delivered the opinion of the court, October 1st 1883.
In the trial of this ejectment, in the court below, the specific question was, whether the deéd dated April 6th 1872, from Daniel R. Kline to Jacob Merkey, was a conveyance of the land or merely a mortgage upon it. On its face it purported to be an absolute conveyance of the lands in dispute, to Merkey, and therefore the exhibition of it in evidence made a prima facie case for-the plaintiff.
In reply to this the defendants produced and offered .the agreement in writing, between Kline and Emanuel Huoncker, dated 12th September 1871, showing a previous sale of the same property by Kline to Huoncker, for a consideration of $2,200. Of this sum $1,000 was paid, prior to the execution of the deed, by Kline to Merkey. If the ease had ended here, Huoncker, being in possession of the premises under his contract, the deed by Kline to Merkey would, of course, be an absolute conveyance of the title, subject to the equity of Huoncker, of which Merkey thus had actual notice. The defendant, however, then offered in evidence the agreement in writing between Merkey and Emanuel Huoncker, dated April 1st 1872, *465by the terms of which, Merkey agreed to sell and convey the same lands to Huoncker for a consideration of $1,200, with covenants of general warranty of title, &c., they then called as a witness Emanuel Huoncker himself, and elicited from him proof of such facts and circumstances, attending the transaction, and such acts and declarations of the parties, as tended to show that the deed from Kline to Merkey, and the agreement between Merkey and Huoncker, taken together, were, in fact, intended simply as a security for money loaned : that the agreement although not in the form, was in the nature of a defeasance to the deed, and that both were to be treated as one instrument, and as a mortgage. This allegation was rebutted on the part of the plaintiff, by testimony in direct conflict with that of the defendants, the whole question at issue before the jury involving the veracity of the several witnesses, on both sides.
Parol evidence is admissible to explain the real intention and purpose of the parties at the time, though the conveyance is, in form, absolute, and even the defeasance itself may be by parol: Hiester v. Maderia, 3 W. & S. 388; Morris v. Nixon, 1 Howard 118; Strong v. Stewart, 4 Johns. Ch. 167: Hamet v. Dundass, 4 Barr 178; Todd v. Campbell, 8 Casey 250.
It is true, a formal mortgage 'cannot be shown to be- a conditional sale, by the same means, except upon clear proof of fraud or mistake, as in such a case it wohild directly contradict the deed : but proof, that a formal deed was intended as a security for money, raises an equity entirely consistent with the deed, but superior to it. When the paper alleged to be a defeasance, as in this case, does not purport to be one, is not in that form, is not referred to as such in the deed, is separate from the deed, bears a different date, and is between different parties, the whole question is necessarily one of fact to be determined by the court and jury as questions of fact in equity are determinable.
The burden of proof was upon the defendants at the trial, to convert an absolute deed into a mortgage by parol proof. The evidence in such a case must be clear, explicit and unequivocal; it must establish an agreement substantially contemporaneous with the execution and delivery of the deed, and not rest on the subsequent admissions of the mortgagee only. The contract may be expressed or it may be inferred from circumstances.
The law does not regard the intention, however, further than to inquire if the conveyance was meant as a security for the payment of money. That original intent being established the conveyance becomes a mortgage, and the parties cannot by special agreement alter the rules of law governing such contracts. The question, then, was not so much whether the con*466veyance was specifically intended as a mortgage, but whether it was intended as a security for money ; if the latter fact be found, the law infers the former: Bispham’s Equity 154.
Upon this specific question of fact the jury was instructed with clearness and accuracy. In the general charge the question is thus presented—
“The deed, on its face, and the agreement, on its face, is each absolute ; but if they were concomitant and intended as security for the loan of money, undoubtedly, in legal effect, it was a mortgage. And here it is proper to say that to prove a deed to be a mortgage the proof must be conclusive and satisfactory to the jury. Surely such a deed may be a mortgage. The defeasance may be in writing, and if drawn in apt words is easily proven, but such defeasance may not have been reduced to writing, and then it is susceptible of parol proof, or it may be partly in writing and not wholly, and the part not written may be supplemented by parol evidence.
“ The rule of law is further, that if a deed was once intended for the security of a loan or advancement of money, that such deed being defeasible on payment of the amount secured always remains a mortgage.”
It is urged, however, that upon the whole testimony the cause should not have been submitted to the jury, that the court should have assumed the responsibility and determined the question. It is true, that an equitable ejectment is merely a substitute for a bill in equity, and the judge, at the trial of it, sits as a chancellor. The whole case, as presented, must therefore, be such as to satisfy the conscience of a chancellor, that the equity is clearly, not doubtfully, established by the evidence of the witnesses, if believed: Ballentine v. White, 27 P. F. &. 27. It will be observed, however, that as in this case the equity is asserted by the defendants below, the burden of proof is upon them, that the proof must be clear explicit and unequivocal; that the evidence adduced in support of it, is principally the testimony of Emanuel Huoncker, one of the defendants, and, that the equity thus asserted is specifically denied by the plaintiff below, in his testimony at the trial. Upon what rule of equity practice, therefore, was it the duty of the chancellor to control the finding? The mere submission of the question to the jury, was an adjudication that the proof was sufficient to support the equity alleged, if believed; but certainly the credibility of the witnesses and the questions of fact upon conflicting evidence was for the jury: Ballentine v. White, supra.
Each case must, of course, 'to a great extent, depend upon the circumstances peculiar to itself, but there are certain indicia of intention which frequently occur, and which when they do exist are always looked to; among these are the sufficiency or *467insufficiency of tbe price paid ; whether or not existing securities or evidences of indebtedness were given up or cancelled ; whether there was any obligation to repay the purchase money and whether the grantee entered into immediate possession of the premises: Bispham’s Equity 154; Colwell v. Woods, 3 Watts 197; Conway’s Executors, v. Alexander, 7 Crunch 218; Rhines v. Baird, 5 Wright 264; Russell’s Appeal, 3 Harris 322; Wilson v. Shoenberger, 7 Cas. 299. These indicia afford proof, more or less convincing, as to the intention of the parties.
The estate conveyed by Kline to Merkey was undoubtedly only the legal estate; that was all Kline had, he could convey no more; the same estate was necessarily therefore sold by Merkey to Huoncker under the agreement of 1st April 1872 ; that legal estate was worth $1,200 only ; the agreement provides for the payment of that sum. It is equally clear that the conveyance by Kline to Merkey was in full satisfaction and discharge of the judgment of Merkey v. Kline, indeed the reception of the title was a merger of the debt; there was an obligation to pay the purchase money, and the possession was in exact conformity with the writings assuming that the conveyance was absolute.
A party, who has been examined in chief as a witness in his own behalf, may be cross examined as to any matters which go to affect his credibility. Questions proper and relevant to show the capacity, intelligence or bias of the witness are admissible and the extent to which such an examination may proceed is a matter in the discretion of the judge. A party, however, can in no ease, except where the witness is contumacious, cross-examine or direct leading questions to his own witness.
Upon examination of the whole case we find no error, and therefore the judgment is affirmed.