedly upheld
peremptory challenges made on the basis of a prospective juror’s negative experience
with law enforcement’ ”].) We are bound by these decisions of our Supreme Court.
(Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) Accordingly, we
reject defendant’s claim of error.
II
Other Acts Evidence
The trial court concluded that evidence of defendant’s unrelated arrest on
August 8--two days after the August 6 robberies--was admissible under Evidence Code

8
sections 1101 and 3521 as evidence of a common plan or scheme to sell drugs and as
evidence of defendant’s intent to do so. Defendant contends that the court abused its
discretion by admitting this evidence, violating his right to due process; he argues that the
evidence was irrelevant to the issues of whether he had a common plan or scheme to rob
his clients or the requisite intent to commit the charged robberies.
The Attorney General does not argue that the evidence was admissible to show a
common scheme or plan or intent. Rather, he argues that evidence of defendant’s arrest
was properly admitted to bolster Jorge’s credibility as a witness and to show that
defendant knew the gun used in the robbery was real and operable.
As we will explain, the evidence was not admissible to show defendant’s intent to
steal or a common plan or scheme to sell drugs. However, we conclude the error was
harmless because it was not reasonably probable the verdict would have been more
favorable to defendant in the absence of error.
A. Procedural Background
The prosecutor filed a motion in limine seeking admission of the facts surrounding
defendant’s arrest pursuant to section 1101, subdivision (b), arguing that the evidence
was admissible to show defendant’s intent to permanently deprive Jorge of his property.
The prosecutor noted that defendant came to the scene of the charged robberies for
purposes of a drug sale and was accompanied by another Hispanic man who possessed a
gun; per the other acts evidence, defendant was arrested (two days after the charged
offenses) while accompanied by a different Hispanic man and in possession of drugs, a
gun similar in appearance to the gun used in the robberies, and cash. In both instances,
defendant had the intent to sell drugs, was accompanied by a Hispanic male associate,
possessed a similar-looking gun, and demonstrated his intent to protect himself or to rob

1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code.

9
his customers if the opportunity arose. The prosecutor further argued that the evidence of
defendant’s arrest demonstrated his common scheme or plan to sell drugs while
accompanied by an accomplice and a gun, and the gun possessed on August 8 was of a
character that could have been used in the armed robbery or carried for protection while
selling drugs.
During a pretrial hearing on the motion, the prosecutor observed that the charged
enhancements required proof that the gun was real and operable, and Jorge had said the
guns from the two incidents were similar in appearance. The prosecutor also reiterated
that both instances involved defendant intending to sell drugs and employing a similar
plan of selling drugs in the presence of a Hispanic male and a gun. Defendant responded
that the evidence lacked probative value and was highly prejudicial.
The trial court ruled that the evidence was admissible as evidence of defendant’s
intent or common design. (§ 1101, subd. (b).) The court stated: “[The evidence’s]
relevance certainly is that, as I understand it, the facts in this case, are a gun was pulled
on [Jorge]. He described it as a black or brown semiautomatic handgun. Also, there is a
need for the People to prove that it was a real handgun and this was found a short period
of time after the incident. And so a finding of that certainly goes to -- and the finding of
the drugs, the amount of cash that was found, the Ziploc style Baggies, certainly on intent
and common design, factors under [§] 1101[, subd.] (b), it has relevance.” Additionally,
the court concluded that the probative value of the evidence was not substantially
outweighed by the prejudice to defendant.
Following the trial court’s ruling, defense counsel asserted that there was no
connection between the alleged robberies and defendant’s possession of a gun and drugs
two days later. According to counsel, evidence of defendant’s arrest was only relevant
“to say [defendant] is engaged in criminal activity and this is what he does. There’s zero
evidence saying that because he was arrested two days later means that he committed the
robbery and that’s what [§] 1101 is about. For intent to be something that’s real in this

10
case, you would have to show that he has an intent to go robbing people for a common
scheme or plan. It doesn’t show any of that.”
At the conference on jury instructions, defense counsel objected to the evidence
again and objected to the pattern instruction on prior acts. (CALCRIM No. 375.) The
court overruled the objections and instructed the jury: “The People presented evidence
that the defendant committed another offense that was not charged in this case. You may
consider this as evidence only if the People have proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that the defendant, in fact, committed the offense. [¶] Proof by a
preponderance of the evidence is a different burden of proof than proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. A fact is proved by a preponderance of the evidence if you conclude it
is more likely than not that the fact is true. If the People have not met this burden, you
must disregard this evidence entirely. [¶] If you decide the defendant committed the
offense, you may, but are not required to, consider that evidence for the limited purpose
of deciding whether the defendant acted with the intent to steal in this case or the
defendant had a plan or scheme to commit the offenses alleged in this case. [¶] In
evaluating this evidence, consider the similarity or lack of similarity between the
uncharged offense and the charged offenses. Do not consider this evidence for any other
purpose. Do not conclude from this evidence that the defendant has a bad character or is
disposed to commit crime. [¶] If you conclude that the defendant committed the
uncharged offenses, that conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the other
evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of robbery.
The People must still prove every charge beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Defense counsel argued in closing that drug dealers do not rob their customers
because “it’s bad for business,” and defendant was only trying to figure out what was
happening when Jorge said he did not have the purchase money. Counsel contended that
defendant did not plan a robbery because the incident occurred in the middle of the day in
a residential area, the incident took 15 minutes, defendant did not search the glove

11
compartment, and he left with no money. Counsel argued the incident was a drug deal in
which the purchaser brought no money, the driver got mad and took out a gun, and
defendant had no control, and added that evidence of the August 8 arrest had nothing to
do with the alleged robberies on August 6, was prejudicial and irrelevant, and only
showed that defendant was “involved with criminal activity and knows people who sell a
lot of drugs and are involved in criminal activity.” Counsel noted the investigator’s
testimony that there was no evidence the gun used in the August 6 robbery was the same
gun found in the motel room on August 8. Counsel further observed that if defendant
possessed the same gun on August 6 that was found on August 8, that fact would support
the conclusion that there was no plan to rob Jorge because defendant did not pull out a
gun on August 6.
In his rebuttal argument, the prosecutor asserted that the August 8 arrest related to
defendant’s intent on August 6 because on August 8 he was found with a gun and drugs,
and drug dealers carry guns because they are fearful of being robbed and so they can rob
their clients.
The trial court later denied defendant’s motion for new trial based on the
admission of this evidence.
B. Legal Background
“Evidence of crimes committed by a defendant other than those charged is
inadmissible to prove criminal disposition or a poor character. ‘[B]ut evidence of
uncharged crimes is admissible to prove, among other things, the identity of the
perpetrator of the charged crimes, the existence of a common design or plan, or the intent
with which the perpetrator acted in the commission of the charged crimes. (§ 1101.)
Evidence of uncharged crimes is admissible to prove identity, common design or plan, or
intent only if the charged and uncharged crimes are sufficiently similar to support a
rational inference of identity, common design or plan, or intent.’ ” (People v. Lenart
(2004) 32 Cal.4th 1107, 1123 (Lenart).) “To be relevant to prove identity, the uncharged

12
crime must be highly similar to the charged offenses, while a lesser degree of similarity is
required to establish relevance to prove common design or plan, and the least similarity is
required to establish relevance to prove intent.” (Ibid.) For purposes of section 1101,
subdivision (b), the acts by the defendant may occur either before the charged conduct or
after. (People v. Leon (2015) 61 Cal.4th 569, 597.)
“Finally, for uncharged crime evidence to be admissible, it must have substantial
probative value that is not greatly outweighed by the potential that undue prejudice will
result from admitting the evidence.” (Lenart, supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1123.) “Without
doubt, evidence a defendant committed an offense on a separate occasion is inherently
prejudicial.” (People v. Tran (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1040, 1047.) But “ ‘[e]vidence is
substantially more prejudicial than probative . . . [only] if, broadly stated, it poses an
intolerable “risk to the fairness of the proceedings or the reliability of the outcome.” ’ ”
(Ibid.)
“ ‘On appeal, the trial court’s determination of this issue, being essentially a
determination of relevance, is reviewed for abuse of discretion.’ ” (Lenart, supra,
32 Cal.4th at p. 1123.) We will only reverse a trial court’s ruling on such matters if it is
shown “ ‘ “ ‘the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently
absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” ’ ” (People v.
Jefferson (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 494, 502.) In reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we
must consider the facts that were before the trial court at the time of its ruling. (People v.
Hendrix (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 216, 243.) “Consequently, we look to the prosecution’s
offers of proof in determining error.” (Ibid.)
C. Intent
To prove that defendant was guilty of the robberies, the prosecution was required
to prove that defendant “intended to deprive the owner of the property permanently or to
remove the property from the owner’s possession for so extended a period of time that
the owner would be deprived of a major portion of the value or enjoyment of the

13
property.” (CALCRIM No. 1600.) The trial court concluded that the evidence of
defendant’s arrest was relevant to show his intent to commit the charged robberies, and it
instructed the jury that it could consider the evidence for the limited purpose--as relevant
here--of deciding whether he acted with the intent to steal.
Defendant contends the evidence of his arrest was irrelevant to the requisite intent
because it only showed his intent to possess a gun and drugs for sale, not his intent to
commit a robbery. The Attorney General does not respond to this argument. We agree
that the unrelated arrest was not admissible to prove defendant’s intent to steal from Jorge
and Diego.
To establish relevance on the issue of intent, “ ‘the uncharged misconduct must be
sufficiently similar [to the charged offenses] to support the inference that the defendant
“ ‘probably harbor[ed] the same intent in each instance.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Leon, supra,
61 Cal.4th at p. 598.) “ ‘ “The inference to be drawn is not that the actor is disposed to
commit such acts; instead, the inference to be drawn is that, in light of the first event, the
actor, at the time of the second event, must have had the intent attributed to him by the
prosecution.” ’ ” (People v. Chism (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1266, 1306.) “ ‘[T]he recurrence of
a similar result . . . tends (increasingly with each instance) to negative accident or
inadvertence or self-defense or good faith or other innocent mental state, and tends to
establish (provisionally, at least, though not certainly) the presence of the normal, i.e.,
criminal, intent accompanying such an act.’ ” (People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal.4th 380,
402, superseded by statute on other grounds as explained in People v. Falsetta (1999)
21 Cal.4th 903, 911-913.)
As we have described, two days after the robberies, defendant was arrested when
found in a motel room with another man, a significant amount of cash and drugs, and a
gun. There are general similarities in defendant’s behavior on August 6 and August 8, as
recognized by the prosecutor and the trial court, in that defendant in both instances was
accompanied by another man, either he or the other man possessed a gun, and there was

14
drug-related conduct. However, there are important differences in defendant’s conduct
on the two dates. There is no evidence that defendant committed or intended to commit a
robbery on August 8. While defendant possessed a gun, that alone does not suggest that
defendant intended to commit a robbery. Additionally, while the evidence showed that
the meeting between Jorge and defendant was predicated on a drug transaction, there is
no evidence that any drugs were present during the August 6 robberies. Thus, the
evidence of defendant’s August 8 arrest had no tendency to prove that defendant intended
to commit any robbery. Accordingly, the assertion by the prosecutor that defendant was
waiting for the opportunity to commit a robbery on August 8 is completely speculative.
Indeed, the circumstances of defendant’s arrest tended instead to support defendant’s
claim at trial that he was a drug dealer who was confused by the fact that Jorge did not
bring money to the transaction and was trying to figure out what was happening by
asking if Jorge was attempting to rob him.
There is no basis upon which to conclude that defendant’s possession of drugs for
sale and a gun--in the absence of any intent to rob anyone--was relevant to show his
intent to commit the charged robberies. Admission for this reason was error.
D. Common Design or Plan
Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded that the
charged robberies and uncharged drug and gun possession were part of a common plan or
scheme; he observes the uncharged acts evidence do not tend to show that he had any
plan or scheme to rob drug purchasers. The Attorney General again fails to respond to
this argument; we agree with defendant on this point as well.
To establish relevance on the issue of common design or plan, “ ‘the common
features must indicate the existence of a plan rather than a series of similar spontaneous
acts, but the plan thus revealed need not be distinctive or unusual.’ ” (People v. Kipp
(1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 371.) Rather, “[e]vidence that the defendant possessed a plan to
commit the type of crime with which he or she is charged is relevant to prove the

15
defendant employed that plan and committed the charged offense.” (People v. Balcom
(1994) 7 Cal.4th 414, 424, italics added.) As we have just discussed, there was no such
evidence because nothing about the other acts evidence suggested that defendant planned
to commit a robbery.
Apparently recognizing that the other acts evidence included no evidence of a
robbery, the prosecutor argued at the hearing on the motion that in both instances
defendant possessed a common plan or scheme to sell drugs, and the trial court
concluded that the evidence surrounding defendant’s arrest was relevant to show his
common plan, without specifying the nature of that plan. But while the other acts
evidence may have tended to show defendant’s intent to sell drugs, we fail to see how
that evidence tended to show his common plan to commit robberies (see People v.
Balcom, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 424), and the Attorney General’s briefing does not defend
the finding. We recognize that defendant or his accomplice possessed a similar-looking
gun on both dates, but there is no evidence that the guns were possessed for the same
purpose. Admission of the August 8 evidence as a common plan was error.
E. Knowledge of Gun and Credibility of the Victim
The Attorney General raises two other arguments for the admissibility of the other
acts evidence. First, he argues that the evidence was properly admitted to bolster Jorge’s
credibility as a witness, which was disputed at trial. Second, he asserts that evidence of
the gun seized from the motel room was relevant and admissible because the gun could
have been the same gun used in the robberies. The trial court recognized that evidence
suggesting the gun seized from the motel room was the same gun used in the robberies
was relevant to show that the gun used in the robberies was a real gun, which the
prosecution was required to prove. Disagreeing, defendant responds there is no evidence
that the seized gun was the same gun used during the charged robberies, and the incidents
in which the guns were possessed were entirely different.

16
 We need not resolve these issues because the jury was instructed that it could
consider the evidence only for the limited purposes of deciding whether defendant acted
with the intent to steal or whether he had a plan or scheme to commit the charged
offenses. The jury was expressly instructed that it was not to consider the evidence for
any other purpose, which would include the narrow question of whether the driver
brandished a real, operable gun during the robbery, or to bolster Jorge’s credibility. (See
People v. Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 407-408 [refusing to consider whether evidence
of uncharged misconduct was admissible on another basis because evidence not admitted
for that purpose, and jury was not instructed to consider evidence for that purpose].)
Thus we need not consider whether the other acts evidence would have been admissible
on these bases; that determination is irrelevant to our analysis of error under the
circumstances of this case.
F. Harmless Error
“[T]he admission of evidence, even if erroneous under state law, results in a due
process violation only if it makes the trial fundamentally unfair.” (People v. Partida
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.) “Absent fundamental unfairness, state law error in
admitting evidence is subject to the traditional Watson test: The reviewing court must
ask whether it is reasonably probable the verdict would have been more favorable to the
defendant absent the error.” (Ibid.) While it was error to admit this evidence, we
conclude that it did not render defendant’s trial fundamentally unfair, and therefore we
apply the Watson test in evaluating prejudice.
“[T]he Watson test for harmless error ‘focuses not on what a reasonable jury could
do, but what such a jury is likely to have done in the absence of the error under
consideration. In making that evaluation, an appellate court may consider, among other
things, whether the evidence supporting the existing judgment is so relatively strong, and
the evidence supporting a different outcome is so comparatively weak, that there is no
reasonable probability the error of which the defendant complains affected the result.’ ”

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(People v. Beltran (2013) 56 Cal.4th 935, 956.) “ ‘A “reasonable probability” “does not
mean more likely than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract
possibility.” [Citation.] It “does not mean ‘more likely than not,’ but merely ‘probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” [Citation.] Therefore, reversal is
necessary when it cannot be determined whether or not the error affected the result, as in
such a case there “exists . . . at least such an equal balance of reasonable probabilities”
“ ‘that it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party would
have been reached in the absence of error.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Rodriguez (2021)
68 Cal.App.5th 301, 324.) As we will explain, we conclude the admission of the other
acts evidence was harmless here, because there was no reasonable probability that
defendant would have obtained a more favorable result absent the error.
As we have discussed ante and also detail below, there was strong evidence of
guilt in this case. Although defendant argues to the contrary, as we next explain, we
disagree with each of his arguments.
First, defendant asserts that the evidence was weak because there was little
circumstantial evidence aside from Jorge’s testimony. But Jorge, who had known
defendant for many years, and Diego each identified defendant as the robber. Jorge
testified about how defendant and the driver held him at gun and knife point and took his
belongings, and Diego supported Jorge’s testimony by testifying that defendant searched
Jorge’s car and stole his knife and their driver’s licenses. Their testimony was
corroborated by Jorge’s Snapchat record, which demonstrated that defendant and Jorge
agreed to meet for purposes of a marijuana transaction, and by Jorge’s and Diego’s
statements to Officer Bell moments after the robbery, in which Bell noted that Jorge was
visibly upset and had a swollen lip.2 Thus both Jorge and Diego unambiguously

2 Jorge’s and Diego’s statements to Bell were played for the jury.

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identified defendant as the perpetrator of the crime at trial, and there is nothing to suggest
that either man was mistaken in their identification. Defendant notes that Diego never
saw the gun, but there is no reason to believe he would have--Jorge testified that the
driver kept the gun trained on him while defendant went to search Jorge’s car, and Diego
corroborated that testimony by confirming that only defendant searched Jorge’s car while
he was in it. Similarly, in his statement to the officer, Diego stated that only defendant
searched Jorge’s car for money, and he never got a good look at the driver.
Second, defendant contends that Jorge’s trial testimony differed substantially from
his original statement to Officer Bell. He points to the fact that Jorge told Bell he was
buying one ounce of marijuana for $150, and he testified at trial that he was buying one
or two ounces of marijuana for $400 to $500. He also observes that Jorge did not tell the
officer that defendant had taken his driver’s license or other items. But these
insignificant details were unlikely to affect Jorge’s credibility. Jorge reported the robbery
minutes after it had occurred, immediately identified defendant as one of the robbers, and
said that the robbers had stolen his and Diego’s phones. Whether Jorge intended to buy
one or two ounces, the exact price of the marijuana, and whether he informed Bell of
each specific item defendant stole is substantially less important than his recollection of
what occurred during the robbery, and Jorge’s testimony as to the events of the robbery
was consistent between his statement to the officer and his trial testimony. Moreover,
Jorge expressly testified that he did not remember the exact price and quantity of the
marijuana because it had been a year since the incident.
Third, defendant contends that Jorge’s trial testimony contained multiple logical
holes, arguing that Jorge could not explain why he decided to purchase marijuana from
defendant rather than from a dispensary, where he purchased marijuana on other
occasions. But Jorge testified that he decided to purchase marijuana from defendant
because he stumbled upon defendant’s social media post about having marijuana for sale;
he testified that he purchased marijuana both from the dispensary and from people he

19
knew, he had purchased marijuana from defendant previously without incident, and the
dispensary was “[p]robably closed” that day.
Defendant also claims that Jorge had no reason to chase him after the robbery
concluded, but Jorge testified that he was upset and angry about what had happened and
chased the Malibu out of anger, and he stopped upon realizing it was a poor choice.
Additionally, in his statement to Bell, Jorge said that he intended to chase the Malibu so
he could “call someone,” but he did not have his phone.
Defendant next contends that Jorge had no reason to fail to bring the money to pay
for the marijuana to defendant’s car when he went there to examine the marijuana.
However, Jorge testified that he asked to see the marijuana because he would not “hand
the person money without getting anything back,” and it was reasonable for Jorge to
secure the money until he was satisfied with the product he was purchasing. We
acknowledge that Jorge testified that he did not have a reason to fear defendant before the
robbery, but we do not agree that Jorge’s testimony lacked credibility because he locked
the cash to purchase the marijuana in his glove compartment until he could examine the
product.
Fourth, defendant asserts incorrectly that Jorge needed to pull up social media
documents to identify defendant. Jorge immediately told Officer Bell that he knew
defendant, referring to him as “Carlos,” and he identified defendant at trial, explaining
that he knew defendant from school. While Jorge never identified the driver who pulled
the gun on him, Jorge told Bell and testified at trial that he had seen the driver before but
did not know him. We fail to see how Jorge’s inability to identify the driver negatively
affects his immediate and unwavering identification of defendant as the passenger of the
car. Similarly, we reject defendant’s assertion that evidence suggested Jorge had deleted
portions of the Snapchat conversation. Jorge testified that he was able to save some of
the Snapchat conversation, but either defendant or the application itself deleted the
remainder of the messages; this is a feature of the application.

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 In addition to the issues defendant raises with Jorge’s testimony, he contends that
the other acts evidence painted him as a far more dangerous, far less credible, and far
more criminal person than Jorge, and tended to provoke an emotional bias against him.
However, the evidence added little to what had already been presented to the jury--
including defendant’s participation in armed robberies and that he was a drug dealer and
a Norteño gang member (as we discuss in more detail post). We fail to see how
additional evidence that defendant sold drugs could be significantly more provocative
than the evidence already before the jury.
Next, we disagree that defendant showed a reasonable likelihood of a more
favorable result based on the assertion that the August 8 evidence prevented him from
testifying in his own defense. Assuming for the sake of argument that this prevention
occurred, there is nothing to suggest that defendant’s testimony would have provided a
more viable defense than that offered at trial. Additionally, the jury was properly
instructed that defendant had the absolute constitutional right to not testify and that it was
prohibited from considering for any reason that defendant did not testify. (CALCRIM
No. 355.)
Finally, we observe that the trial court properly instructed the jury with
CALCRIM No. 375 to limit consideration of the other acts evidence. The jury was told
to only consider the other acts for purpose of determining whether “defendant acted with
the intent to steal” or had a common plan or scheme and that the other acts evidence was
only one factor it could consider when deciding whether defendant was guilty of the
charged robberies. It was told that by itself the uncharged offense was not enough to
establish guilt, and that the prosecutor still had to prove the current charge beyond a
reasonable doubt. We must presume the jury understood and properly applied that
instruction. (People v. Buenrostro (2018) 6 Cal.5th 367, 431; People v. Jones, supra,
51 Cal.4th at p. 371.)

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 III
Evidence of Defendant’s Gang Membership
Defendant contends the trial court erred by admitting evidence of his gang
membership under sections 1101 and 352, violating his right to due process. We
conclude defendant has forfeited his argument with respect to section 1101, and we
disagree that the trial court abused its discretion by not excluding the evidence pursuant
to section 352.
A. Background
There were no gang enhancements charged. Defendant filed an in limine motion
requesting that no testimony identify him as a Norteño gang member because that
evidence was substantially more prejudicial than probative, citing only section 352. The
trial court concluded that defendant’s gang membership was relevant to the issue of
whether Jorge would be in fear when a gun and knife were pulled on him knowing that a
gang member was involved, and the prejudice of that testimony did not substantially
outweigh its probative value.
Jorge testified that he was afraid during the robberies because he thought he was
going to be shot and because defendant pointed a knife at him. On redirect examination,
the prosecutor returned to the issue of Jorge’s fear and asked him whether he was
concerned that defendant knew his address based on defendant’s membership in any
“organizations.” The court overruled several objections from defense counsel that the
question had been asked and answered. Jorge answered: “He was a Norteño.” Jorge
added that he had been scared since the incident occurred.
Defense counsel later moved for a mistrial based on Jorge’s testimony that
defendant was a Norteño. Counsel contended that Jorge had repeatedly been asked why
he was afraid, and he consistently answered that he was afraid because of the gun.
Counsel further argued that the reference to defendant’s gang membership was hearsay.
The trial court denied defendant’s motion.

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 In closing, defense counsel argued that Jorge never said he was afraid of defendant
because he was a Norteño, and she added that defendant’s gang membership had no
relevance other than the prosecutor trying to “prejudice [the jury] against [defendant].”
B. Forfeiture
A defendant’s failure to proffer a timely and specific objection in the trial court on
the ground asserted in the appeal forfeits appellate review. (People v. Demetrulias
(2006) 39 Cal.4th 1, 20-21, citing § 353.) Here, defendant never objected to Jorge’s
testimony regarding defendant’s gang membership under section 1101, and thus his
arguments pertaining to that code section have been forfeited.
C. Section 352
“[A]n appellate court applies the abuse of discretion standard of review to any
ruling by a trial court on the admissibility of evidence, including one that turns on the
relative probativeness and prejudice of the evidence in question [citations]. Evidence is
substantially more prejudicial than probative (see [ ] § 352) if, broadly stated, it poses an
intolerable ‘risk to the fairness of the proceedings or the reliability of the outcome.’ ”
(People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 724.) “ ‘ “[R]eversal of the judgment is not
required, unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or
patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.” ’ ” (People v.
Lewis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1255, 1286.)
“In cases not involving the gang enhancement, [our Supreme Court has] held that
evidence of gang membership is potentially prejudicial and should not be admitted if its
probative value is minimal. [Citation.] But evidence of gang membership is often
relevant to, and admissible regarding, the charged offense. Evidence of the defendant’s
gang affiliation—including evidence of the gang’s territory, membership, signs, symbols,
beliefs and practices, criminal enterprises, rivalries, and the like—can help prove identity,
motive, modus operandi, specific intent, means of applying force or fear, or other issues

23
pertinent to guilt of the charged crime.” (People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040,
1049.)
Here, defendant was charged with robbing Jorge, the elements of which include
the taking of personal property from a victim by means of force or fear. (Pen. Code,
§ 211.) Evidence that Jorge knew of defendant’s gang membership was relevant to
whether he was afraid. (See People v. Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, 178, superseded
by statute on other grounds as stated in People v. Brooks (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1, 62-63 and
footnote 8.)
Defendant asserts that the probative value of the evidence was minimal because
Jorge did not testify that he was afraid of defendant due to his gang membership until
pressed, and the prosecutor did not appear to know how to incorporate defendant’s gang
membership into his closing argument. But these arguments are irrelevant to the issue
before us. “We review the correctness of the trial court’s ruling at the time it was
made, . . . and not by reference to evidence produced at a later date.” (People v. Welch
(1999) 20 Cal.4th 701, 739.) As we have discussed, at the time the court made its ruling,
it noted that defendant’s gang membership was relevant to the issue of whether Jorge was
afraid, and the prejudice of that evidence did not substantially outweigh its probative
value. The court’s conclusion was not an abuse of discretion at the time it was made.3

3 Defendant also contends that cumulative error prejudiced his trial. Because we have
only identified one error in this case, which we concluded was harmless, there are not
sufficient errors to cumulate. Accordingly, this claim fails.

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 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.

/s/
Duarte, J.

We concur:

/s/
Blease, Acting P. J.

/s/
Krause, J.

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