NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted February 15, 2012*
Decided February 15, 2012
Before
MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge
ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge
DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge
No. 11‐2406
Appeal from the United States District
JIMI P. McDONALD, Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Plaintiff‐Appellant, Eastern Division.
v. No. 11 C 2006
STEPHEN D. WHITE, et al., William J. Hibbler,
Defendants‐Appellees. Judge.
O R D E R
Jimi McDonald, an inmate in Illinois, contends that state officials violated his
constitutional rights by failing to return his bail bond money. The district court dismissed
the case at screening, see 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, and we affirm the judgment.
*
The defendants were not served with process in the district court and are not
participating in this appeal. The Attorney General of Illinois accepted our invitation to file a
response brief in support of the state defendants. After examining the briefs and the record,
we have concluded that oral argument is unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the
briefs and the record. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 11‐2406 Page 2
At this stage of the case, we take as true the allegations from McDonald’s complaint
and its attachments, which he adopts as accurate. See Gonzales v. Feinerman, 663 F.3d 311, 312
(7th Cir. 2011). McDonald asserts that the clerk of Will County, Illinois, refused to return his
bail bond money after he pleaded guilty to charges of theft and driving under the influence
in 2005. His plea agreement stated that, after deductions for restitution payments,
McDonald would receive the “remainder” of his bail bond deposit. McDonald estimates
that remainder to be about $1,300. The clerk, however, invoked Administrative Order 03‐17
to apply the deposited funds to McDonald’s unpaid fines and fees with Will County in
unrelated cases, depleting the deposit. That Order, which Judge Stephen White signed in
2003, states that before refunding monies from any bonds in Will County, the clerk shall
“determine if the defendant has any outstanding fines or fees in any other cases pending or
previously dismissed in the county,” and if so, the bond “will be applied to outstanding
fines and fees.” The Order requires that the clerk notify the defendant and allow him time to
object, but McDonald asserts that he did not learn until 2010 how the clerk had disposed of
these funds.
McDonald suffered the loss of another bail bond deposit in 2009, after he was
charged with robbery, theft, and driving under the influence in Will County. He and his
girlfriend together deposited $5,850 in bail bond money for these new offenses. Both signed
bail bond agreements stating, “I understand that in the event the defendant is convicted of a
crime, the bail may be used to pay costs, attorney’s fees, fines or for other purposes ordered
by the court.” Represented by a public defender, McDonald entered a plea agreement in
January 2009 stating that the court would deduct $1,000 from the bail bond money for each
felony before returning any remainder. The Will County clerk again found that McDonald
had unpaid fines and fees, applied the bail bond money to the outstanding balance, and
sent notice to McDonald. The notice stated that “a refund that was due to you, or the surety,
has been applied to outstanding fines and fees in the above referenced case(s)” and
informed McDonald that he could contest the application by filing a motion to rescind the
application within 14 days.
McDonald opposed the application in court, asking Judge White to return the bail
bond money. At a hearing before the judge in February 2009, the clerk explained that she
had followed Will County policy to apply the bail bond money to McDonald’s outstanding
fines and fees before returning any remainder. The next month Judge White denied
McDonald’s motion, reasoning that the surety who paid the deposit, not the defendant, was
the proper person to challenge the use of the bail bond money. Several months later
McDonald again asked the court to return the bail bond money, but once again Judge White
denied the motion because it was not made by the surety.
In 2011 McDonald sued Judge White, the court clerk, Will County, and his public
defender under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2), (3). His first claim targets the use of
No. 11‐2406 Page 3
the Order against his two bail bond deposits: he alleges that in 2009 Judge White and the
clerk conspired to violate due process and state law by applying his bail bond money to
unpaid fines and fees. He makes the same claim for the events of 2005 but does not identify
who was involved. McDonald also contends that Will County’s Order on its face violates
Illinois law and the federal constitution. Finally, he alleges that his public defender violated
his constitutional rights by coercing him to accept the 2009 plea agreement while knowing
that the money would not be returned.
The district court dismissed the lawsuit, stating that McDonald’s claims are barred
under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). The court concluded that a judgment in
McDonald’s favor would effectively overturn the fines and fees imposed. The court added
that McDonald’s claims also fail because the statute of limitations has run on the events of
2005, and Judge White and the clerk are entitled to absolute immunity for their actions in
2009. Addressing the merits, the court found no constitutional violation: McDonald does not
dispute that he owes the outstanding balance, and in any case he received due process
before the state court decided that the bail bond money should cover the unpaid debts.
Finally, the court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, see 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c), over
McDonald’s state‐law claims.
On appeal, McDonald challenges the district court’s reasons for dismissing his
lawsuit. He argues that the court erroneously applied Heck because he does not dispute that
he owes the outstanding balance, nor does he challenge the validity of his convictions.
McDonald also contends that the statute of limitations should be tolled because he did not
know until 2010 about the injury that occurred in 2005. He next argues that Judge White and
the clerk acted in an administrative, not judicial, capacity, and so they are not entitled to
absolute immunity. Finally, on the merits, he presses that the Order, on its face and as
applied to him, violated his constitutional rights.
We first address a jurisdictional obstacle that bars McDonald from challenging the
state judgment in 2009 applying his bail bond deposit to his unpaid fines. Under the Rooker‐
Feldman doctrine, federal district courts lack jurisdiction to entertain claims “brought by
state‐court losers complaining of injuries caused by state‐court judgments rendered before
the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of
those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 283–84 (2005);
District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust
Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923). The 2009 ruling was such a judgment because, McDonald says, it
caused his 2009 loss. McDonald’s contention that the decision was administrative is wrong
because the court inquired into the facts of his prior debts and enforced payment based on
preexisting rules. This makes the ruling judicial, see Feldman, 460 U.S. at 479, and therefore
review is barred by Rooker‐Feldman.
No. 11‐2406 Page 4
We next turn to the alleged injury in 2005. Rooker‐Feldman does not block
McDonald’s challenge to this injury because the doctrine “allows plaintiffs to litigate in the
federal system if they were not afforded a ‘reasonable opportunity’ to raise their claims in
state court.” Gilbert v. Ill. State Bd. of Educ., 591 F.3d 896, 901–02 (7th Cir. 2010); see Long v.
Shorebank Dev. Corp., 182 F.3d 548, 558 (7th Cir. 1999). McDonald alleges that the clerk
withheld his bail bond money without any judicial process. But even if true, this claim is
nonetheless barred by the statute of limitations. A federal court borrows the applicable state
statute of limitations for § 1983 (and similar) claims, see Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 269
(1985); Jenkins v. Vill. of Maywood, 506 F.3d 622, 623 (7th Cir. 2007); Sanders v. Venture Stores,
Inc., 56 F.3d 771, 775 n.2 (7th Cir. 1995), and in Illinois, the statute of limitations for such
claims is two years from when a plaintiff knows or should know of his injury. See 735 ILCS
5/13‐202; Dominguez v. Hendley, 545 F.3d 585, 588 (7th Cir. 2008); Savory v. Lyons, 469 F.3d
667, 672 (7th Cir. 2006). McDonald sued in 2011—six years after he pleaded guilty in 2005.
McDonald should have known that he was injured in 2005, when, he alleges, Will County
was required to, but did not, return bail bond money to him. Therefore his suit is several
years too late. Furthermore, the state court’s ongoing failure to notify McDonald of the
County’s retention of the money is not a “fresh act” each day, as he contends, but instead
“merely a lingering effect of an earlier, distinct, violation.” Pitts v. City of Kankakee, Ill., 267
F.3d 592, 595 (7th Cir. 2001).
Apart from the time bar, McDonald’s claim for his injury in 2005 founders for
another reason—absolute immunity. McDonald does not specify who injured him in 2005,
but if we assume that he means the clerk who applied the funds, the clerk would be
absolutely immune from suit. Judicial clerks are entitled to absolute immunity when they
act at the direction of a judicial officer, as McDonald alleges happened in his case in both
2005 and 2009 when the clerk followed the command of Judge White’s Order. Snyder v.
Nolen, 380 F.3d 279, 286–87 (7th Cir. 2004); Smith v. City of Hammond, 388 F.3d 304, 306 (7th
Cir. 2004) (concluding that judicial clerk who executed judge’s bail decision was absolutely
immune from suit).
This brings us to McDonald’s claim against Will County, where he contends that the
Order on its face violates procedural due process. Rooker‐Feldman does not block purely
facial challenges to court rules, Feldman, 460 U.S. at 487; Brown v. Bowman, No. 11‐2164, 2012
WL 310832, at *4 (7th Cir. Feb. 2, 2012), but the district court correctly concluded on the
merits that the Order comports with procedural due process. Due process requires “notice
reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the
pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Lobzun
v. United States, 422 F.3d 503, 507 (7th Cir. 2005) (quoting Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank &
Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)). The Order provides that defendants receive both notice
and the opportunity for a hearing. It requires that the court send a written notice to the
defendant stating (1) that the County intends to apply the bond remainder to outstanding
No. 11‐2406 Page 5
fines and fees; (2) a list of cases in which any outstanding fines and fees are owed; and
(3) instructions on how to contest the application of the bond to the debts, such as through a
motion with the court and participation in a hearing. Thus, any facial challenge to the Order
is meritless.
Finally, McDonald appears to have abandoned on appeal his federal claim against
his public defender. In any case, it is frivolous because a court‐appointed public defender is
not a state actor, and thus cannot be sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Polk Cnty. v. Dodson,
454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981) (“[A] public defender does not act under color of state law when
performing a lawyer’s traditional functions as counsel to a defendant in a criminal
proceeding.”).
AFFIRMED.