The opinion of the court was delivered, October 14th, by
Rogers, J.— This is the case of a feigned issue, directed by the Register’s Court to the Common Pleas of Allegheny county, to try the validity of the will of James Thompson.
The will is questioned on several grounds: That it is revoked by the. execution of certain mortgages to two of the devisees; that the testator was not of sound disposing mind and memory; and that it was obtained by duress, coercion, or restraint. We are relieved from a consideration of the last exception, as it was neither insisted on in the Common Pleas, nor is it urged here. Our attention has been directed to the question of revocation, to the exclusion of certain testimony as to the capacity of the testator to make the will, and the charge of the court.
The question of revocation depends on the execution of certain mortgages by the testator to Ms devisees, James and Robert Thompson, to secure the payment of certain debts, payable one year after the death of the testator. This, it is contended, is a total revocation of the will; whilst, on the other hand, it is insisted to be at most but a revocation pro tanto, only. It is a rule of law too firmly settled to be now shaken, that when an estate has been altered, or new modelled since the execution of the will, it is a revocation, on the legal presumption that such was the intention. Nay, the direction has been carried to such an extent, as that not only conveyances, or contracts to convey, but inoperative conveyances will amount to a revocation of a devise, to the extent of the property intended to be affected, if there be evidence of an intention to convey, and thereby to revoke the will. But although this is the undoubted rule, yet the exception is equally well settled, that mortgages and charges on the estate are only a revocation in equity, pro tanto, or quoad the special purpose; they are taken out of the general rule, on the fact of being securities only. A mortgage, though in form purporting to be a conveyance of the *153estate, yet in equity always, and now at law, is regarded but as a secui’ity for a debt. It, therefore, does not contravene the general rule of revocation, it is not to be viewed as an alteration or change of the estate. It is but a revocation pro tanto, or, as Mr. Jarman chooses to say, an ademption, rather than a revocation of the will. And thus far the rule; and the exception, if not admitted, cannot be plausibly denied.
The defendant, however, contends that there is a distinction, where the mortgagee is the devisee, and where he is a stranger; that in the former case, it is a revocation in toto, in the latter, pro tanto only. For this distinction the defendant relies on Harkness v. Bayley, Precedents in Chancery 514, and the earlier elementary treatises. See 2 Eq. Cas. Ab. 772 ; Cruise’s Dig. title Devises 124; Roper on Wills 22; Lovelass on Wills 165; Gilbert on Devises 111; 7 Bacon’s Ab. title Wills 267, where the authority of Harkness v. Bayley is recognised or passed without question. The case, however, of Harkness v. Bayley, is expressly overruled in Baxter v. Dyer, 5 Vesey, Jr, 656, in -which the distinction between a. devisee and a stranger is expressly exploded. It is there decided, that a devise is not revoked by a mortgage in fee to the devisee. Indeed, it is difficult to perceive any principle on which the distinction is founded, inasmuch as the doctrine of revocation, as has been heretofore said, is based on the fact of the alteration of the estate, which is thought to be a legal indication of the intention of the testator to revoke the devise. But as it is, in equity, but a revocation pro tanto, in the one case, there is no reason that I can perceive, for holding it to be a total revocation in the other. Whatever it may have been formerly, when the case of Harkness v. Bayley was decided, a mortgage now is not, either in law or equity, any thing more than a security for a debt, which neither alters the estate, nor does it evince any intention to alter it. In Baxter v. Dyer, Lord Eldon says, that Harkness v. Bayley was not the case of a mortgage. If this be so, and we have no better authority than Lord Eldon, whose great accuracy and research is universally admitted, the distinction is not supported either on principle or authority. Nor is it perceived that the postponement of the payment until after the death of the testator, can make any difference. There is still no alteration of the estate or intention to alter, on which alone the doctrine of implied revocation depends. Although I agree with the decision of the court, it is not, as will be observed, for the reasons given by the judge. On this point, the law of England and this State, is, in principle, the same, with perhaps some modification of the English rule, which holds an act to be a revocation, when it was not so intended, and even when the intention was directly the contrary. These questions will be met and be decided, as they arise, untrammelled by express adjudications.
For the purpose of showing testator’s state of mind, the defend*154ants offered to prove declarations of the testator after execution of the will, as to the disposition of his property; that he had ruined his family, and that he had been deceived and imposed on by persons who procured him to make his will. It is expressly ruled' in Rambler v. Tryon, 7 Ser. & R. 94, and in Chess v. Chess, 1 Pa. Rep. 16, that the declarations of a testator, although after the execution of the will, are evidence of imbecility of mind. Thus in Rambler v. Tryon, the party was permitted to jn’ove declarations of the testator, that his wife and father plagued him to go to Lebanon ; that they wanted him to give her all, or he would have no rest; that he did not want to go to Lebanon. This evidence was admitted, because, as the court say, it is evidence of weakness of mind, operated upon by excessive and undue influence. The court appear to have excluded the testimony, because they chose, contrary to the offer, to suppose it was designed to prove duress, for which purpose it would be clearly inadmissible. But the court had no right to act on the supposition that the testimony was proposed in bad faith. As it was offered for a legitimate purpose, for that purpose it ought to have been received. If attempted to be used for a different purpose, the correction was in their own hands; the counsel would subject themselves to the severest censure. If the facts were as represented, it is evidence of imbecility of intellect, amounting almost to fatuity. The remark of the court, when excluding the testimony, plainly shows this; as nothing can indicate more clearly weakness of mind, than complaining of that which he could so easily remedy by burning the will.
But the case ought not only to be reversed for the reasons already given, but because of several exceptionable points in the charge. From the remarks made by the court, the jury were induced to believe that unless they found the testator, in the language of the judge, “ crazy,” he had the requisite capacity to make a valid will. But it is not requisite that such derangement of intellect should be proved, to authorize the jury to set the will. aside. Imbecility of intellect, though short of insanity, has been held sufficient for that purpose. This is a principle too plain to need the aid of authority.
The court put it to the jury to say, in the language of the judge, if James Thompson, the testator, was alive, and on trial before the jury for a crime or misdemeanor that perilled his liberty or life, under the testimony you have heard, would you acquit him on the plea of insanity, or not ? That is certainly not the criterion; for less evidence would justify a jury in setting aside a will, than would be required to convict a person charged with murder or manslaughter: Commonwealth v. Mosler, 6 Pa. Law Journal, No. 11, p. 90, &c.
It will be readily conceded, that the testimony of the subscribing witnesses to the will is entitled to great respect, and, in the *155absence of countervailing proof, is decisive; but the court has attached rather more importance to the testimony here, than the facts warranted. As is said in Irish v. Smith, 8 Ser. & 581, and Rambler v. Tryon, 7 Ser. & R. 72, the subscribing witnesses are not always the best to prove the sanity of the testator. Of this, several striking cases are given in the cases cited.
In addition, the defendants have just reason to complain of the one-sided character of the charge. It is objectionable, because it resembles the argument of the advocate, rather than the impartial survey of the judge, presenting detached parts of the evidence to the jury, with ludicrous and unfavorable comments, instead of submitting the testimony to them as a connected whole. Although isolated facts may of themselves prove but little, yet, taken together, they sometimes present overwhelming evidence of imbecility and derangement of mind. Of the benefit of this, the defendants were deprived by the charge of the court.
Judgment reversed and venire de novo awarded.